我国二级及以上医院急诊分诊依据现状调查

目的调查国内急诊分诊执行情况及分诊依据的现状。方法采用自制调查问卷,对国内113所医院的274名急诊科护士进行急诊分诊执行情况及分诊依据现状的调查。结果目前急诊分诊护士要求不统一,急诊分诊标准存在不足,急诊分诊护士现有培训不能满足临床需要。结论我国在急诊分诊护士培养和急诊分诊标准的建立等方面尚不完善,建立统一规范的分诊标准和专职分诊护士将成为急诊分诊发展的趋势。     

A study of triage of paediatric patients in Australia

Objectives: To describe the triage of children in a sample of mixed and paediatric emergency departments in Australia in 1999 and to measure the inter‐rater reliability of the National Triage Scale when used by triage nurses for the triage of paediatric patients. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to 11 hospitals, including one paediatric and one mixed emergency department, in each state studied. Triage nurses were asked to assess 25 paediatric patient profiles and to assign appropriate triage categories to each profile. The number of responses within the modal triage category (concurrence), the percentage of responses with a concurrence of at least 50% and the number of responses within one triage category of the modal response (spread) of responses were measured. Triage data for 1999 from the same emergency departments were collected and numbers of children seen and admitted in each triage category were described. The patterns of distribution of triage categories for specific paediatric diagnoses (triage ‘footprints’) were also described. Data from mixed emergency departments were grouped and compared with data from paediatric emergency departments and any differences were described. Results: Seventy‐eight nurses in 10 hospitals responded to the questionnaire. Sixty‐three per cent of all responses had a concurrence of greater than 50%. Ninety‐four per cent of patient profiles were triaged to within one triage category of their modal response. Nurses in paediatric emergency departments (concurrence greater than 50% for 79% of responses) were significantly more consistent in their use of the National Triage Scale compared with nurses in mixed emergency departments (concurrence greater than 50% for 50% of responses). Paediatric emergency department triage nurses were more likely to use the full range of the National Triage Scale and were fourfold as likely to allocate triage categories 4 and 5 to patient profiles. Paediatric hospitals allocated patients to triage categories 4 and 5 for an average of 71% of presentations compared with 47% for mixed emergency departments. Specific diagnoses had characteristic distributions of triage categories, with similar differences seen when comparisons were made between mixed and paediatric emergency departments. Conclusion: Use of the National Triage Scale for the triage of paediatric patients by triage staff is not consistent and there are significant differences between the triage practices of paediatric and mixed emergency departments.     

改良澳大利亚拣伤评分系统在急诊科拣伤救治中的应用及效果评价

目的评价改良澳大利亚拣伤评分系统在急诊批量创伤患者评估分类中的应用效果。方法按时间先后顺序将178例批量创伤患者分为对照组87例和观察组91例。对照组按照传统方法拣伤分类,观察组应用改良澳大利亚拣伤评分系统评估分类。比较两组拣伤分类时间、分拣准确率、抢救成功率、护士对分类方法满意度和患者/家属对抢救工作满意度。结果观察组评估分类时间低于对照组(P0.01);分拣准确率、抢救成功率(P0.05)、护士对分类方法满意度和患者/家属对抢救工作满意度均高于对照组(P0.01)。结论改良澳大利亚拣伤评分系统能快速准确评估伤情,指导急诊抢救治疗工作,提高抢救效率和成功率,值得在急诊科推广应用。     

首因效应提高患者对急诊科检诊分诊护士满意率探索

目的：探讨首因效应提高急诊患者对检诊分诊护士满意率的效果。方法：2013-01-2013-02急诊科对分诊检诊护士实施首因效应培训,采用自制调查表和本院分诊护士绩效考核表,对比分析2013-03-2013-05和2012-03-2012-05,急诊分诊检诊护士在实施前后分诊准确率、患者满意率、患者投诉率和绩效考核成绩。结果：实施首因效应实施前后分诊准确率、患者满意率、分诊护士投诉率和分诊护士绩效考核成绩比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：首因效应可以显著提高急诊护士分诊准确率、急诊患者对检诊分诊护士的满意率,提高绩效考核成绩,同时降低患者的投诉率。     

情景模拟与案例分析在急诊分诊护士培训中的应用

目的：探讨急诊分诊护士培训的内容与方法。方法：该院于2008年1月至2009年1月,采用情景模拟与案例分析的培训方法对34名急诊护士进行培训。结果：培训前后,护士的综合专业能力差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,分诊护士认为经过培训在分诊技巧、分析解决问题等方面进步显著;急诊医生对护士分诊工作持肯定态度,分诊准确率提高。结论：将情景模拟与案例分析应用于急诊分诊护士的培训中,不仅有利于巩固专科理论知识,提高护士的综合能力,而且利于提高分诊准确率,值得推广。     

