甲状腺术后甲状旁腺激素水平的变化情况及术后低钙血症的影响因素初探

目的探讨甲状腺术后甲状旁腺素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)水平的变化情况及甲状腺术后低钙血症(postthyroidectomy hypocalcemia,PHC)的影响因素。方法回顾性收集2015年1-12月期间在笔者所在医院住院治疗的95例行甲状腺手术患者的临床资料。结果 95例患者中,术后发生PHC共27例(PHC组),占28.42%;血钙正常68例(正常血钙组),占71.58%。术前PHC组与正常血钙组的血钙水平和PTH水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),术后PHC组的血钙水平和PTH水平均低于正常血钙组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。与术前比较,术后PHC组的血钙和PTH水平均降低(P0.05);正常血钙组的血钙水平变化不大(P0.05),但PTH水平降低(P0.05)。PHC组和正常血钙组的性别构成和年龄比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),而PHC组的手术方式与正常血钙组不同(P0.05),PHC组接受双侧腺叶手术的比例较高。结论甲状腺手术后PTH值影响PHC的发生;手术范围越大,术后患者可能越容易发生低钙血症。     

甲状腺术后症状性低钙血症与甲状旁腺激素及血钙关系的探讨

目的 检测甲状腺术后患者甲状旁腺激素(PTH)及血钙水平,并探讨其与术后症状性低钙血症发生的关系.方法 手术治疗的351例甲状腺疾病患者,对其术后14～16h血钙和PTH水平进行检测.观察发生轻微症状及严重症状的两组患者术后PTH及血钙情况.结果 本组351例患者术前血钙均>2.0mmol/L,肾功能均正常.58例患者术后出现低钙症状,其中严重症状16例,轻微症状42例.比较血钙<2.0mmol/L是否产生严重症状时其特异度为83%,敏感度为30%,差异无统计学意义.比较PTH<0.8pmol/L是否产生严重症状时其特异度为82.0%,敏感度为87.5%,差异有统计学意义.当应用血钙<2.0mmol/L与PTH<0.8pmol/L联合检测时其特异度为80.5%,敏感度为85.7%,差异有统计学意义.结论 术后14～16h PTH在预测术后症状性低钙血症方面比血钙敏感,PTH<0.8pmol/L可作为严重症状性低钙血症的预测指标,临床应用方便.     

分化型甲状腺癌术后PTH变化及发生低钙血症的临床分析

目的：探讨分化型甲状腺癌不同手术方式后PTH和血钙的变化,总结手术方式与PTH及低钙血症的关系。 方法：检测2012年10月—2013年9月167例分化型甲状腺癌患者术前、术后10 min、术后第1、2天PTH水平及术前、术后第1、2、3天血钙水平变化,进行统计学分析。 结果：分化型甲状腺癌手术后,手术方式中行甲状腺近全切除+中央组淋巴结清扫者,术后低钙血症发生率均较高;术后发生低钙血症者PTH水平显著降低（P<0.05）。 结论：分化型甲状腺癌手术后均可影响甲状旁腺功能,手术越大术后发生低钙血症可能越大。PTH水平降低是术后低钙血症发生的主要因素。

     

ICU患者低钙血症发生率调查与危险因素分析

目的：了解中国大连地区ICU患者中低钙血症发生率．并对低钙血症危险因素进行分析。方法：选择自2010年9月14日至2010年9月30日间入住大连市8家三级医院ICU的患者。入院当日采集以下资料：血总钙．血磷、乳酸、动脉血气PH、白蛋白，并记录性别、年龄、诊断、日照情况。结果：入选44例患者中低钙血症患者20例．低钙血症发生率为45．4％。根据血钙水平将患者分为低钙血症组和正常血钙组。两组间性别、年龄、PH值差异无统计学意义，而血磷，乳酸水平、白蛋白水平以及日照时间具有统计学意义。全身性感染患者18例，低钙血症发生率为61．1％；心血管疾病．神经系统疾病、创伤及其他疾病（急性药物中毒．过敏性休克、肝性脑病、DiC等）低钙血症发生率分别为40．0％．12．5％、40．0％、50．0％。缝论：①ICU患者中低钙血症发生率高。②低钙血症与蛋白水平．血磷水平、乳酸水平以及日照时间长短相关。与年龄、性别．动脉血气pH值无关。③各种疾病中全身性感染低钙血症发生率最高，随后依次为其他疾病、心血管疾病、创伤和神经系统疾病。     

急性胰腺炎并发低钙血症

临床医生发现急性胰腺炎存在低钙血症已经很久了,但病因不清,似乎是一个钙被结合,以及钙的释放受到损害的综合结果。作者介绍了一个病例,并结合文献,集中对急性胰腺炎低钙血症的发病机制进行了讨论。急性胰腺炎低钙血症的总发病率约为30%。大多数病人血钙水平最低的时间是在病人腹痛发作后的第三天。然后血钙值逐渐回升,约到第七天恢复到正常。血钙值越低,死亡率越高。     

