814例绝经后女性初潮年龄、绝经年龄及月经维持年限与骨质疏松症相关性研究

目的调查了解广州市社区绝经后妇女的生理因素对骨质疏松症的患病率及骨密度(BMD)的影响,为围绝经期女性骨质疏松的预防提供进一步证据。方法采用现场问卷调查了解受试者的基本资料,美国双能X线骨密度仪测量1199例绝经后女性的腰椎正位和左髋部骨密度,以年龄分组进行分析。结果共纳入的814名绝经后妇女当中,腰椎发生骨质疏松症300例,发生率36.9%;髋部发生骨质疏松的312例,发生率38.3%。绝经年限10年内的妇女中,初潮年龄较晚的骨密度越低,发生骨质疏松的风险越高; 55～65岁的绝经后妇女中,绝经年龄较早的骨密度越低,骨质疏松发生的风险越高;月经维持的年限越短,骨密度越低,发生骨质疏松的风险越高。结论广州市社区中绝经后妇女的骨质疏松患病率较高,初潮年龄较晚、绝经年龄较早或月经维持年限较短的妇女骨质疏松的发病率明显升高,建议早筛查、早诊断、早治疗。髋部BMD值是评价骨质疏松症较为敏感的指标,应该首选髋部作为骨密度测量的部位。     

长春地区女性骨密度与年龄、绝经年限、体重指数的相关性研究

目的调查吉林省长春地区4613例25~79岁女性腰椎正位L1-L4 TOTAL骨密度(BMD),分析长春地区女性骨质疏松患病率,研究女性腰椎BMD与年龄、绝经年限、体重指数的相关关系。方法采用美国Hologic公司Discovery WA型骨密度仪检测受试者腰椎正位L1-L4 TOTAL骨密度。将4613例受试者腰椎BMD检测结果按5岁为一年龄段分组,应用SPSS19.0统计学分析软件进行分析。腰椎BMD和骨质疏松患病率与年龄、绝经年限、体重指数的相关性采用直线相关分析。结果30岁以后,随着年龄增长,腰椎BMD值呈下降趋势,骨质疏松患病率升高,年龄与腰椎BMD呈负相关,与OP患病率呈正相关;随绝经年限延长,BMD值降低,OP患病率升高,绝经年限与腰椎BMD呈负相关,与OP患病率呈正相关。低体重指数组,腰椎BMD值最低,OP患病率最高;随体重指数增加,腰椎BMD增加,骨质疏松患病率降低,体重指数与腰椎BMD呈正相关,与骨质疏松患病率呈负相关。结论年龄、绝经年限、体重指数是骨密度的重要影响因素,增龄、绝经年限延长与低体重指数是骨质疏松发生的危险因素。     

绝经后妇女年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度的关系分析

目的 探讨绝经后妇女年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度的关系.方法 调查248名健康的绝经后妇女的年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限,测量身高、体重、正位腰椎（L2～L4）、髋部骨密度进行分析.结果 随着绝经年限的增长,腰椎和髋部骨密度逐渐降低.单因素相关分析表明年龄、绝经年限与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度无显著相关性（P＞0.05）.调整身高、体重指数后,年龄、绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度无显著相关性（P＞0.05）.多元逐步回归分析显示绝经年限与腰椎、股骨颈及股骨大转子的骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,年龄与腰椎、股骨颈及Ward三角区骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）.结论 年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度有关.     

长春市4086例男性骨密度影响因素研究

目的研究男性饮食、运动、吸烟、嗜酒、体重指数(BMI)、高血压病、冠心病、胃及十二指肠球部溃疡、慢性支气管炎等因素对骨密度(BMD)的影响。方法双能X线骨密度仪检测前臂远端BMD,测量身高、体重。用自制的问卷调查表记录受试者生活习惯、慢性病史等进行统计学分析。结果男性年龄、BMI、饮食结构、运动、吸烟、嗜酒、高血压病、胃及十二指肠球部溃疡与BMD相关,具有统计学意义。冠心病、慢性支气管炎与BMD无关。结论吸烟、嗜酒、低体重指数、高血压病、胃及十二指肠球部溃疡是骨质疏松(OP)的危险因素。饮食、运动是OP的可控因素。     

