用腹膜平衡试验等三项指标制定腹膜透析治疗方案

用腹膜平衡试验（ＰＥＴ）、尿素清除指数（ＫＴ／Ｖ）及蛋白分解率（ＰＣＲ）作为指标，制定合理的腹膜透析治疗方案。方法根据ＰＥＴ、ＫＴ／Ｖ、ＰＣＲ、白蛋白（Ａｌｂ）及临床疗效对３４例腹透患者进行综合分析，制定个体化、充分、合理的腹透方案。结果对高转运ＫＴ／Ｖ＞１．７且营养状态好（ＰＣＲ＞１．０ｇ·ｋｇ－１／ｄ、Ａｌｂ＞４０ｇ／Ｌ）者继续ＣＡＰＤ治疗；高转运ＫＴ／Ｖ＞１．７但营养不良（ＰＣＲ＜１．０ｇ·ｋｇ－１／ｄ、Ａｌｂ＜３０ｇ／Ｌ）者，应补充高营养，可使康复。如为低于平均转运ＫＴ／Ｖ＜１．５，且有严重营养不良，补充高营养并增加透析剂量仍无效者应改作血液透析。结论按ＰＥＴ、ＫＴ／Ｖ及ＰＣＲ指标，可制订合理透析方案，提高患者生存质量     

氨甲酰血红蛋白在评价血液透析充分性中的意义

目的　评价氨甲酰血红蛋白（ Ｃａｒ Ｈｂ） 在血液透析（ Ｈ Ｄ） 充分性中的意义。方法　用高效液相色谱法测定正常对照组３６ 例,非透析慢性肾功能衰竭５１ 例和 Ｈ Ｄ 患者３０ 例 Ｃａｒ Ｈｂ 含量（ 以每克血红蛋白含氨甲酰缬氨酸微克数,μｇ Ｃ Ｖ／ｇ Ｈｂ 表示） 。 Ｈ Ｄ 组 Ｃａｒ Ｈｂ 含量与尿素清除指数（ Ｋｔ／ Ｖ） 、尿素降低率（ Ｕ Ｒ Ｒ） 、平均时间尿素浓度（ Ｔ Ａ Ｃｕｒｅａ） 和校正蛋白质分解率（ｎ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ） 作相关分析。结果　与对照组（３００ ±６１） 比较, Ｈ Ｄ 组 Ｃａｒ Ｈｂ 含量（１０２５ ±２８９） 显著升高（ Ｐ＜ ００１） ,但显著低于非透析组（１３９９ ±５２０）（ Ｐ＜ ００１） ; Ｋｔ／ Ｖ≤１１ 组 Ｃａｒ Ｈｂ 显著高于 Ｋｔ／ Ｖ＞ １１ 组［（１３５０ ±３１０）ｖｓ．（８８６±１２０） , Ｐ＜ ００１］ ; Ｃａｒ Ｈｂ 与 Ｋｔ／ Ｖ, Ｕ Ｒ Ｒ 呈负相关,但与 Ｔ Ａ Ｃｕｒｅａ 正相关。当 Ｋｔ／ Ｖ＞ １１ ,ｎ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ＜ １０ ｇ· Ｋｇ１·ｄ１ 组 Ｃａｒ Ｈｂ 显著高于ｎ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ≥１０ ｇ· Ｋｇ１·ｄ１ 组［（９６５ ±８３）ｖｓ．（８１５ ±１０４） , Ｐ     

心率变异性分析尿毒症自主神经病变

为评价尿毒症患者的自主神经活动，使用心率变异性（ＨＲＶ）分析法对４４病例进行研究，同时和传统的方法进行比较。结果发现，安静时患者心率总变异性（ＴＶ），低频成分（ＬＦ），高频成分（ＨＦ）均比对照组低（Ｐ＜０．００１）。心算后上述三项指标的变化值也低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１或０．００１）。传统方法评分和ＴＶ（ｒ＝－０．７３８３，Ｐ＜０．００１），ＬＦ（ｒ＝－０．４１３９，Ｐ＜０．０１），ＨＦ（ｒ＝－０．５９１７，Ｐ＜０．００１）有明显相关。提示尿毒症患者自主神经受损或（和）抑制。同时说明ＨＲＶ分析是一项可以定量的，无创伤性的评价自主神经的方法。     