急诊分诊护士准入制度对比及借鉴

急诊分诊护士准人制度是护理专业化发展的趋势之一,目前国内还没有针对急诊分诊护士资质准入制度的相关规定。对急诊分诊护士提出统一的要求,进行统一的岗前培训与考核,取得资质证书后方能上岗,这样可以大大提高急诊预检分诊的质量,降低医疗纠纷的发生。本文介绍了目前国内外急诊分诊护士岗位资质要求、对于分诊护士的培训方式、培训内容及职责范围的差异。     

5级预检分诊系统的研究进展

对不同国家和地区医院急诊分诊使用的5级预检分诊系统的发展过程、分诊方法及优缺点进行了比较。预检分诊作为急诊护理服务的第一步,在急诊医疗护理服务中处于重要地位。随着急诊医学和社会经济的发展,当今急诊医疗服务需求的扩展已超越了急诊室有限的空间与资源,预检分诊需要判断出哪些患者需要立即救治,哪些患者病情并不危急,从而保证患者安全,防止分检不足或过度分检,合理有效的利用急诊医疗资源,预检分诊的质量直接关系到患者救治效果和对医院的满意度〔1〕。建立一个高效、便捷的预检体系或评分标尺     

智能急诊分诊诊断治疗系统的研发与应用

目的 探讨智能急诊分诊诊断治疗系统在急诊科分诊中的应用效果。方法 采取便利抽样的方法,选择某三级甲等医院400例急诊科就诊患者为研究对象,根据入院时间先后顺序将其分为对照组和观察组各200例,对照组采用常规人工预检分诊,观察组应用智能急诊分诊诊断治疗系统预检分诊,比较2组患者病情资料收集时间、分诊时间、过度分诊率及患者对护士分诊工作的满意度。结果 观察组的病情资料收集时间、分诊时间均比对照组短,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组护士过度分诊率比对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;同时,观察组患者对护士分诊工作表示满意的有196例,对照组中40例患者认为分诊较慢、流程繁琐等原因,表示不满意,2组满意度的比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 在急诊科,结合应用智能急诊分诊诊断治疗系统,优化急诊分诊流程,快速对患者病情进行分类和归纳,减少了分诊时间,保障护士的分诊效率,从而进一步保障患者安全,提高患者的满意度。     

FIELD TRIAGE SYSTEMS: METHODOLOGIES FROM THE LITERATURE

The primary goal of the Neely Conference project is to work toward defining a set of research criteria for medical necessity in emergency medical services (EMS). This paper reviews the extant literature on triage and non-transport decisions made in the field by EMS personnel, with emphasis on the methodologies that have been used to date. Two types of medical necessity standards are considered. First, there are triage criteria for determining whether a given patient requires EMS transport to the hospital, or whether an alternative might be appropriate. These triage criteria might be incorporated into protocols that field personnel could apply on scene to determine the best disposition for a given patient. Second, there are the outcome measures against which the decisions made by the field personnel are judged. In some cases, the outcome measure is the judgment of a reviewing emergency physician or nurse, while in others specific outcome measures are used to judge the performance of the criteria and the decision making of the field providers. While review of the literature shows that no “standard” set of triage criteria have been generated or validated in determining medical necessity in EMS, there are certain themes that emerge from the literature, and these themes can likely form the basis of a consensus on elements of a medical necessity criteria that need to be validated and refined. These may include (for triage criteria) vital signs, chief complaints, and physical exam findings, and (for outcome measures) hospital admission, critical events, death, and diagnosis.     

Field triage systems: Methodologies from the literature

The primary goal of the Neely Conference project is to work toward defining a set of research criteria for medical necessity in emergency medical services (EMS). This paper reviews the extant literature on triage and nontransport decisions made in the field by EMS personnel, with emphasis on the methodologies that have been used to date. Two types of medical necessity standards are considered. First, there are triage criteria for determining whether a given patient requires EMS transport to the hospital, or whether an alternative might be appropriate. These triage criteria might be incorporated into protocols that field personnel could apply on scene to determine the best disposition for a given patient. Second, there are the outcome measures against which the decisions made by the field personnel are judged. In some cases, the outcome measure is the judgment of a reviewing emergency physician or nurse, while in others specific outcome measures are used to judge the performance of the criteria and the decision making of the field providers. While review of the literature shows that no “standard” set of triage criteria have been generated or validated in determining medical necessity in EMS, there are certain themes that emerge from the literature, and these themes can likely form the basis of a consensus on elements of a medical necessity criteria that need to be validated and refined. These may include (for triage criteria) vital signs, chief complaints, and physical exam findings, and (for outcome measures) hospital admission, critical events, death, and diagnosis.     