辽宁绝经妇女骨密度与绝经年限、体重关系研究

目的　研究绝经年限、体重对辽宁地区绝经后女性不同部位骨密度的影响。方法　测定共９６ 例绝经后妇女腰椎（Ｌ２～４）、股骨颈（Ｎｅｃｋ）、大转子（Ｔｒｏｃｈ）、Ｗａｒｄ＇ｓ 区的ＢＭＤ,同时测定了血ＡＬＰ、血尿钙、肌肝（Ｃｒ）等指标,分析其相互关系。结果　１． 绝经后妇女各部位的ＢＭＤ 不同。２．Ｌ２～４的ＢＭＤ与体重（Ｗ ）、血小板、尿Ｃａ／Ｃｒ呈正相关（Ｐ＜ ０．０１、Ｐ＜ ０．０５、Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。与绝经年限的自然对数（ＰＦＮＬ）、ＡＬＰ呈负相关（Ｐ＜ ０．０１、Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。３．Ｎｅｃｋ 区ＢＭＤ 与体重、血小板呈正相关（Ｐ＜ ０．０１、Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,与ＰＦＮＬ呈负相关（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。４．Ｗａｒｄ＇ｓ 区ＢＭＤ 与体重、血小板、尿Ｃａ／Ｃｒ 呈正相关（Ｐ＜ ０．０１、Ｐ＜ ０．０５、Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,与ＰＦＮＬ及ＡＬＰ呈负相关（Ｐ＜ ０．０１、Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。５． 大转子区骨密度与体重、血小板、转氨酶呈正相关（Ｐ＜ ０．０１、Ｐ＜ ０．０１、Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,与ＡＬＰ呈负相关（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。结论　体重、绝经年限、尿Ｃａ／Ｃｒ、血小板及血ＡＬＰ能影响骨密度。     

长春市24831例前臂远端骨密度影响因素研究

目的研究年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、饮食、运动、吸烟、嗜酒、慢性胃炎、糖尿病、高血压、甲状腺机能亢进、父亲骨折病史、母亲骨折病史及女性生育、绝经等因素对骨密度(BMD)的影响。方法双能X线骨密度仪(pDXA)检测前臂远端BMD,用自制的问卷调查表记录受试者生活习惯、慢性病史及女性绝经、生育史等进行统计学分析。结果年龄、性别、体重、运动、饮食、吸烟、嗜酒、慢性胃炎、高血压病、甲状腺机能亢进及母亲骨折病史与BMD检测值相关,具有统计学意义;而父亲骨折病史、Ⅱ型糖尿病病史与BMD无关,女性绝经年限和生育次数与BMD呈明显负相关。结论吸烟、嗜酒、母亲骨折病史、慢性胃炎、甲状腺机能亢进、高血压病史及女性绝经、生育次数是OP的危险因素。运动、喝牛奶、吃海产品、体重指数是OP的可控因素。     

北京市海淀区 1639 例汉族中老年男性骨密度调查分析

目的 调查北京市海淀区1639 例汉族中老年男性骨密度,探讨本地区骨质疏松发病率及影响因素? 方法 选择2012 年3 月~6 月在我院体检的1639 例汉族中老年男性为研究对象,采用韩国Osteosys公司生产的ExA-3000型骨密度仪,检测受试者非受力侧前臂尺桡骨中远端三分之一处骨密度,建立信息采集表,记录体检人群骨密度?身高?体重?体重指数(BMI)?吸烟?饮茶?喝牛奶?运动情况,将检测结果以每 10 岁为1 年龄段分组,分析每组骨密度?t评分?患病率及相关影响因素? 结果 男性40~49 岁年龄段骨质疏松发病率为 12.19%;50~59 岁年龄段男性骨质疏松发病率为 21.54%;60~69 岁年龄段骨质疏松发病率为 40.72%;70 ~79 岁年龄段骨质疏松发病率为55.56%;80 岁以上年龄段骨质疏松发病率为 69.73%? 身高?体重?BMI和规律性运动与骨密度呈正相关(r=0.18,r=0.19,r=0.12,r=0.24,P<0.05);吸烟与骨密度呈负相关(r=-0.19,P<0.05);饮茶?喝牛奶与骨密度无明显相关性(P>0.05)? 结论 随着年龄的增加,每个年龄段中老年男性骨密度均呈下降趋势,骨质疏松发病率明显上升,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=343.88,P<0.05)? 生活方式和骨密度有明显的相关性? 因此,将骨密度检测作为中老年人体检的常规检查项目,早期发现,积极干预,倡导健康生活方式,对于防治骨质疏松具有重要意义?     

