经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检203例临床分析

目的评估经直肠超声引导的前列腺六针穿刺活检在前列腺癌及前列腺其他疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断的价值。方法对指肛检查阳性，血清PSA〉4pg／L及经直肠超声检查前列腺声像图异常怀疑有占位性病变的203人进行经直肠超声引导的前列腺穿刺活检。结果穿刺活检的203例病理结果：良性前列腺增生（BPH）104例占51．24％，前列腺癌（PCa）95例占46．80％，前列腺结核及前列腺平滑肌肉瘤各2例，分别占0．98％。结论经直肠超声引导的前列腺穿刺活检其操作简单，病人痛苦小，并发症少，较安全。在前列腺癌及其他前列腺疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要的临床价值。     

经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的价值（附238例报告）

目的：分析经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法对疑似前列腺癌的238例患者施行经直肠超声引导下行前列腺穿刺活检。结果经穿刺后病理检查证实为前列腺癌88例（37．0％）,前列腺增生105例（44．1％）,低级别前列腺上皮内瘤15例,非典型增生17例（7．1％）,腺瘤样变8例（3．4％）,肉芽肿性前列腺炎5例（2．1％）。结论经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检具有准确、安全等优点,是诊断前列腺癌的有效方法。     

超声引导下经直肠系统性12＋1针前列腺穿刺活检术

目的探讨超声引导下经直肠系统性12＋1针前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床价值。方法回顾性分析816例经直肠前列腺系统性12＋1针穿刺活检的可疑前列腺癌患者。其中PSA＜4ng／ml、直肠指诊发现结节者66例;PSA介于4～10ng／ml、f／tPSA值异常、PSAD值异常者190例;PSA〉10ng／ml、任何f／tPSA、PSAD值者560例。结果816例患者中活检病理确诊为前列腺癌者358例,总阳性率为43．9％（358／816）。其中位于前列腺尖部阳性者235例,占确诊病例总数的65．6％（235／358）。术后发热9例（1．0％,9／816）,并发血尿49例（6．0％,49／816）。几乎所有患者皆有短时大便带血。无其他严重并发症发生。结论超声引导下经直肠系统性前列腺12＋1针穿刺活检术定位准确,创伤较小,并发症较少。可以随机增加穿刺点,利于提高前列腺癌检出率。     

超声引导下经会阴穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的：探讨超声引导下经会阴道前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的价值。方法：对376例临床怀疑前列腺癌患者行直肠腔内超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检。分3组。A组：184例,为指检前列腺触及结节或前列腺增大、质硬怀疑前列腺癌者;B组：84例,为因前列腺增生行直肠腔内超声检查发现有异常回声区域者;C组：108例,为指检未及明显硬节而血中PSA＞10ng/ml者。结果：3组穿刺活检阳性率分别为44．5％（82／184）,29．8％（25／84）,57．4％（62／108）。结论：直肠腔内超声引导下经会阴穿刺活检取材准确,能清楚显示穿刺针的径路和深度,避免损伤邻近脏器,可重复操作,明显提高穿刺活检的阳性率。     