甲状腺术后低钙血症的预防和治疗

甲状腺术后病人常有低钙血症 ,原因是多方面的[1～ 4] :首先是围手术期的血液稀释 ,也是其他非甲状腺病人术后发生低钙血症的主要原因 ;其次 ,对甲状腺的手术操作可引起血液降钙素浓度升高 ,从而导致血钙降低。甲亢病人由于胃肠道对钙的吸收减少 ,为维持正常血钙浓度而动员骨钙释放到血液中 ,造成所谓“骨饥饿综合征” ;手术后骨组织反过来吸收血钙以补充骨钙的不足从而造成低钙血症。这也是甲亢病人术后低钙血症比相同术式的其他甲状腺病人更明显的原因。当然 ,引起甲状腺术后低钙血症的最主要原因是术中甲状旁腺或其血供损伤而致的甲状旁…     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进术后低钙血症相关因素分析

目的 探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进术后出现低钙血症及其症状的相关因素。方法 收集2009年1月至2015年3月北京协和医院行手术治疗的原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进病人临床资料,分析与术后低钙血症及其症状相关的临床因素。 结果 641例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进病人成功接受甲状旁腺切除术治疗,并得到术后病理学诊断及长期随访证实。118例（18.4%）术后第一日血清总钙低于正常值下限,210例（32.8%）出现低钙血症相关的临床症状。多因素相关分析发现：原发性甲状旁腺病人术后出现低钙血症相关症状,与病人年龄、术前血清无机磷及碱性磷酸酶（ALP）相关;术后第一日血清总钙水平低于正常与术前血清全片段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）水平相关。 结论 青年病人、术前血清iPTH和ALP水平增高、血清无机磷水平低可能是原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进术后低钙的相关因素。     

甲状腺癌术后甲状旁腺素检测对预测低钙血症的作用

目的探讨术后检测甲状旁腺素(PTH)对预测低钙血症的作用,为指导临床及时补钙提供参考。方法选取2016年1月至2018年3月于医院治疗的80例甲状腺癌患者作为研究对象,均行手术治疗,术后1小时检测患者PTH水平,并进行分组,对照组(40例,PTH≥15 ng/L,非损伤,则不需补钙)与观察组(40例,PTH15 ng/L,损伤,则补钙)。分别检测两组患者术前、术后1、3、7、30天时PTH和血钙水平,记录两组术后症状性低钙血症发生情况。结果两组术前、术后7、30天时PTH水平比较,P0.05;两组术后1小时、1天、3天时PTH水平比较,P0.05。两组术前、术后各时段血钙水平比较,P0.05。观察组术后发生症状性低钙血症率为12.5%(5/40)与对照组7.5%(3/40)比较,χ~2=0.555,P=0.456。结论对术后1小时甲状旁腺素偏低者需及时实施预防性补钙以预防低钙血症发生,对促进患者甲状旁腺功能具有重要作用。     

甲亢病人甲状腺切除后低钙血症

甲状腺次全切除术后低钙血症的发生率在69%；至30％不等，但其中呈永久性者很少见，仅0.2％～19％。其原因有甲状旁腺损害、血供不足以及意外切除。作者所在单位，新加坡综合医院外科在2年内曾行161例甲状腺次全切除，其中63例曾行甲状旁腺激素（PTH）测定，51例为甲亢症，门例为非毒性甲状腺肿，计女54例和男9例，平均年龄30岁。切除甲状腺标本平均重499（35～189g），残留甲状腺组织7g（2～12g）。在92％手术至少保留3个甲状分腺。术前血钙均正常，平均为229土004mmol／LO29例术后发生低钙血症，血钙测定至少一次低于2．10mmol／L；门…     

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症的外科治疗——九十年代进展

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症(PHPT)已不再是少见病。据统计,美国每500个年龄超过40岁的女性及每2000个男性中就有一个 PHPT 患者,成为门诊高钙血症病人的首要病因。作者就近年来 PHPT 外科治疗的一些新的进展进行了综述。诊断 PHPT 的典型症状包括骨痛、肾结石、腹痛和精神症状。所谓“无症状”的 PHPT 患者,仔细询问病史,多诉有程度不同的虚弱、乏力、抑郁、烦渴多尿、关节痛等非特征性症状,极少数病人可于颈部扪及肿块。实验室检查主要依据同时出现的高钙低磷血症及血甲状旁腺素(PTH)水平的升高。判断血钙浓度要同时测定血浆蛋白含量;低蛋白血症患者,血钙总量虽然在正常范围内,但由于离子钙浓度的升高,患者     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.