面、前庭蜗神经脑池段的显微外科解剖学研究

目的：探讨面、前庭蜗神经脑池段的显微外科解剖，为临床手术提供解剖学参考。方法：应用10％福尔马林固定的成人尸头标本10例（20侧），显微镜下经乙状窦后入路对面、前庭蜗神经脑池段及其毗邻结构进行解剖、观测。结果：面、前庭蜗神经脑池段分为进出脑干段（rootentry／exitzone，REZ），桥小脑角段，内耳道段。REZ有重要的解剖三角；桥小脑角段面神经运动支与前庭蜗神经走行关系恒定，走行在前庭蜗神经前上方，中间神经和面神经运动根在内耳道中部融合成一支；桥小脑池蛛网膜象袖套一样延续至内耳道底部。结论：（1）听神经瘤起源于蛛网膜下腔内，面、前庭蜗神经池与桥小脑池相连续；（2）听神经瘤可利用REZ解剖三角来寻找面、前庭蜗神经的起始段，并根据肿瘤生长方向不同与REZ的解剖关系分3种类型，有利于术中面、前庭蜗神经功能的保留；（3）磨除内耳道后唇不能超过1cm，以免进入骨迷路。     

桥脑小脑角的临床解剖及在前庭蜗神经瘤切除术的意义

目的：为了在前庭蜗神经瘤（ＶＮ）手术中提高面神经和前庭蜗神经功能保留率。方法：在手术显微镜下观察了５２例前庭蜗神经瘤病人的桥脑小脑角（ＣＰＡ）解剖结构及ＶＮ与周围神经、血管的解剖关系。结果：在ＶＮ包膜外两层蛛网膜间粘连最少,容易解剖分离,有利于术中保留面、前庭蜗神经功能。结论：在手术显微镜下能更清晰地辨清ＶＮ周围的解剖关系,有助于减少面、前庭蜗神经的损伤。     

内窥镜下迷路后入路面神经解剖学研究

目的：为内窥镜下迷路后入路面肌痉挛微血管减压术提供解剖学资料。方法：正常成人头颅标本15例（30侧），模拟迷路后入路在内窥镜下观察面神经及其与前庭蜗神经和相关血管的毗邻关系。结果：（1）在不牵拉小脑和不损伤内耳结构的前提下，内窥镜下迷路后入路可观察小脑脑桥角区面神经全程；（2）面神经根出入区位于前庭蜗神经内侧稍下方；（3）有13.3％小脑下前动脉袢呈环状围绕面神经，26．7％小脑下后动脉与面神经位置关系密切。结论：内窥镜下迷路后入路对小脑脑桥角区面神经及微血管的处理有极好视角。     

兔面听神经复合体小脑脑桥角段的血供

目的：研究兔面听神经复合体小脑脑桥角段的血供及兔内耳的动脉供应。方法：对6只兔角听神经复合体小脑脑桥角段内部血管进行观察,对另6只兔面听神经复合体小脑脑桥角段周围的血管进行显微解剖。结果：兔面听神经复合体横断面可见小动脉、小静脉及毛细血管。兔每侧面听神经复合体小脑脑桥角段周围有2～4支小动脉进入内听道,互相吻合。结论：兔面听神经复合体小脑脑桥段内部血管与周围血管相联系,共同营养神经,并进入内听道供应内耳。     

桥脑小脑角的临床解剖及在前庭蜗神经瘤切除术中意义

目的 为了在前庭蜗神经瘤(VN)手术中提高面神经和前庭蜗神经功能保留率。方法 在手术显微镜下观察了52例前庭蜗神经瘤病人的桥脑小脑角(CPA)解剖结构及VN与周围神经、血管的解剖关系。结果 在VN包膜外两层蛛网膜间粘连最少,容易解剖分离,有利于术中保留面、前庭蜗神经功能。结论 在手术显微镜下能更清晰地辨清VN周围的解剖关系,有助于减少而、前庭蜗神经的损伤。     

内耳和桥小脑角罕见肿瘤及瘤样病变4例临床病理学分析

目的 探讨以面瘫为主要表现的内耳和桥小脑角肿瘤和瘤样病变的病理形态特征.方法 对4例以面瘫为主要表现的内耳和桥小脑角罕见肿瘤和瘤样病变进行光镜观察和免疫组化标记,并收集临床和影象资料并复习文献.结果 1例为听神经脂肪瘤样迷离瘤(脂肪瘤样瘤),2例为内耳内淋巴囊来源的低级别乳头状腺癌,1例为类似肿瘤病变的Chievitz口旁器官.结论 脂肪瘤样迷离瘤是一种发生在内耳听神经管或桥小脑角非常罕见的由脂肪、纤维、平滑肌、横纹肌以及神经成分组成的良性肿瘤.内耳内淋巴囊来源的低级别乳头状腺癌是发生在内耳内淋巴囊的特别罕见的低级别肿瘤.类似肿瘤病变的Chievitz口旁器官也非常罕见,是由上皮和间质成分构成的一种正常器官,常分布在颊神经的小分支周围,极易误诊为癌浸润外周神经和腺样囊性癌.     