高分级前列腺上皮内瘤预测前列腺癌的临床价值

目的研究高分级前列腺上皮内瘤（high grade prostatic introepithelial neoplasia，HGPIN）预测前列腺癌的临床价值。方法对243例经过前列腺特异性抗原、直肠指诊和经直肠超声（transrectal ultrasounds，TRus）检查出现异常的可疑前列腺癌患者行间隔1年为期2年的TRUS引导下的前列腺穿刺或经尿道前列腺电切，行组织活检及重复活检，对结果中存在HGPIN的实验组与无HGPIN的对照组进行分析研究。结果243例患者中失访2例，平均随访36个月。首次活检结果前列腺癌23例，其中伴HGPIN16例（69．6％）；HGPIN51例。第1次重复活检63例，诊断前列腺癌19例，其中伴HGPIN13例（68．4％），新发现HGPIN12例。第2次重复活检43例，前列腺癌11例，伴HGPIN7例（63．6％）；新发现HGPIN5例。实验组68例，对照组150例。前列腺癌伴HGPIN的发生率（67．9％）明显高于非前列腺癌患者（25．0％）（P〈0.05）。2组重复活检前列腺癌的检出率（实验组30．9％，对照组6．0％，P〈0.05）及2年无瘤生存率Log-Rank检验（P〈0.05）差异均有统计学意义。HGPIN诊断前列腺癌的敏感度和特异度的ROC检验P〈0．01，COX比例风险模型分析显示HGPIN是前列腺癌发生的危险因素。结论HGPIN与前列腺癌的发生有关，对诊断前列腺癌有预测价值。     

经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺315例分析

目的 探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺的临床意义。方法 对315例PSA〉4ng／ml、直肠指检异常或B超发现异常回声的患者行经会阴的6点系统加异常回声处活检。年龄43～91岁，平均72岁。PSA〈4ng／ml者66例，4～10ng／ml者96例，10～20ng／ml者90例，〉20ng／ml者63例。结果 穿刺活检证实为前列腺癌111例，阳性率35．2％。PSA〉4ng／ml、指检异常、B超发现异常回声及PSAD〉0．15者穿刺阳性率分别为43．4％（108／249）、42．9％（75／175）、32．8％（63／192）及52．1％（75／144）。以PSAD〉0．15时的阳性率为最高，与其余3种标准相比差异有统计学意义。结论 TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺准确率高，并发症少而轻，是诊断前列腺癌的重要方法。     

超声造影结合直肠B超在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的应用（附87例报告）

目的：探讨微泡造影剂结合经直肠多普勒超声（contrastenhancedtransrectualultrasound,CE-TRUS）在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的临床意义。方法：对87例前列腺疾病患者在CE-TRUS后行经直肠B超引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检,穿刺标准依据2007年新修订的《中国泌尿外科疾病诊断治疗指南》确定．先行彩色多普勒超声检查。了解并记录前列腺局灶性病变部位、大小、数目、回声特征及彩色多普勒血流等情况。结果：87倒确诊为前列腺癌和前列腺增生者分别为52例和35例,两者比较差异无统计学意义（P=0．617）。而以PSA≤20ng／ml和PSA〉20ng／ml为标准行分层分析,发现PSA≤20ng／ml者在CE-TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺阳性率高（P=0．041）。结论：CE-TRUS后经直肠B超引导下行经会阴前列腺穿刺活检是诊断前列腺癌的重要方法;PSA≤20ng／ml者结合CDTRUS行前列腺穿刺活检能提高前列腺癌穿刺阳性率。     

磁共振波谱分析在前列腺癌诊治中的应用

前列腺癌是老年男性常见的恶性肿瘤。其诊断往往依据临床症状、直肠指诊和血前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）、经直肠B超．CT等辅助检查，但各种检查均有一定的局限性，目前对鉴别良性前列腺增生（BPH）和前列腺癌仍有明显不足。术前确诊前列腺癌的金标准是穿刺病理活检，但该检查为有创检查。     

B超引导穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌

Ｂ超引导穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌朱刚王建业万奔魏庆国应用经直肠Ｂ超（ＴＲＵＳ）引导前列腺穿刺活检技术，结合直肠指诊（ＤＲＥ）、前列腺特异抗原（ＰＳＡ）和经直肠Ｂ超检查，对３８例怀疑前列腺癌的病人进行诊断，报告如下。资料与方法自１９９６年４月～１９９７年４...     

