Ｍarshall—Marchetti 手术治疗压力性尿失禁

我院于１９９５－１９９８年间采用Ｍarshall-Marchetti手术（膀胱尿道悬吊固定术）治疗女性压力性尿失禁５例，效果显著，现报告如下。     

两种方法行THP膀胱内灌注预防膀胱癌术后复发的疗效观察

目的：探讨膀胱癌术后大剂量吡喃阿霉素（THP）膀胱内灌注时保留时间对肿瘤复发和对人体安全性的差异。方法：将45例浅表性膀胱癌经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术或膀胱部分切除术病人随机分对照组（24例）、观察组（21例），二术后2周开始应用THP（40mg/40ml）膀胱内灌注，观察组灌注后药物在膀胱内保留30min；对照组保留2h。结果：两组病人随访7－26个月，复发率比较，P＞0．05，差异无显著性意义；所有病人均能耐受THP膀胱内灌注；两组灌注后不同保留时间全身不良反应比较，均P＞0．05，差异无显著性意义；尿频、尿痛等膀胱刺激症和迟发性不良反应（尿道狭窄和前列腺炎）两组比较，P＜0．05，观察组明显低于对照组。结论：膀胱癌术后应用THP膀胱内灌注预防肿瘤复发效果显著，药物在膀胱内保留时间短，对膀胱、尿道刺激性小，不良反应少。     

尿道、阴茎

经阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁的临床观察（附184例报告）；应用膀胱镜治疗急性闭合性尿道损伤的体会（附20例报告）；结肠黏膜重建尿道治疗复杂性超长段尿道狭窄；显微外科技术修复尿道下裂术后尿瘘；血管内皮生长因子受体3与阴茎鳞癌淋巴转移的关系.     

非神经源性逼尿肌膀胱颈协同失调

报告５例原发性膀胱颈功能障碍患者表现为排尿时膀胱颈开放不良，病变为逼尿肌膀胱颈协同失调，可命名为非神经源性逼尿肌膀胱颈协同失调。提示其诊断标准：（１）有下尿路功能性梗阻；（２）排尿时膀胱颈开放不良，膀胱内压－膀胱颈内压梯度异常；（３）无影响膀胱尿道功能的神经系疾患。同时对此症的发病机理和治疗选择进行了讨论。     

同期行经尿道电切术治疗膀胱癌并前列腺增生的临床观察

目的：探讨膀胱癌并前列腺增生患者同期行经尿道膀胱肿瘤加前列腺电切术的可行性。方法：回顾性分析46例膀胱癌并前列腺增生患者的手术方法，26例同期行经尿道膀胱肿瘤加前列腺电切术（A组），20例单纯行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（B组）。结果：随访12－40个月，A组有3例术后复发，复发时间为术后18．4个月，无尿道及前列腺窝转移；B组有4例术后复发，复发时间为术后15．4个月，5例随访期内因前列腺增生再次行经尿道前列腺电切术。结论：膀胱肿瘤并前列腺增生患者同期行经尿道电切术可减少经费，缩短住院时间。     

小体积前列腺增生所致膀胱颈部梗阻的诊治体会

报告小体积前列腺增生所致膀胱颈部梗阻病人１８例，经尿道前列腺电切术后症状消失或明显改善，术前确诊仅５例，另１３例术后经病检确诊。强调了尿动力学、排尿期膀胱尿道造影和尿道膀胱镜检在诊断本病中的重要作用，提出了诊断本病的要点：（１）４０岁以上男性，有持续的下尿路梗阻症状，临床检查前列腺增大不明显；（２）尿动力学和排尿期膀胱尿道造影梗阻位于膀胱颈部；（３）前列腺切除或膀胱颈内切开术后症状消失或明显改善；（４）病检证实有前列腺增生。     

应用吊带方法经皮膀胱颈悬吊治疗女性压力性尿失禁

目的：介绍吊带方法经皮膀胱颈悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁的经验。方法：在近膀胱颈水平，阴道前壁与尿道之间隧道状切口内预置两端带有尼龙线的网状聚丙烯片，术中窥镜监视下，应用Vesica穿刺针经皮穿刺行膀胱颈悬吊治疗女性压力性尿失禁19例。结果：随访3－45个月，平均17个月，除1例逼尿肌反射低下排尿稍费力外，18例患者无尿失禁及排尿困难。结论：吊带方法经皮膀胱颈悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁，操作简便，创伤小，恢复快，临床效果满意。     

尿道下裂手术方式的选择及并发症的预防

目的：评价一期膀胱粘膜或包皮内板在尿道下裂修复术中的应用和并发症的预防。方法：尿道下裂患者164例，年龄1.5-25岁，初次手术病例组138例，采用包皮内板尿道成形术47例，膀胱粘膜尿道成形术91例；再次手术病例组26例，全部采用膀胱粘膜尿道成形术。结果：术后随访6个月－7年。所有病例一次手术成功率（94.5%）。尿瘘9例都位于冠状沟下，初次手术组与再次手术组的成功率（94.9%：92.3%）差异无显著性意义。使用膀胱粘膜与包皮内板尿道成形术成功率（94.1%:95.7%）差异无显著性意义。结论：无论是那种类型的尿道下裂，正确应用包皮内板或膀胱粘膜尿道成形术能取得良好的疗效。手术成功的关键不在于手术的方法，而在于术者对术式掌握的熟练程度和术中以及术后对每个细微环节的认真处理。     

膀胱灌注10-HCPT预防肿瘤复发的临床观察

目的：探讨膀胱灌注１０－式喜树碱（１０－ＨＣＰＴ）预防肿瘤复发的临床疗效。方法：对２６例膀胱肿瘤患者在施行膀胱部分切除术或经尿道胱肿瘤电气化术后作１０－ＨＣＰＴ１０ｍｇ加生理盐水２０ｍｌ膀胱灌注治疗。结果：所有患者均获是１８￣５６个月随访，平均３４．７个月，２４例无肿瘤复发；２例于２年后复发。结论：膀胱肿瘤术后膀胱灌注１０－ＨＣＰＴ治疗效果可靠，副作用微小，无全身性化疗反应发生。     

膀胱粘膜白斑15例诊治体会

目的：探讨膀胱粘膜白斑的诊断和治疗效果。方法：采用抗感染，经尿道电切加气化术，电切前在膀胱粘膜下注射2.5％5－氟尿嘧啶（5－FU）1－2ml，使粘膜与肌层分离，以及膀胱内药物灌注等治疗。结果：分别经过6－52个月随访，11例治愈，2例3年后恶变，2例失访。结论：膀胱镜检加活组织检查对膀胱粘膜白斑恶变的早期诊断具有重要意义，经尿道电切加气化术以及膀胱内药物灌注是治疗膀胱粘膜白斑和预防其恶变的有效方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.