先天性阴茎下弯畸形的手术治疗

目的：总结和探讨先天性阴茎下弯畸形的病因、术式选择和并发症防治。　资料和方法：先天性单纯性阴茎下弯 ６ 例,年龄为３～７ 岁。Ⅰ型２ 例,Ⅱ型 ３ 例,Ⅲ型１ 例。采用袖套式尿道松解加钮扣眼皮瓣转移术进行矫正。　结果：５ 例一期治愈。１ 例发生尿瘘再次行手术修补,弯曲矫正欠满意。　结论：袖套式尿道松解加皮瓣转移术疗效较好,并发症少,无需膀胱造口,可作为治疗先天性阴茎下弯畸形的首选术式。     

先天性阴茎下弯畸形的手术治疗

目的：总结和探讨先天性阴茎下弯畸形的病因,术式选择和并发症防治。资料和方法：先天性单纯性阴茎下弯６例,年龄为３－７岁。Ⅰ２例,Ⅱ型３例,Ⅲ型１例。采用袖套式尿道松解加钮扣眼皮瓣转移术进行矫正。结果：５例一期治愈。１例发生尿瘘再次行手术修补,弯曲矫正欠满意。结论：袖套式尿道松解加皮瓣转移术疗效较好,并发首少,无需膀胱造口,可作为治疗先天性阴茎下弯畸形的首选术式。     

Schroeder-Essed术治疗先天性单纯阴茎弯曲

目的 探讨Schroeder-Essed术治疗单纯性阴茎下屈畸形的疗效.方法 回顾分析1999年1月至2009年7月收治的尿道开口正常的阴茎下屈畸形患者21例,年龄3～42岁,平均13.3岁,下弯平均约15°～90°,平均45°,侧弯1例约40°.均采用Schroeder-Essed术辅以阴茎皮肤脱套的手术方法,必要时结合尿道游离以及尿道成形术治疗.结果 手术后阴茎弯曲完全纠正20例,Ⅰ型3例矫正阴茎弯曲后利用阴茎背侧包皮行Duckett尿道成形术.Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型共17例、Ⅳ型1例经Schroeder-Essed术辅以阴茎皮肤完全脱套术弯曲得到完全矫正.术后近期并发症主要为疼痛、尿道不适;远期并发症为尿瘘1例,局部皮肤感染1例,残留下弯1例(约15°)但不影响正常性生活.随访6～25个月,疗效满意.2例成年患者性生活正常.结论 Schroeder-Essed术结合阴茎皮肤脱套技术能矫正大多数单纯阴茎弯曲畸形,简便易行、并发症少,是治疗轻中度单纯阴茎下屈畸形的良好方法.     

加盖与管形包皮岛状皮瓣法在尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的评价加盖包皮岛状皮瓣法（Onlay island flap法）与管形包皮岛状皮瓣法（Tubularized island flap法）手术治疗尿道下裂的适应证及疗效.方法总结分析166例尿道下裂修复手术及术后并发症.患儿年龄1～15岁,平均5.1岁.冠状沟型及阴茎体前型尿道下裂36例,阴茎体型81例,阴茎根型36例,阴囊及会阴型13例,其中外院行阴茎下弯矫正术后11例.合并阴茎下弯139例,轻度43例,中度43例,重度53例.采用加盖包皮岛状皮瓣法79例,管形包皮岛状皮瓣法87例.结果 166例手术成功率为90.4%.166例随访2年均未发生尿道狭窄、尿道憩室、阴茎皮肤坏死等合并症.加盖包皮岛状皮瓣法术后发生尿瘘4例（5.1%）,阴茎下弯复发7例（8.9%）,手术成功率为86.1%.管形包皮岛状皮瓣法术后发生尿瘘4例（4.6%）,阴茎下弯复发1例（1.1%）,手术成功率为94.2%.2种术式尿瘘发生率比较,差异无统计学意义;而阴茎下弯复发率比较,差异有统计学意义.结论加盖包皮岛状皮瓣法适用于尿道板发育好的阴茎体及阴茎根型病例,管形包皮岛状皮瓣适用于尿道口位于冠状沟至会阴合并重度阴茎下弯的各型尿道下裂.     

应用显微外科技术修复小儿尿道下裂

目的探讨提高尿道下裂治愈率的有效措施。方法利用显微外科技术对本组64例尿道下裂患儿进行一期尿道修复。年龄7个月-14岁，平均5．6岁。阴茎头及冠状沟型16例，阴茎体型36例，阴囊会阴型12例。伴阴茎阴囊转位3例，隐睾4例6侧，鞘膜积液2例，斜疝2例。先期外院矫正下弯但未成形尿道1例，Duckett手术失败2例。据病情不同，分别选用不同的手术方法：阴茎头型用尿道口前移、阴茎头成形法（MAGPI术式）；冠状沟型或距冠状沟较近的阴茎体型用尿道口基底血管皮瓣法（Mathieu术式）；尿道口在阴茎体2／3以外段伴有阴茎轻度下弯或无下弯者用尿道板纵切卷管法或加盖岛状皮板法（Snodgrass术式或Onlay术式）；有严重阴茎下弯的所有阴茎体型选横裁或纵裁包皮岛状皮瓣尿道成形（Duckett术式或Hodgson术式）；阴囊型或会阴型用阴囊中缝皮管加横裁包皮岛状皮瓣成形尿道（Duplay联合Duckett术式）。对20例再次手术者或包皮材料不理想、重度尿道下裂者手术结束前行膀胱穿刺造瘘。结果手术治愈57例，治愈率89．1％（57／64）。手术时间90-180min，平均120min。术中出血量〈15ml。并发尿道瘘3例，尿道狭窄4例，无尿道憩室发生。54例获得随访2-36个月，平均19个月，均符合尿道下裂治愈标准。结论应用显微外科技术，合理选用手术方法，重视术中技巧，能明显提高手术成功率，而且手术年龄可提早到婴幼儿。     