孕期及非孕期不同年龄组生育年龄女性骨密度比较分析

目的研究不同年龄组孕期及非孕期生育年龄女性的骨密度情况,并进行对比分析和探讨。方法选取孕期女性1131例,非孕期生育年龄女性667例,按年龄分为30岁组,30～39岁组和39岁组。采用以色列定量超声骨强度仪测定其骨密度,按骨密度T值分为骨量正常组与骨量减少组(包括骨质疏松组)并记录一般情况。结果孕期与非孕期各年龄组组间内骨密度比较差异均存在统计学意义(P0.05),生育期女性中小于30岁年龄组的骨量较其余两组明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而30～39岁组和大于39岁组骨量差异无统计学意义(P0.05),孕期与非孕期骨密度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论孕期与非孕期生育年龄女性中低年龄段女性发生骨质减少更为明显,低年龄段生育期女性骨健康情况不容忽视,必须重视钙剂的及时补充和健康的生活方式。     

绝经后女性股骨近端骨密度与骨质疏松性骨折相关性研究

目的：研究绝经后女性股骨近端骨密度的变化规律与骨质疏松症、骨质疏松性骨折间的关系。方法采用法国Medlink公司Osteocore 3型双能X线骨密度仪,对本地区417例绝经后女性股骨颈、大转子、粗隆间、全髋进行骨密度测定。结果骨折组各年龄段、各部位的BMD均比非骨折组低（ P＜0．05）。随着年龄的增长,股骨近端骨量逐渐丢失,除了45～50组,其余各年龄段骨折组的患病率明显高于非骨折组（ P＜0．05）,骨密度值越低,骨折危险性越大。结论绝经后女性股骨近端骨密度与发生骨质疏松性骨折的风险呈明显负相关性,应该注意预防。     

绝经后女性骨密度与脂代谢相关性研究

目的 分析绝经后女性骨密度（BMD)与脂代谢相关性,探讨血脂紊乱对BMD的影响。方法 选择509名自然绝经后女性,未患有影响骨代谢疾病,无长期服用影响骨代谢的药物史,未使用过调脂药物。根据年龄段不同,分为<60岁、60~69 岁、70 ~79岁、>80岁4组,分别测量身高、体重、总胆固醇（TC)、甘油三酯（TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C),并采用双能X线吸收测定仪测量正位腰椎,左侧股骨颈（Neck)处BMD,采用直线相关分析法分析 BMD和血脂之间的相关性,并控制年龄、体重指数因素后进行偏相关分析。结果 不同年龄组BMD、TC、LDL-C有显著差异。 各年龄组BMD与TC及LDL-C呈负相关,与HDL-C呈正相关,与TG无相关性。校正年龄、体重指数后的偏相关显示BMD仍与TC及LDL-C呈负相关,与HDL-C呈正相关。结论 绝经后女性TC和LDL-C升高与BMD下降密切相关,是骨质疏松的重要影响因素。     