前列腺癌的诊断方法及其临床意义

为提高前列腺癌的早期诊断水平，对１９８５～１９９５年收治的３６例前列腺癌根据临床症状、直肠指检、Ｂ超、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ、活检及瘤标检查等，分析其诊断价值。结果：临床症状中排尿不畅３３例（９１．６％），尿潴留１５例（４１．６％），血尿１２例（３３．３％），假性尿失禁、消瘦、阴囊水肿４例（１１．１％）；直肠指检可触及前列腺质地坚硬２８例（７７．７％），腺体表面高低不平１１例（３０．５％），单纯性结节２６例（７２．２％）。Ｂ超３４例，腺体增大凸入膀胱８例（２３．５％），内部强回声４例（１１．７％），低回声１２例（３５．２％），两侧叶不对称、伴高低不平１３例（３８．２％），浸润膀胱壁和三角区６例（１７．６％），侵犯双侧精囊和直肠壁３例（８．８％）；活检阳性２４例（９２．３％），ＰＳＡ检查２３例，均高于正常值。结果认为，临床症状、影像学检查及瘤标ＰＳＡ测定是诊断前列腺癌的重要依据。     

Influence of Preoperative Vesicle Biopsy on the Decision for Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: The presence of seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) by prostate cancer is difficult to detect clinically and is associated with poor prognosis. The aim of our study was to identify the efficacy of transrectal ultrasound-guided seminal vesicle biopsies in the detection of seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) in patients with prostate cancer. Materials and methods: One hundred transrectal ultrasound-guided seminal vesicle biopsies were performed in 50 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Every patient underwent two biopsies, one for a each seminal vesicle. Radical retropubic prostatectomy was performed in all cases and the specimens with the attached seminal vesicles were examined for the presence of prostate cancer invasion. Results: Of a total of 100 seminal vesical biopsies 87 were identified as seminal vesicle by characteristic epithelium. Cancer was found in 7 (8%) biopsies, confirmed in all cases by pathology in the surgical specimen. Eighty biopsies (40 patients) were normal. Pathological analysis of these 40 radical prostatectomy specimens revealed that 6 seminal vesicles (5 patients) were invaded by prostate cancer (6 false negative biopsies, 7.5%). Transrectal ultrasound images of 15 seminal vesicles were suspicious for invasion while 85 were normal. Of the 15 suspicious cases 11 were invaded by cancer (73.3%). Of the sonographically benign seminal vesicles 5 (5.88%) were invaded by cancer. Our data were analyzed by the ARCUS PRO-STAT statistical package. Conclusions: We suggest that transrectal ultrasound-guided seminal vesicle biopsy is useful and reliable for a more exact preoperative staging of prostate cancer, therefore helpful in correct decision making for radical prostatectomy.     

The value of three-dimensional transrectal ultrasonography in staging prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE: To use three-dimensional transrectal ultrasonography (3D-TRUS) to reconstruct the prostate, and thus determine its value in staging clinically localized prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 180 patients with newly diagnosed clinically localized prostate cancer were assessed using 3D-TRUS for staging. TRUS findings were compared with histopathological staging after radical prostatectomy. RESULTS: Pathological staging of specimens showed extracapsular extension in 69 patients, of whom 53 had pathological capsular perforation and 16 had seminal vesicle invasion. 3D-TRUS identified 58 patients with sites of extracapsular extension with 84% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 94% positive predictive value, 91% negative predictive value and an overall accuracy of 92%. Of the 16 patients with seminal vesicle invasion 14 were identified correctly on 3D-TRUS. Overall the 3D-TRUS staging sensitivity was 84%, specificity 96%, positive predictive value 93%, negative predictive value 91% and accuracy 91%. CONCLUSIONS: 3D-TRUS seems to be an accurate technique for staging localized prostate cancer. If 3D-TRUS indicates locally advanced disease, the probability of capsular perforation or seminal vesicle invasion is very high.     