进展期胃癌患者脾脏的细胞免疫状态

本文检测了进展期胃癌患者（ｎ＝１６）脾静脉血淋巴细胞（ＳＶＬ）和脾细胞（ＳＣ）的自然杀伤细胞（ＮＫ）、淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞（ＬＡＫ）的杀伤活性及Ｔ细胞（ＴＣ）亚群，与胃良性病变（ｎ＝７）的ＳＶＬ及外伤性脾破裂（ｎ＝６）的ＳＣ对照比较，探讨进展期胃癌（ＡＧＣ）患者脾脏的细胞免疫状态，为胃癌术中合理的处理脾脏提供免疫学依据。结果表明：ＡＧＣ患者脾脏的ＮＫ、ＬＡＫ细胞杀伤活性显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０２，Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＣＤ４显著减少，ＣＤ８显著增加，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０２～０．０１）。提示进展期胃癌患者脾脏的细胞免疫功能受到明显抑制。     

不育男性内分泌激素测定与精子密度相关研究

目的：探讨不育男性５项内分泌激素与精子密度的相关关系。方法：采取放免法（ＲＩＡ）对１１０例男性不育症进行卵泡刺激素（ＦＳＨ）、黄体生成素（ＬＨ）、催乳素（ＰＲＬ）、雌二醇（Ｅ２）、睾酮（Ｔ）的测定,实验值与同期检测的精子密度进行统计学相关分析。结果：＜４．６μｇ／Ｌ的Ｔ值与精子密度的等级相关系数ｒ＝０．７６０７（Ｐ＜０．００１）;＞１０Ｕ／Ｌ的ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ值与精子密度的等级相关系数分别是ｒ＝－０．５２８３（Ｐ＜０．００１）、ｒ＝－０．４５３１（Ｐ＜０．００５）。结论：低于正常的Ｔ值与精子密度呈正相关;高于正常的ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ值与精子密度呈负相关。     

L-精氨酸对5/6肾大部切除大鼠残余肾代偿性增生的影响

目的观察１％Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－ａｒｇ）饮食对５／６肾大部切除大鼠（ＳＮｘ）残余肾代偿性增生（ＣＲＧ）的影响。方法实验分组：（１）假手术（ｓｈａｍ）组；（２）ｓｈａｍ＋Ｌ－ａｒｇ组；（３）ＳＮｘ组；（４）ＳＮｘ＋Ｌ－ａｒｇ组。大鼠于术后３０天处死，观察Ｌ－ａｒｇ对残余肾湿重（ＫＷ）、肾重／体重比（ＫＷ／ＢＷ）、ＣＲＧ、残余肾蛋白质、ＤＮＡ含量、细胞增生以及平均肾小球体积（ＶＧ）的影响。结果Ｌ－ａｒｇ明显增加ＫＷ（Ｐ＜０．０５）、ＫＷ／ＢＷ（Ｐ＜０．０５）、ＣＲＧ（Ｐ＜０．０５）以及残余肾蛋白质、ＤＮＡ含量（Ｐ分别＜０．０１，０．００１）。免疫组化显示，残余肾小管、间质增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）阳性细胞数明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。此外，ＳＮｘ＋Ｌ－ａｒｇ组ＶＧ较ＳＮｘ组增加１６％。结论Ｌ－精氨酸可能刺激残余肾代偿性增生，此为限制Ｌ－精氨酸饮食治疗慢性肾衰提供了理论依据     

活性同种带瓣主动脉补片重建法乐四联症右室流出道

为评价活性同种主动脉（ＣＶＡＨ）补片重建法乐四联症（ＴＯＦ）右室流出道（ＲＶＯＴ）的临床效果。以保留无冠瓣及二尖瓣大瓣的ＣＶＡＨ重建ＲＶＯＴ４０例。关胸前测定各心腔压力并行彩色多普勒超声随访。结论：关胸前测压，ＣＶＡＨ组与对照组右室收缩压／左室收缩压（ＲＶＳＰ／ＬＶＳＰ）分别为０．４９±０．０９和０．６２±０．１３（ｔ＝４．８０，Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＲＶＳＰ分别为６．３０±１．３６ｋＰａ和７．８８±２．３４ｋＰａ（ｔ＝３０．７７，Ｐ＜０．００１）；右室—肺动脉压力阶差（ＲＶ—ＰＡＰＧ）分别为０．９７±０．７９ｋＰａ和３．２９±１．９７ｋＰａ（ｔ＝６．６９，Ｐ＜０．００１）；中心静脉压（ＣＶＰ）分别为１．３２±０．２４ｋＰａ和２．０６±０．５１ｋＰａ（ｔ＝８．２１，Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＣＶＡＨ组血流动学力效果明显优于对照组。ＣＶＡＨ组手术死亡１例（２．５％），余３９例全部随访２８．３±１８．１（６～６６）个月，无远期死亡，心功能恢复优良。多普勒超声显示术后肺动脉反流轻微，ＣＶＡＨ无失功及钙化。结论：带瓣ＣＶＡＨ是理想的ＲＶＯＴ重建材料，血流动力学效果优良，可以最大限度加宽ＲＶＯＴ和减轻肺动脉反流。     