Bone mineral density in old age: the influence of age at menarche and menopause

Being aware that age at menarche, age at menopause, and length of fertile period influence bone mineral density (BMD) in the early postmenopausal period, we have failed to find any earlier studies where such an influence on the axial skeleton has been studied in old age when the incidence of hip fracture starts to increase. A large cohort of women, all 75 years old (n = 1044) participated in the Malmö Osteoporosis Prospective Risk Assessment (OPRA) Study. The BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck was assessed by a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technique. Age at menarche and at menopause was recalled with a questionnaire. Also, data on estrogen medication was collected. We found that, after excluding ever-users of potent estrogens (n = 49), there was a small but significant correlation of early menarcheal age with high BMD of the lumbar spine (r = –0.08; P = 0.017) and femoral neck (r = –0.10; P = 0.002) at age 75. Excluding the extremes (5% of the women) with very early or very late menarche, age at menarche no longer influenced the BMD in old age (r = –0.06; P = 0.113). Age at menopause had no influence on the BMD of the lumbar spine (r = 0.04; P = 0.246) or femoral neck (r = 0.00; P = 0.985), at age 75. The length of the fertile period did not influence BMD in old age. The influence of menarcheal or menopausal age on BMD at age 75 was not substantially altered after including body mass index (BMI) in a multiple regression model. Age at menarche or menopause seems to be of limited or no importance as a risk factor for osteoporosis when subjects are age 75 or older.     

绝经妇女绝经后年限及年龄与骨量丢失率关系

目的探讨绝经后妇女的绝经年限及年龄与骨量丢失率关系。方法1999年5月-2003年4月,对已绝经的1467例妇女进行骨密度测定,并对不同绝经后妇女年龄、绝经年限与骨密度关系进行分析。结果1467例绝经后妇女中,以绝经1-5年期间和40-45岁时各部位骨密度作为基线值比较,绝经已超过35年或年龄大于80岁时各部位骨密度最低。其中按绝经年限腰椎、股骨颈、大转子、华氏三角区在绝经后6-10年间和超过35年时丢失速度最快;按年龄腰椎在56-65岁、股骨颈和华氏三角区在61-65岁、大转子在71-75岁及各部位大于80岁时丢失速度最快。结论绝经后妇女绝经年限及年龄增加,腰椎、股骨颈、粗隆、华氏三角区骨量丢失增加。绝经年限及年龄不同,各部位丢失速度不同。     

绝经后妇女绝经年限、孕次、产次与腰椎骨密度的关系分析

目的 探讨绝经后妇女孕次、产次与腰椎骨密度(BMD)的关系。方法 调查204例健康的绝经后妇女年龄、绝经年限、孕次、产次、测量其身高、体重及正位腰椎BMD,并进行相关分析。结果 随着绝经年限的增加,腰椎各部位BMD逐渐降低。孕1-2次及产1次者的腰椎各部位BMD高于其他,并随着孕次和产次的增加BMD逐渐降低。单因素相关分析显示绝经年限与正位腰椎各部位BMD均呈显著负相关(P<0.01);孕次与第二腰椎(L2)、第三腰椎(L3)、第二腰椎至第四腰椎(L2-L4)呈显著负相关(P<0.05);产次与第二腰椎(L2)、第三腰椎(L3)、第二腰椎至第四腰椎(L2-L4)呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。但调整年龄、体重指数、孕次及产次后,绝经年限与正位腰椎各部位BMD均无显著相关(P>0.05)。调整年龄、体重指数、绝经年限后,孕次、产次与正位腰椎各部位BMD均无显著相关(P>0.05)。多元逐步回归分析显示绝经年限、孕次、产次与正位腰椎各部位BMD仍无显著相关(P>0.05)。结论 绝经后妇女绝经年限、孕次、产次与腰椎BMD的关系有待进一步研究。     

沈阳地区绝经后妇女绝经年限与股骨近端骨密度的关系分析

目的 探讨绝经年限与股骨近端BMD的关系。方法 随机调查沈阳地区285例健康的绝经后妇女，调查其年龄和绝经年限，测量其身高、体重、股骨近端骨密度(BMD)，应用SPSS软件统计分析。结果 随绝经年限的增加股骨近端各部位BMD有下降的趋势，随绝经年限的增加股骨近端各部位BMD下降速度减慢，并且相对而言Neck、Ward’s区的BMD下降速度高于其他部位。以年龄和体重指数(BMI)为协变量，经协方差分析显示Ward’s区BMD与绝经年限具有显著相关，而其他部位无显著相关。结论 对绝经后妇女应注意绝经早期的股骨近端BMD变化。     