Serum Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Specific Antigen Density in Patients Receiving Radical Prostatectomy

Objective: To study the significance of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate specific antigen density (PSAD) for predicting the risk of occult metastatic disease and extra-prostatic invasion of prostate cancer in patients receiving radical prostatectomy.
Patients and methods: The cases of 41 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were reviewed. Relations of PSA and PSAD using Market M PA^1M assay for grade, preopvrative clinical stage, postoperative pathological stage, capsular penetration, seminal vesicle invasion, resection margins and lymphnode metastasis are discussed.
Results: Although serum PSA was correlated with PSAD and PSA was correlated with preoperative prostate volume, PSAO was not influenced by prostate volume. PSA correlated only with the grade, while PSAD was correlated with grade, preoperative clinical Stage, postoperative pathological stage, capsular penetration, seminal vesicle invasion, resection margins and lymphnode metastasis. In addition, sixty-two percent (8/13) of margin positive patients showed a PSAD value of more than 0.4, while 93% (26/28) of margin negative patients showed less than 0.4. Sixty-seven percent (6/9) of lymphnode positive patients showed a PSAD of more than 0.4, while 91% (29/32) of lymphnode negative patients showed less than 0.4.
Conclusion: We concluded that PSAD was useful for predicting extraprostatic involvement of prostatic cancer.     

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CLINICALLY LOCALIZED PROSTATIC CANCER

Purpose

We assess the accuracy of endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting tumor localization, capsular penetration and seminal vesicle invasion in clinically organ confined prostate cancer. We also evaluate intra-observer and interobserver agreement in interpreting MRI studies.

Materials and Methods

MRI studies of 51 consecutive patients a mean of 61 years old with biopsy proved prostate cancer were retrospectively read twice by 2 radiologists in random order. Both radiologists marked tumor localization, capsular penetration and seminal vesicle invasion on standard tumor maps. These findings were compared with the histopathological results of radical prostatectomy specimens.

Results

The overall accuracy of detecting cancer localization was 61%. The detection rate for cancer foci less than 5 mm. was only 5% but for lesions greater than 10 mm. it was 89%. There was 91 and 80% accuracy for detecting capsular penetration and seminal vesicle invasion, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 60 and 63, 13 and 97, and 59 and 84% for localization, capsular penetration and seminal vesicle invasion, respectively. Intra-observer and interobserver agreement ranged from fair to good (kappa coefficient 0.240 to 0.647).

Conclusions

Endorectal MRI seems to be better than previously reported for detecting seminal vesicle invasion and tumor foci in the anterior half of the prostate. Sensitivity in detecting minor capsular penetration of the tumor was low, which can probably be improved by methodological development. MRI may be useful for locating cancer foci in patients with high prostate specific antigen values but repeatedly negative biopsy findings.     

STAGING OF PROSTATE CANCER USING 3-DIMENSIONAL TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND IMAGES: A PILOT STUDY

PURPOSE: We used conventional transrectal ultrasound images for 3-dimensional (D) reconstruction of the prostate, and determined its value in staging clinically localized prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 36 patients with newly diagnosed clinically localized prostate cancer were studied. All patients underwent conventional transrectal ultrasonography with 3-D reconstruction. Images were examined and analyzed blindly, and findings were compared to histopathological staging following radical prostatectomy. RESULTS: Pathological staging of specimens revealed 15 sites of extracapsular extension in 10 patients, of whom 8 had positive margins and 2 had seminal vesicle invasion. The 3-D imaging identified 12 sites of extracapsular extension in 9 patients with 80% sensitivity, 96% specificity and 90% positive predictive value. Of the 2 patients with seminal vesicle invasion 1 was identified correctly on 3-D images. Overall staging accuracy of 3-D imaging was 94%. CONCLUSIONS: The 3-D reconstruction of conventional transrectal ultrasonography imaging is superior to 2-D imaging for staging localized prostate cancer. However, this advantage relies entirely on the visibility of prostate cancer lesions on conventional ultrasonography. Further studies are warranted to evaluate this technology for the management of prostate cancer.     