急诊分诊的研究现状

通过分析国内外急诊分诊的差异,提出应借鉴国外的经验,采用较好的分诊标准和工具,改进国内的分诊工作,对患者的病情做出更准确的判断,改善护患关系,避免纠纷的发生,降低医疗风险。     

Measuring the effectiveness of the national Mental Health Triage Scale in an emergency department

ABSTRACT:   The mainstreaming process has significantly altered the means of access to mental health services in Australia. Increasingly people seeking mental health care present at general hospital emergency departments. The triage system, which has proven effective for prioritizing physical illness and injury, has proven problematic when applied to mental health-related problems. This paper presents the results of a study undertaken in the emergency department of a Victorian public hospital. The Mental Health Triage Scale was introduced and used independently by triage nurses and the psychiatric nurse consultants employed in the department. Following a 3-month period, the two sets of triage scores for psychiatric presentations ( n =  137) were compared. The findings suggest that triage nurses are rating clients experiencing mental health problems as in more urgent need of care than their psychiatric nursing counterparts. This suggests that the introduction of the guidelines alone is insufficient, and that education is required for more effective use of the tool.     

Reducing Nonemergent Visits to the Emergency Department in a Veterans Affairs Multistate System

Study ObjectiveThe purpose of this quality improvement study was to reduce nonemergent visits to the emergency department attendance within a multistate Veterans Health Affairs network.MethodsTelephone triage protocols were developed and implemented for registered nurse staff to triage selected calls to a same-day telephonic or video virtual visit with a provider (physician or nurse practitioner). Calls, registered nurse triage dispositions, and provider visit dispositions were tracked for 3 months.ResultsThere were 1606 calls referred by registered nurses for provider visits. Of these, 192 were initially triaged as emergency department dispositions. Of these, 57.3% of calls that would have been referred to the emergency department were resolved via the virtual visit. Thirty-eight percent fewer calls were referred to the emergency department following licensed independent provider visit compared to the registered nurse triage.ConclusionTelephone triage services augmented by virtual provider visits may reduce emergency department disposition rates, resulting in fewer nonemergent patient presentations to the emergency department and reducing unnecessary emergency department overcrowding. Reducing nonemergent attendance to emergency departments can improve outcomes for patients with emergent dispositions.     

Do Knowledge and Experience Have Specific Roles in Triage Decision‐making?

Accuracy of triage decisions is a major influence on patient outcomes. Triage nurses' knowledge and experience have been cited as influential factors in triage decision-making. The aim of this article is to examine the independent roles of factual knowledge and experience in triage decisions. All of the articles cited in this review were research papers that examined the relationship between triage decisions and knowledge and/or experience of triage nurses. Numerous studies have shown that factual knowledge is an important factor in improving triage decisions. Although a number of studies have examined the role of experience as an independent influence on triage decisions, none have found a significant relationship between experience and triage decision-making. Factual knowledge appears to be more important than years of emergency nursing or triage experience in triage decision accuracy. Many triage education programs are underpinned by the assumption that knowledge acquisition will result in improved triage decisions. A better understanding of the relationships between clinical decisions, knowledge, and experience is pivotal for the rigorous evaluation of education programs.     

急诊预检分诊护士岗位培训方案的构建

目的:构建急诊预检分诊护士岗位培训方案,为临床工作提供参考。方法:通过两轮专家咨询,对条目进行修改、整理,并测量条目的权重值。结果:遴选专家对本研究有较高兴趣,函询意见较为集中,两轮函询后形成的急诊预检分诊护士岗位培训方案包括一级条目3个、二级条目21个、三级条目69个。结论:构建的急诊预检分诊护士岗位培训方案具有科学性和可靠性。覆盖面广且充分结合预检分诊实际工作情况,能为下一步研究提供借鉴。     

情景模拟训练对低年资急诊分诊护士岗位胜任能力及分诊质量的影响

目的探讨情景模拟训练对低年资急诊分诊护士岗位胜任能力及分诊质量的影响。方法采用整群便利抽样法,选取2017年6月至2019年6月本院急诊科低年资护士25名作为研究对象。将情景模拟训练方法引入护士急救培训工作中,比较培训前后护士急救事件岗位胜任能力得分、护士急救技能得分。结果在模拟训练6个月后急诊护士专业知识、专业技术、专业能力及个人综合素质评分均显著高于训练前(P<0.05);CPR、插管配合、洗胃、吸痰、静脉穿刺及电除颤技能评分均显著高于训练前(P<0.05);综合操作时间短于培训前(P<0.05)。结论情景模拟训练应用于低年资急诊分诊护士中,可以显著提高低年资急诊护士的岗位胜任能力和急救技能水平,对提高医院急救成功率及护理水平均具有重要意义。