The effect of age and menopause on bone mineral density of the proximal femur

Although the menopause has been associated with increased bone loss at several skeletal sites, it has not previously been noted in the hip, yet estrogen therapy has been reported to reduce the incidence of hip fractures. We investigated the effect of age and menopause on bone loss in the proximal femur by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanter by dual-photon absorptiometry in 263 normal women aged 20-84. Multiple regression analyses revealed a significant decrease in BMD of the femoral neck and Ward's triangle with age in both pre- and postmenopausal women (p less than 0.001). In the trochanter the decrease with age was significant only in postmenopausal women (p less than 0.001). Further analysis revealed that BMD decreased faster at all sites in the early postmenopausal years. During the first 6 years postmenopause, the decrease in BMD of the femoral neck and trochanter was 3-10 times higher than the change in the decade prior to menopause. About 20% of the lifetime femoral neck loss and 30% of the trochanteric loss occurred in the early postmenopausal period. It is concluded that both age and menopause are major determinants of BMD in the proximal femur. These findings could explain why estrogen therapy has been reported to prevent hip fracture. The rapid early postmenopausal loss in BMD of the proximal femur demonstrates the importance of starting estrogen replacement therapy immediately after menopause for maximum effect.     

Relation of early menarche to high bone mineral density

The study of background factors in individuals with high bone mineral density (BMD) may provide useful information in the prevention of osteoporosis. We investigated the relationship of reproductive factors to BMD. In 519 female volunteers (327 postmenopausal and 192 premenopausal women) ranging in age from 21 to 74 (mean 52.3 ±11.8) years, spinal BMD values were obtained using both quantitative computed tomography and dual x-ray absorptiometry. The z score was calculated from the mean BMD in each 5-year age group, and high BMD and low BMD was defined as BMD with z score >+1.5 and <-1.5, respectively. Normal BMD was defined as BMD within the range-1.0 <z score <+1.0. Long reproductive period, early menarche, and late menopause were associated with high BMD. Among these, the reproductive period showed the strongest association with BMD. In postmenopausal women, early menopause had a significant relationship with low BMD, and early menarche also had some relation to high BMD. In premenopausal women, there was a significant relationship between early menarche and high BMD. The age at menarche may have a strong association with peak bone mass, as suggested by the positive correlation of early menarche with high BMD observed in this study. It is considered important to prevent risk factors that disturb the beginning of menstruation in adolescent girls.     

青春期女性骨密度与月经状况的关系

目的 了解昆明12～14岁女性骨密度水平并就影响因素进行分析.方法 利用双能X线骨密度测定仪测量昆明市某中学98名12～14岁青少年腰椎及髋部骨密度(Bone Mineral Density,BMD), 采用问卷调查形式了解与骨密度相关因素.结果 女生腰椎、股骨颈、大转子骨密度明显高于男生(P<0.05);月经初潮年龄早的女生骨密度较高(P<0.05).结论 青春期(12～14岁)阶段女生骨密度较同年龄段男生高,该年龄段女生骨密度与月经初潮年龄有关.     

Regional and total body bone mineral content,bone mineral density,and total body tissue composition in children 8–16 years of age

Summary Normative values for total body bone mineral content (TBBM) and total body bone mineral density (TBMD) were derived from measurements on 234 children 8–16 years of age. In addition, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) values for selected regions of interest and soft tissue (bone free lean and fat) for the total body are presented. Bone mineral and soft tissue values were determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a Hologic QDR-2000 in the array mode. Results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between bone-free lean tissue (BFLT) and BMD (r² = 0.80) in girls. Adding age to the equation accounted for an additional 2% of the variance (P < 0.05) and height accounted for another 1% of the variance (P < 0.05). Body weight and fat tissue (FT) did not account for any additional variance. In boys BFLT correlated significantly with BMD (r² = 0.75;P < 0.05); none of the other predictor variables accounted for additional variance. No significant differences were found in TBBM or TBMD between boys and girls at any age. There was a significant overall gender effect for only three regions of interest. Boys had greater BMC in the head region and had greater BMD in the upper limbs, but post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences for any specific age groups. Girls had greater overall BMD in the pelvis, but this difference was only significant at the 15–6-year age group. The changes in BFLT and FT over the age ranges were consistent with the growth literature.The normative values can be applied to the assessment of children and adolescents with health problems that may impact on the skeleton as well as to research studies investigating bone mineral development in children.     