Pathogenesis and biological significance of seminal vesicle invasion in prostatic adenocarcinoma

Seminal vesicle invasion and the percentage involvement by cancer of each seminal vesicle were related to cancer volume, quantitative histological grade and presence or absence of lymph node metastases in 243 radical prostatectomy specimens. There were 47 prostates with seminal vesicle invasion. Frequency and extent of seminal vesicle invasion were strongly correlated with cancer volume, with minimal invasion noted in only 6% of the cases less than 4 cc. The relationship of seminal vesicle invasion to lymph node metastasis was statistically significant but cancer volume and histological grade were much stronger predictors of lymph node metastasis. The route of invasion from the prostate in 46 cases involved direct tumor spread into the midbase region near the ejaculatory ducts. Seminal vesicle invasion often may not be identified if the tissue nearest the ejaculatory ducts at the prostate base is not sampled.     

Lymphovascular invasion is an independent prognostic factor in prostatic adenocarcinoma

PURPOSE: Gleason grade and tumor stage are well established prognostic factors in prostate cancer. Histological demonstration of tumor in lymphovascular spaces has been associated with poor prognosis in many tumor types but it is not included in current prostate cancer grading and staging schemes. Whether lymphovascular invasion is an independent prognostic factor for disease progression in prostate cancer is uncertain. We retrospectively investigated lymphovascular invasion as a predictive factor for biochemical failure and cancer specific survival following radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 504 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma undergoing radical prostatectomy were reviewed for lymphovascular invasion. Clinical followup data were available on 459 cases. Mean followup was 44 months (range 1.5 to 144). Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox model. RESULTS: Lymphovascular invasion was identified in 106 cases (21%). Univariate analysis showed a significant association between lymphovascular invasion and higher preoperative serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), advanced pathological stage, higher Gleason score, positive surgical margins, extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastasis and perineural invasion (each p <0.001). No association was observed between lymphovascular invasion and patient age at surgery, prostate weight or high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Lymphovascular invasion was an independent predictor of PSA recurrence (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.38, p = 0.01) and cancer specific survival (HR 2.75, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.28, p = 0.041) after controlling for tumor stage, surgical margins and Gleason grade on multivariate analysis. Five-year cancer specific survival was 90% in men with lymphovascular invasion compared to 98% in those without lymphovascular invasion (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lymphovascular invasion can be identified in approximately 20% of prostate cancer cases. Lymphovascular invasion is an independent risk factor for PSA recurrence and cancer death in patients with prostate cancer.     

Bladder neck involvement in pathological stage pT4 radical prostatectomy specimens is not an independent prognostic factor

PURPOSE: Bladder neck invasion by prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens is uncommon and, thus, its influence on disease recurrence has not been well defined. Consequently the classification of bladder neck invasion in the TNM staging system is controversial. We studied our cohort of patients with stage pT4 disease and bladder neck invasion to clarify the true clinical behavior and prognostic significance of bladder neck invasion in radical prostatectomy specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 4,090 consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy at one of our institutions between 1983 and 2001. Median followup was 53.1 months (range 1 to 189). After excluding from analysis patients treated with neoadjuvant androgen withdrawal or preoperative irradiation 72 of the remaining 2,571 (2.8%) with bladder neck invasion were classified with stage pT4 disease and their specimens were reviewed. Progression-free probability was determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Using the Cox proportional hazards model the independent prognostic significance of bladder neck invasion was assessed after controlling for pretreatment prostate specific antigen, final Gleason sum, extracapsular extension, surgical margins status, seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node involvement. RESULTS: Of the 72 patients categorized with stage pT4 disease 14 (19%) had poorly differentiated Gleason sum 8 to 10 cancer, 38 (53%) had established extracapsular extension, 24 (33%) had seminal vesicle invasion and 8 (11%) had lymph node involvement. However, 26 patients (36%) had cancer confined to the prostate and 28 (39%) had negative surgical margins except for the bladder neck site. The mean 5-year progression-free probability plus or minus SD in all stage pT4 cases was 68% +/- 7%, which was better than in cases of seminal vesicle invasion (52% +/- 5%, log rank test p = 0.0156) but worse than in those of extracapsular extension (84% +/- 4.1%). Univariate analysis of the stage pT4 cohort revealed that higher prostatectomy Gleason sum, more extensive extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion were significantly associated with an adverse prognosis. However, in a multivariate model that included all radical prostatectomy cases the finding of bladder neck invasion or stage pT4 disease did not independently predict prostate specific antigen recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Stage pT4 disease comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors with various pathological features and inconsistent outcomes. Assigning the pT4 stage to cases of microscopic bladder neck invasion provides no independent ability for predicting disease progression after adjusting for other adverse disease features. Due to this and previously reported data the definition of stage pT4 disease should be modified in the next version of the TNM staging system.     

