锁定加压钢板内固定治疗肱骨干合并肱骨近端骨折八例

目的探讨锁定加压钢板内固定治疗肱骨干合并肱骨近端骨折的方法及疗效。方法使用锁定加压钢板内固定治疗肱骨干合并肱骨近端骨折8例。结果术后患者随访6~18个月,骨折全部愈合,无肱骨头坏死、内固定松动、拔出及断裂,无血管、神经损伤情况,术后肩关节功能采用Neer评分评价:优5例,良2例,可1例。结论锁定加压钢板内固定治疗肱骨干合并肱骨近端骨折具有固定牢固、损伤小、复位满意、愈合率高等优点,是目前比较理想的一种治疗方法,值得临床推广。     

比较弹性髓内钉与锁定加压钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折合并桡神经损伤的效果

目的比较弹性髓内钉与锁定加压钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折合并桡神经损伤的效果。方法随机将68例肱骨干骨折合并桡神经损伤患者分为2组,各34例。A组采用锁定加压钢板内固定术,B组采用弹性髓内钉内固定手术。结果 B组术中出血量、手术时间、骨折愈合时间、骨折线消失时间、关节功能恢复优良率及桡神经损伤恢复优良率均优于A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与锁定加压钢板内固定比较,弹性髓内钉内固定术术中出血量少、骨折愈合快、关节功能及桡神经损伤恢复优良率高。     

锁定加压钢板加植骨治疗肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合

目的探讨锁定加压钢板内固定加植骨治疗肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析应用锁定加压钢板内固定加植骨治疗的肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合8例的临床资料,并对其进行随访。结果 8例获随访12~24个月,无感染、内固定松动断裂等并发症,至末次随访骨折均愈合,肩、肘关节功能良好。结论锁定加压钢板内固定加植骨是治疗肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合的有效办法,值得推广应用。     

有限切开前侧锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折的临床研究

目的探讨经肱骨前侧入路有限切开锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法采用经肱骨前侧入路有限切开锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折18例。结果 18例获随访12～24个月,骨折全部愈合,肩关节功能按Neer评分:优17例,良1例;肘关节功能按HSS评分:优16例,良2例。结论采用经肱骨前侧入路有限切开锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折固定稳定,不易损伤神经血管,骨折愈合率高。     

锁定加压钢板与解剖型钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折疗效比较研究

目的：对比分析锁定加压钢板与解剖型钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折的临床效果,探讨合适的肱骨近端骨折内固定方法。方法对2007年1月至2013年1月苏州市第七人民医院收治的63例肱骨近端骨折患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中31例采用锁定加压钢板固定,32例行解剖型钢板固定。观察术后并发症发生情况,根据Neer评分标准对疗效进行评定。结果锁定加压钢板组25例患者获得有效随访,随访时间6～36个月,平均随访时间16个月;解剖型钢板组29例患者获得有效随访,随访时间7～48个月,平均随访时间26个月。锁定加压钢板组术后肩关节功能Neer评分优良率优于解剖型钢板组,但两组比较,差异无统计学意义（96% vs 90%,P＞0.05）。解剖型钢板组1例患者发生肱骨头坏死、吸收,2例出现螺钉松动、部分拔出。两组均未出现断钉、再骨折移位、骨折不愈合、桡神经损伤、腋神经损伤等术后并发症。结论锁定加压钢板和解剖型钢板内固定均能有效治疗肱骨近端骨折,但锁定加压钢板内固定并发症少,更加安全可靠。     

AO股骨近端锁定加压钢板治疗股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨应用AO股骨近端锁定加压钢板治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果。方法采用闭合复位、AO股骨近端锁定加压钢板内固定治疗56例股骨粗隆间骨折患者。结果 45例获得6～18个月的随访,平均12个月。所有患者骨折愈合,按Harris髋关节功能评定标准:优30例,良11例,可4例,优良率91.1%。结论 AO股骨近端锁定加压钢板治疗股骨粗隆间骨折,具有手术创伤小、操作简便、内固定牢靠等优点,是一种治疗股骨粗隆间骨折理想的内固定材料。     

锁定加压钢板联合骨诱导活性材料治疗肱骨干骨折骨不连

目的:探讨骨诱导活性材料植骨联合锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨干骨折骨不连的疗效.方法:13例肱骨干骨折骨不连患者均采用锁定加压钢板联合植入骨诱导活性材料治疗,按照Neer评分标准,根据术后X线片及肩肘关节功能判定疗效.结果:术后随访6个月~1年,愈合率达100%,优良率92.3%,平均愈合时间4.5个月.结论:锁定加压钢板联合骨诱导活性材料治疗肱骨干骨折骨不连具有创伤小、固定稳定、骨折愈合率高、关节功能影响小等优点.     

加长型肱骨近端锁定接骨板内固定治疗老年肱骨干合并肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨加长型肱骨近端锁定接骨板(PHILOS)内固定治疗老年肱骨干合并肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012-05—2016-01采用加长型PHILOS钢板内固定治疗的13例老年肱骨干合并肱骨近端骨折,根据骨折线长度选用钢板,于骨折近端置入合适长度的锁定螺钉,避免螺钉穿透肱骨头进入关节腔,肱骨干远折端置入至少3枚锁定螺钉,亦可与皮质骨螺钉混合使用,远近骨折线之间根据跨度置入2或3枚锁定螺钉。结果 13例均获得随访,随访时间平均15.6(12~24)个月。切口未出现感染,均一期愈合。13例均获得骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间平均20(15~36)周。随访期间未发生肱骨头坏死、螺钉松动、螺钉拔出及钢板断裂,1例合并桡神经损伤者3个月后神经功能自行恢复。末次随访时采用Neer评分评价肩关节功能:优9例,良3例,可1例。结论加长型PHILOS钢板可有效固定老年肱骨干合并肱骨近端骨折,骨折复位维持良好,术后患者肩关节功能恢复良好。     

肱骨干骨折术后不愈合的原因分析及治疗

目的探讨肱骨干骨折术后不愈合的原因及治疗方法。方法回顾分析21例肱骨干骨折术后不愈合患者,采用锁定加压钢板内固定加自体髂骨植骨治疗。结果随访6～18个月,平均11个月,骨折经二次手术后均达骨性愈合。结论肱骨骨折术后不愈合的常见原因为创伤重、术中操作及内植物选择不当、功能锻炼不规范。锁定加压钢板加自体松质骨植骨是治疗肱骨骨折术后骨不愈合的有效方法。     

近端改良切口闭合复位经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折

目的 观察并探讨近端改良切口,闭合复位经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗成人肱骨干骨折的可行性和临床疗效.方法 采用闭合复位经皮锁定加压钢板内固定的方法治疗17例成人肱骨干骨折,并改良其近端切口,观察治愈率、平均愈合时间等.结果 17例成人肱骨干骨折患者均愈合,未发现相关并发症,愈合时间10.0～27.0周,平均13.1周.关节功能恢复满意,按Neer肩关节功能评分标准及Mayo肘关节功能评分标准(Mayo elbow performance score,MEPS)评定疗效,本组患者均为优.结论 近端改良切口,闭合复位经皮锁定加压钢板内固定的方法能有效治疗成人肱骨干骨折.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.