阴囊筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣重建尿道

目的探讨阴囊肉膜下筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣重建尿道的方法。方法1998年3月～2004年8月对先天性尿道畸形患者8例及尿道下裂术后并发多孔尿瘘、尿道狭窄和阴茎弯曲畸形23例，采用阴囊肉膜下筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣修复缺损的尿道。年龄6～34岁，平均20．3岁，皮瓣宽度：儿童为1．5～2．5cm，成人为2．5～3．5cm，长度可为宽度的1．5～2倍。其中尿道下裂阴茎型9例；阴茎阴囊型10例；阴囊型7例，其中3例为儿童伴阴囊分裂，尿道开口于阴囊分裂沟中；会阴型5例，为男性假两性畸形。结果术后皮瓣均成活，切口愈合良好，Ⅰ期愈合24例，Ⅱ期愈合7例。仅1例拔除支架管后发生尿瘘，嘱患者排尿时按压瘘口，2周后闭合。27例获随访1～4年，2例术后1年阴茎稍下弯，其余患者阴茎形态及功能良好。结论应用阴囊肉膜下筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣重建缺损的尿道疗效满意，是一种修复尿道下裂术后并发症较理想的方法。     

先天性单纯阴茎下曲的治疗体会(附23例报告)

目的　探讨先天性单纯阴茎下曲的治疗方法和疗效。　方法　采用阴茎皮肤脱套、阴茎背侧白膜折迭、尿道游离以及尿道成形等方法治疗先天性单纯阴茎下曲 2 3例。年龄 1～ 2 1岁 ,平均 7岁。其中Ⅰ型 2例 ,Ⅱ型 11例 ,Ⅲ型 6例 ,Ⅳ型 4例。　结果　Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型 17例经阴茎皮肤脱套 ,Ⅳ型 1例经阴茎皮肤脱套和白膜折迭 ,Ⅰ型 1例和Ⅳ型 2例经阴茎皮肤脱套、尿道游离和白膜折迭 ,Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型各 1例经尿道成形 ,下曲均完全矫正。术中尿道损伤 2例 ,1例术后并发感染、尿瘘 ,8个月后修补治愈。 1例术后阴茎头感刺痛 ,3周后消失。 16例获得随访 7～ 5 7个月 ,平均 2 4个月 ,除1例阴茎头略向腹侧弯曲 (<15°)外 ,15例阴茎完全伸直 ,未见下曲复发。　结论　先天性单纯阴茎下曲需根据不同病因采用不同治疗方法。阴茎皮肤脱套、背侧白膜折迭术并发症少 ,疗效满意 ,是先天性单纯阴茎下曲的基本治疗方法。     

尿道口前移-龟头成形术与尿道延伸术联合治疗尿道下裂

目的 探索一种治疗伴有严重阴茎下弯的冠状沟或冠状沟下型尿道下裂的新方法。方法 尿道口前移-龟头成形术与尿道延伸术联合治疗有严重阴茎下弯的冠状沟或冠状沟下型尿道下裂。在术中切除阴茎腹侧的纤维索带后，如阴茎下弯仍无法矫正，同时尿道海绵体发育好，则采用部分尿道海绵体游离延伸的方法使阴茎下弯得到矫正。结果 19例患儿，手术一期完成，均获成功。结论 尿道口前移．龟头成形术与尿道延伸术联合是一种治疗伴有严重阴茎下弯的冠状沟或冠状沟下型尿道下裂的有效的手术方式。     

伴尿道发育不良前型尿道下裂的手术处理

前型尿道下裂(阴茎头型、冠状沟型、阴茎前1／3型)约占小儿先天性尿道下裂的60％，部分前型尿道下裂由于前尿道发育不良，而使尿道下裂术式的选择变得复杂。处理不当，是造成前型尿道下裂术后尿瘘及阴茎下曲畸形矫正不满意的常见原因。作者2000年12月～2004年2月共收治伴尿道发育不良前型尿道下裂患儿23例，报告如下。     

尿道板近端切断植皮分期治疗严重型尿道下裂

目的 探讨治疗严重型尿道下裂的方法.方法 一期将尿道板近端切断,矫正阴茎下弯,腹侧创面移植阴囊中厚皮片,半年后二期手术塑造尿道.结果 2004年2月至2005年3月,于临床应用17例,分期手术均成功,无尿道狭窄和尿瘘等并发症发生.1年后随访观察,阴茎头及尿道外口形态良好,阴茎矫直完全,术后阴茎阴囊形态尚佳.结论 该手术方法 操作简便,手术时间短,适用于阴茎近端型和阴茎阴囊型伴有重度阴茎下弯的尿道下裂患者.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.