Predictors of seminal vesicle invasion before radical prostatectomy

AIM: To predict whether or not seminal vesicle invasion is present before radical prostatectomy, the relationships between clinical parameters and seminal vesicle invasion were analyzed. METHODS: A review was conducted of 187 patients who had been clinically diagnosed with stages A(2), B(0), B(1), B(2) or C prostate cancer and who had undergone radical prostatectomy without neoadjuvant therapy. The parameters analyzed for potential predictors of seminal vesicle invasion before radical prostatectomy included age, clinical stage, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level at biopsy, tumor differentiation of biopsy specimens and percentage of cancer positive cores by biopsy. For percentage of cancer positive cores by biopsy, 143 of 187 patients who underwent transrectal sextant biopsy or more than six transrectal ultrasound guided core biopsies were evaluated. These parameters were subjected to univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify predictors for seminal vesicle invasion. RESULTS: The median age was 66.8 years (range 51-77 years). Of 187 patients, 27 (14.4%) had seminal vesicle invasion confirmed pathologically. There were significant differences in all parameters except for age between patients with positive and negative seminal vesicle invasion on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that serum PSA level, tumor differentiation of biopsy specimens and percentage of cancer positive cores were significant independent predictors of seminal vesicle invasion. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed serum PSA level, tumor differentiation of biopsy specimens and percentage of cancer positive cores by biopsy before radical prostatectomy may be useful predictors for seminal vesicle invasion.     

Usefulness of Preoperative MRI Diagnosis in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

Background :
We examined the reliability of an MRI diagnosis prior to radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer.
Methods :
A radical prostatectomy was performed in 24 patients with prostate cancer. Resected specimens were fixed and 5 mm step sections vertical to the urethra were prepared to resemble MRI images. We compared this pathological map with the preoperative MRI diagnosis which included capsular or seminal vesicle invasion and tumor localization in the prostate. We defined a new criterion for the presence of capsular invasion as a chemical shift that occurred on the rectal side on T1 -weighted images 5 minutes after gadolinium (Gd) enhancement and the periprostatic venous plexus was not serial. We also examined 4 diagnostic factors of tumor localization including a low-signal intensity area detected in the peripheral zone on T2-weighted images, the presence of an enhanced area on Gd-enhanced T1-weighted images, and a low T2 with either Gd-enhanced or nonenhanced T1-weighted images.
Results :
The accuracy of a preoperative MRI diagnosis of capsular invasion was 16.7% using the conventional criteria, but 88.9% adding the new criterion. The accuracy of predicting seminal vesicle invasion was 63.2% in a group using a body surface coil compared to 75% in the group using an endorectal surface coil. The accuracy, positive predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing tumor localization were 69%, 74.4%, 35.1%, and 91.8%, respectively.
Conclusion :
This new criterion proved superior for diagnosing capsular invasion in prostate cancer patients. Also, analysis of tumor localization in the peripheral zone demonstrated that cancer detection is increased if the low-signal intensity area is enhanced by Gd.