14例亲属活体供肾动脉变异的血管重建

目的 探讨亲属活体供肾动脉变异的血管重建方法.方法 在104例亲属活体供肾移植中,有14例供肾动脉变异.供肾动脉变异的分类和血管重建方法分别为:(1)单支动脉较早分支型2例,取肾时分支受损,分别用受者髂内动脉及其分支、腹壁下动脉离体重建受损动脉.(2)双支动脉型10例,4例用受者髂内动脉及其分支离体重建血管,3例用受者腹壁下动脉与较细分支于体内吻合,1例较短肾动脉与较长肾动脉端侧吻合,1例较细副.肾动脉与主肾动脉端侧吻合,1例双支分别与髂外动脉端侧吻合.(3)3支动脉型2例,1例用受者髂内动脉及分支离体重建血管,1例结扎细小分支后,将较细的副肾动脉与主肾动脉端侧吻合.14例血管重建后,分别将供肾动脉较粗支和/或髂内动脉主干端与受者髂外动脉端侧吻合.结果 术后各支动脉血流通畅,移植.肾血液供应丰富、均匀.12例肾功能早期恢复正常,其中1例术后第14天发生急性排斥反应.1例术后即发生急性排斥反应;1例血肌酐下降缓慢.随访至2008年7月,除1例动脉粥样硬化较重的受者(三支动脉)下极动脉栓塞,血肌酐升高并稳定在170μmol/L外,其余患者动脉血流通畅,血液供应丰富、均匀.结论 供肾动脉变异时,利用所得供肾动脉的自身条件重建血管,或用受者髂内动脉及分支或腹壁下动脉重建血管,可获得较好的移植肾功能.受者动脉粥样硬化较重,同时有较细肾动脉支做重建吻合时,应注意该支动脉发生栓塞的可能.     

活体肾移植血管重建69例临床分析

目的 介绍活体肾移植血管重建的临床经验.方法 自2005年12月至2008年11月共行活体肾移植69例,供者手术均采用十一肋间小切口开放手术.58例单支肾动脉除2例外均采用肾动脉与髂外动脉端侧吻合重建血管,用4 mm打孔器作髂外动脉开口;6例副肾动脉分别采用原位（肾下极副肾动脉）或离体腹壁下动脉（肾上极副肾动脉）重建血管;3例双支肾动脉根据两支动脉口径不同采用不同方法重建血管;2例3支肾动脉采用受者离体髂内动脉重建血管.结扎多支肾静脉中较小的肾静脉只吻合其较大的主干,当两支肾静脉口径相近时,则将其整形为一个开口后吻合.结果 所有血管吻合均一次完成,开放血流时吻合口均通畅;所有供者和受者术后均恢复顺利,受者未发生血管重建相关并发症;随访1个月～3年,供受者均存活, 受者除1例血肌酐250～300 μmol/L外,68例血肌酐维持在70～150 μmol/L.结论 该活体肾移植血管重建方式安全、实用、操作方便,多支供肾动脉及多支供肾静脉均能较好重建,移植肾功能良好.     

肾移植中供受者血管变异的处理

在肾移植中,常会遇到供受者动脉病变及多支血管变异,如处理不当,常导致移植肾失败或肾功能不全.本院共施行肾移植350例,其中受者髂内动脉严重粥样斑块硬化、管腔接近闭塞者30例,供肾多支动脉变异36例,供肾动脉与髂内动脉管径悬殊较大8例,均作了合理的处理.术后移植肾血供良好,1年后随访,吻合血管通畅,肾功能正常,现将其处理经验介绍如下.1 处理方法1.1 髂内动脉严重粥样斑块硬化的处理髂内动脉管腔很小,接近闭塞.这种髂内动脉如与肾动脉吻合,开放血流后移植肾常供血不足,肾色虽鲜艳,但充盈张力差,术后常发生急性肾衰及无尿,导致肾移植失败.对此,我们有沉痛的失败教训.后来我们对25例粥样斑块硬化患者采取髂内动脉斑块切除,然后与肾动脉作端端吻合,开放血流后移植肾充盈张力良好.对5例斑块不能切除者,采取肾动脉与髂外动脉端侧吻合,同样取得良好效果.术后随访1年,肾功能正常,肾动脉无血管杂音,B超、彩色多普勒血流图、肾动脉造影(部分患者)未发现异常变化.     