新型监测血液透析剂量方法的研究

尿素清除系数（Ｋｔ／Ｖ）是评估血液透析（ＨＤ）充分与否的金指标，但操作繁琐。我们旨在提供一种床边快速监测ＨＤ剂量的方法—透析后体重校正透析血容量（ＣＢＶ）方法。一、材料和方法１．研究对象：６０例稳定ＨＤ患者，男比女为３３比２７，平均年龄（４９８２±１２０９）（２０～７０）岁，每周透析３次，透析时间４～５小时，血流量１５０～２５０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，采用碳酸盐透析液，流量为５００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ。　　２．计算：（１）计算Ｋｔ／Ｖ［１］：Ｋｔ／Ｖ＝－ｌｎ（Ｒ－０００８ｔ）＋（４－３５Ｒ）×ＵＦ／Ｗ。Ｒ…     

前列腺癌DNA倍体、PCNA、iMVD免疫组化研究

目的探讨前列腺癌ＤＮＡ倍体、增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）、微血管密度（ｉＭＶＤ）与癌分级及预后的关系。方法应用计算机图像分析技术、免疫组织化学（ＬＳＡＢ）法,测定３０例前列腺癌（ＰＣ）、２０例前列腺增生症（ＢＰＨ）细胞核ＤＮＡ倍体、ＰＣＮＡ阳性指数、ｉＭＶＤ的变化。结果随癌分化程度降低,ＤＮＡ倍体增加、ＰＣＮＡ阳性指数升高、ｉＭＶＤ增加,其差异有显著性（Ｐ＜００５或Ｐ＜００１）;２年内死亡者,其ＤＮＡ倍体、ＰＣＮＡ阳性指数、ｉＭＶＤ均高于存活２年以上者（均为Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论ｉＭＶＤ较癌分级更准确地反映ＰＣ的预后。ＤＮＡ倍体、ＰＣＮＡ阳性指数、ｉＭＶＤ间均呈正相关关系     

胰岛素样生长因子—1与腹膜透析患者营养状况

目的　（１）探讨胰岛素样生长因子１（ＩＧＦ１） 与腹膜透析营养状况的关系。（２） 探讨透析充分性、腹膜转运特性、残余肾功能对腹膜透析患者营养状况和血胰岛素样生长因子１ 水平的影响。方法　收集３６ 例持续性不卧床腹膜透析（ＣＡＰＤ）患者,采血测ＢＵＮ、Ｃｒ、白蛋白、补体、转铁蛋白、ＩＧＦ１,并纪录身高、体重对患者进行营养评估。测定残余肾功能、２４ 小时透析液肌酐与血肌酐浓度比值（Ｄ／Ｐ） 、总肌酐清除率（Ｔｃｒ）、尿素清除指数（Ｋｔ／Ｖ）。结果　（１） 患者血ＩＧＦ１ 水平与白蛋白、转铁蛋白、补体密切相关,血白蛋白高者ＩＧＦ１ 水平亦高。（２）Ｔｃｒ≥６０ Ｌ·周－１·（１．７３ｍ２）－１ 组ＩＧＦ１、转铁蛋白、白蛋白显著高于Ｔｃｒ＜６０ Ｌ·周－１·（１－７３ｍ２） －１组。Ｄ／Ｐ≥０－８１ 组白蛋白显著低于０－６５≤Ｄ／Ｐ＜ ０－８１、Ｄ／Ｐ＜ ０－６５ 组。残余肾功能高于２ ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ 组ＩＧＦ１、白蛋白水平显著高于残余肾功能小于２ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ 组。结论　（１）ＩＧＦ１ 是评价腹膜透析营养状况的早期敏感指标。（２） 透析充分性、腹膜转运特性、残余肾功能是影响腹膜透析患者营养状况的重要因素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.