迷路进路听神经瘤摘除

迷路进路听神经瘤摘除长在颅脑内的听神经瘤不用开颅，从外耳取口，在狭窄的耳道内，通过显微镜取出肿瘤。安徽医大附院五官科张琨龄教授等近日成功地为患者施行了迷路进路听神经瘤摘除术。听神经瘤的“根”长在内耳道，一般向颅内发展，肿瘤往往处于生命中枢的小脑桥脑角...     

迷路后桥脑小脑三角区内镜手术的应用解剖研究

目的：评价内镜在桥脑小脑三角区手术中的应用价值。方法：对5例10侧成人尸头进行大体解剖，熟悉桥脑小脑三角区诸结构解剖关系；在10例20侧成人尸头上模拟迷路后径路内镜手术，将镜下结构按解剖位置分为面神经、三又神经、舌咽神经三个区域，重点观察各区域各组颅神经之间、神经和血管之间关系；在15例标本上，于颞骨岩部后骨板平面测量内耳门外缘距后半规管外缘、颞骨表面距离，内耳门下缘距舌咽神经距离。结果：10例标本通过内压小脑均能成功导入内镜进行模拟手术；内耳门及第7、8颅神经可作为内镜手术的解剖标志。内耳门外缘距颞骨表面距离为（33．82±2．80）mm，距后半规管后缘距离为（13．24±2．55）mm，下缘距舌咽神经距离为（6．26±1．05）mm。结论：迷路后径路桥小脑角区内镜手术完全可行，较显微镜手术而言具有微创、能多角度观察病变区域、更清晰分辨血管神经关系等优点，更适合耳科医生采用，但需熟悉和掌握有关解剖知识以及内镜操作技巧。     

显微外科治疗听神经瘤及桥小脑角病理解剖观察

目的探讨患听神经瘤的显微外科治疗桥小脑角局部病理解剖，确定肿瘤和桥小脑角的结构相互关系，阐明肿瘤切除时发生并发症的原因及预防方法。方法回顾性分析我科显微手术治疗的48例听神经瘤的临床资料，重点分析肿瘤的血供来源、与颅神经及血管、重要结构等的解剖关系。结果小脑前下动脉是听神经瘤主要供血来源（48例），少部分肿瘤由小脑后下动脉和小脑上动脉参与供血（5例），1例由基底动脉发出分支参与供血；小脑大前静脉是肿瘤的引流静脉，主要经岩静脉回流至岩上窦；面神经位于肿瘤的腹侧36例（其中上部8例，中部22例，下部6例）、肿瘤上极3例、肿瘤下极5例、肿瘤背侧3例（其中上部2例，下部1例），位于瘤内1例；三叉神经和滑车神经均位于肿瘤的上极或前上方；IX、X、XI颅神经位于肿瘤的下极或下外侧。结论患听神经瘤时桥小脑角神经血管的正常解剖关系发生了不同程度的变化，掌握这些神经血管位置的变化，对于保留神经血管功能、减少术后并发症具有重要的意义。     

内耳门周结构对内镜下脑桥小脑三角区手术的影响

目的：研究内耳门周结构对颞骨径路内镜下处理脑桥小脑三角区病变手术的影响，为临床开展相应手术提供参考。方法：在20例40侧成人尸头上模拟颞骨径路内窥镜手术，观察小脑下前动脉及内耳门后唇的变异，了解其对内窥镜导入及其手术的影响。结果：内耳门后唇隆起超过面神经脑桥小脑角段1／3以上者占27．5％(11侧)。小脑下前动脉在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经外侧成袢者占22．5％(9侧)。内耳门后唇隆起合并小脑下前动脉袢在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经之外侧者占7．5％(3侧)。结论：当内耳门后唇隆起超过面神经脑桥小脑角段1／3或小脑下前动脉弓在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经之前时将对内窥镜导入有阻碍，当两种情况合并存在时要将内窥镜导入脑桥小脑三角区相当困难，不宜采用此种手术方式。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.