肾移植术中供肾变异血管的处理

为了提高供肾的质量和利用率，对１２８例供肾变异血管的处理进行了总结。１２８例中９９例为双支肾动脉，２２例为３支肾动脉，１例为４支肾动脉。术中采用Ｃａｒｅｌ片与髂外动脉或髂内动脉行端侧吻合，在低温条件下，将变异肾动脉行裤叉端侧或二者兼之的吻合方式修复成单一动脉与髂内动脉吻合，或将变异动脉分别与髂内动脉及其分支吻合等方法处理。一年肾存活率为７３．４３％，与无血管变异供肾移植一年存活率７８．８１％比较无显著性差异。认为，修肾时正确处理供肾变异血管可缩短温缺血时间，保证供肾血供，减少血管并发症和促进肾功能恢复     

活体肾移植供肾多支血管处理的体会

目的探讨活体肾移植供肾多支血管的处理及重建方法。方法 49例供体,供肾有多支动脉变异45例,有多支静脉变异7例,其中3例为肾动脉、静脉同时多支血管变异。供肾切取术中,对于供血面积直径小于3cm且影响操作的分支动脉,术中即予结扎、离断;多支静脉,如直径为主干的1/3以下且试夹闭该静脉未发现明显淤血等血液回流障碍者,给予结扎、离断。5例采用体外血管重建。受体肾移植术中根据分支动脉管径、长度及位置及受者髂动脉和腹壁下动脉的情况等综合条件来选择受者相应的动脉吻合。结果 48例动脉分支吻合者在开放血流后搏动良好、吻合口通畅,术后1～7d内肾功能恢复正常、术后1～2周彩色多普勒超声检查,提示该分支动脉供血区域丰富。肾静脉分支结扎者未发现淤血现象。1例高龄供肾者发生肾功能延迟恢复。术后无出血、肾动脉栓塞、尿瘘、输尿管坏死和新发高血压等并发症。结论正确处理移植肾多支血管变异,可获得良好移植效果。     

体外重建受损或畸形肾血管在肾脏移植中的应用

目的探讨体外修复重建受损或畸形供肾血管对肾脏移植临床效果的影响。方法对11例供。肾有血管损伤或畸形的肾移植资料进行回顾性分析，并以同期进行的20例正常供肾肾移植病例作为对照组。体外血管重建的方法包括动脉端端吻合（3例）、端侧吻合（3例）、侧侧共干吻合（2例）、利用供体或受体髂动脉及其分支合并及延长供。肾动脉（3例）。结果术后平均随访2年，两组患者均存活；血管重建组2例而对照组3例患者术后新出现高血压或高血压加重（P=0．595），但未发现移植肾动脉狭窄；血管重建组和对照组术后肾功能延迟恢复发生率为27．3％和20％（P=0．484），急性排斥反应发生率分别为9．1％和10．0％（P=0．719）；术后1年两组内有移植肾患者的血肌酐水平分别为（110±21）和（107±23）9μmol／L（P=0．664），两组间差异无显著性。结论选择合适方法进行体外修复重建供肾受损或畸形的血管，不会影响肾移植的效果，并可以大大提高供体器官的利用率。     

移植肾动脉吻合口狭窄的再手术治疗二例

例1为男性，40岁。因慢性肾小球肾炎、尿毒症接受肾移植术。供肾血管无畸形，动、静脉各一支，动脉直径约5mm，静脉出口直径约15mm。供肾动脉与受者的髂内动脉行端端吻合，供肾静脉与受者的髂外静脉行端侧吻合，受者的髂内动脉直径约6mm。恢复循环后．移植肾迅速红润，张力、色泽良好，1min后即有尿液泌出。但术后尿量少，血尿素氮（BUN）为37．5mmol／L，肌酐（Cr）为1177μmol／L。术后第2d移植肾B型超声波检查提示移植肾图象异常，移植肾内血流速度明显减低，     