京城区居民骨密度随年龄变化的特点--3285例骨密度测定结果分析

目的 了解北京城区居民骨密度(BMD)的变化规律和骨质疏松症(OP)的患病率.方法 应用法国MEDILINK公司牛产的OSTEOCORE1型双能X线骨密度仪对北京市城区3285名20～89岁人群进行股骨近端及腰L2-L4椎的BMD测定.结果 北京市城区男、女性人群的股骨近端及腰椎的BMD峰值均出现在20～29岁年龄组,峰值后随着年龄的增长骨密度BMD降低,女性在50～59岁BMD下降明显加速,男性没有出现下降加速现象.北京市城区中国人40岁以后OP患病率男性23.19%,女性OP患病率28.7%.结论 通过对北京市城区中国人群的BMD变化规律及患病率研究,为北京市城区中国人群的骨质疏松症预防、诊断及治疗提供客观有效的依据.     

Influence of number of pregnancies on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women of different age groups

 As data on the relationship between parity and bone mineral density often seem to be controversial, ultimately, a comprehensive research study was thought to be necessary. This study focused on examining the influence of the number of pregnancies on bone mineral density and investigating the relationship between pregnancy and bone mineral density at four sites in postmenopausal women of different age groups. A total of 509 postmenopausal women, varying from 45 to 86 years of age (mean age of 60.85 ± 7.53 years) were considered for the study. A standardized interview was employed to obtain information on demographics, lifestyle, and, reproductive and menstrual histories. Patients were separated into four groups according to the number of pregnancies, i.e., nulliparae (52 patients), one to two parity (66 patients), three to five parity (178 patients), and more than five parity (213 patients). The patients were further classified into two age groups, 40–59 years (233 patients) and 60–80 years (276 patients), respectively. The number of pregnancies was found to range from 0 to 17 (with an overall mean of 5.42 ± 3.68), with 4.29 ± 2.74 (range, 0–16) accounting for live births, while 1.02 ± 1.53 (range, 0–14) were abortions. There were no significant differences among the groups with respect to parameters such as, age, body mass index (BMI), age at menarche, age at menopause, and years since menopause (P > 0.05) in all of the 509 women and in the 40- to 59- and 60- to 80-year groups. When all the patients were considered, the bone mineral density (BMD) values of the spine and the trochanter for the more-than-five-parity group, were found to be significantly lower than those of the other groups (P < 0.05), while the BMD values of the spine and the femur (neck, trochanter) appeared to decrease with increasing parity. In the 40- to 59-year group, the BMD of the spine in both the nulliparae and one-to-two-parity groups was significantly higher than that of the more-than-five-parity group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found among the groups with respect to the BMD values at any femur sites. The nulliparae patients in the 60- to 80-year group exhibited significantly higher trochanter and Ward's BMD values than those of the more-than-five-parity group (P < 0.05), whereas in the one-to-two-parity group, spine BMD values appeared to be significantly higher than those of the more-than-five-parity group (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between the number of pregnancies and BMD values for the spine (r = −0.23; P < 0.01), trochanter (r = −0.16; P < 0.01), and Ward's triangle (r = −0.14; P < 0.05), with no significant correlation for femur neck BMD (r = −0.08; P > 0.05) values. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the number of pregnancies has an effect on the BMD values and that this situation shows a variation in different age groups. In addition, our study indicates that there is a significant correlation between the number of pregnancies and the spine, trochanter, and Ward's triangle BMD, but there is no correlation for the femur neck BMD. Received: April 30, 2002 / Accepted: January 16, 2003 RID="*" ID="*" Offprint requests to: A. Gur