门静脉回流式肠道引流的同侧胰肾联合移植术四例

目的 改进门静脉回流式肠道引流的胰肾同侧联合移植术的动脉重建方法.方法 供者采用肝胰肾脾联合切取法,并切取供者髂血管备用.修整供者器官时,将肝总动脉与胃十二指肠动脉端端吻合,以重建胰十二指肠动脉弓;将髂总静脉与门静脉端端吻合,以延长门静脉1～2 cm;将髂外动脉与肠系膜上动脉和腹腔干共同的腹主动脉袖片行端端吻合,备用.胰腺移植时,将供者延长后的门静脉与受者肠系膜上静脉行端侧吻合,将供者髂总动脉及髂内动脉经末端同肠系膜打孔穿出后,供者髂总动脉与受者髂外动脉行端侧吻合,供者髂内动脉用血管夹暂时夹闭,准备与供肾动脉吻合.供者十二指肠与受者空肠用吻合器行侧侧吻合.肾移植时,将供肾静脉与受者髂外静脉行端侧吻合,肾动脉与夹闭备用的供者髂内动脉行端端吻合,开放肾血流后,将移植肾经切口置于右下腹部侧腹膜外同定,并在腹膜外吻合输尿管与膀胱.结果 除1例术后第50天时因腹腔感染导致多器官功能衰竭而死亡外,其他3例术后均恢复顺利.术后对3例存活患者随访了24～27个月,患者移植物功能良好,完全停用胰岛素,血清肌酐为72.5～119.7μmol/L.结论 门静脉回流式肠道引流的胰肾同侧联合移植术较传统术式操作简单,而十二指肠动脉弓的重建改善了胰腺及十二指肠的血液供应.术中利用供者髂总动脉搭桥,将供肾动脉吻合到供者髂内动脉的术式可以减少在受者严重钙化的周围血管上的操作次数,同时为患者保留了左侧髂动脉.     

亲属活体肾移植供肾多支动脉变异的血管重建

目的多支动脉供肾是亲属活体供肾移植手术的难点，探讨多支动脉供肾手术中的血管重建方法。方法2006年4月-2008年3月，实施亲属活体肾移植77例，其中单支动脉型供肾组63例，多支动脉型供肾组14例。14例多支动脉型供肾，左肾9例，右肾5例，其中2支动脉变异者11例，3支动脉变异者3例。所有供、受者手术前常规行淋巴细胞毒交叉试验、人类白细胞抗原配型等检查。供者取肾手术采取经12肋腰部切口取肾，对多支动脉型右侧供肾，采取在腔静脉后方游离肾动脉。受者植肾手术采取经典的下腹部大L型切口将移植肾置于髂窝内。多支动脉型供肾组移植肾动脉采取分别与髂内动脉和／或髂外动脉吻合。结果多支动脉型供肾组14例供肾者术中均未输血，术后7～9d出院，无任何并发症。随访3个月～1年，肾功能、血压及尿常规完全正常。术后受者均无急性肾小管坏死、肾血管栓塞、肾动脉狭窄、尿瘘、输尿管坏死等并发症，彩色超声检查示移植肾血供均良好。与单支动脉供肾组比较，多支动脉型供肾组受者吻合血管开放后开始泌尿时间、术后第1周的平均血肌酐、平均动脉压、住院时间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论正确处理活体供肾多支动脉是活体肾移植安全的保证。     

马蹄形供肾肾移植术二例报告

20 0 1年 4月我们利用一个马蹄形供肾为 2例尿毒症患者行肾移植术 ,现报告如下。例 1,男 ,4 3岁。 1987年因慢性肾小球肾炎、尿毒症行第 1次肾移植术 ,1999年因移植肾慢性排斥恢复腹膜透析。 2 0 0 1年 4月 2 0日行第 2次肾移植术 ,术前群体反应抗体 (PRA) 14 .3%。术中将马蹄形肾从峡部分开后 ,右侧供肾动脉与受者髂内动脉端端吻合 ,供肾下极异位动脉与受者腹壁下动脉端端吻合 ,供肾静脉与受者髂外静脉端侧吻合 ,供肾输尿管与受者膀胱隧道式吻合。术后尿量约 5 0 0 0ml/d ,术后第 6天肾功能恢复正常。目前患者肾功能良好 ,作者单位 :5 10…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.