先天性甲状腺功能减退症患儿DUOX2基因突变的研究

目的 研究先天性甲状腺功能减退症(congenital hypothyroidism, CH)患儿DUOX2 基因突变类型和特点,并初步探讨基因型- 表现型的关系,为CH 患儿的基因诊断和基因治疗提供理论依据.方法 从10例CH 伴甲状腺肿大患儿外周血白细胞中提取基因组DNA,采用PCR 扩增和直接测序的方法对DUOX2 全部外显子进行基因突变检测.结果 在1 例患儿中发现DUOX2 基因第28 外显子cDNA 的3632 位点发生了G>A 的突变(c.G3632A),导致第1 211 密码子的精氨酸变为组氨酸(p.R1211H).在3 例患儿中发现DUOX2 基因第17 外显子cDNA 的2 033 位点发生了T>C 的突变(c.T2033C),导致第678 密码子的组氨酸变为精氨酸(p.H678R).此两种突变均为杂合型的错义突变.结论 CH 患儿存在DUOX2 基因杂合突变,该杂合突变可能引起蛋白质功能的改变从而导致CH;基因型与表现型的关系尚不明确,需要进一步的研究.     

先天性甲状腺功能减低症患儿DUOXA2基因突变研究

目的 探讨广州地区先天性甲状腺功能减低症(CH)患儿DUOXA2基因突变特点及其基因型与表型的关系。方法 采用PCR及直接测序法,对2011年至2012年出生、广州市新生儿筛查中心诊断并排除DUOX2基因突变的20例疑似甲状腺激素合成障碍的CH患者进行DUOXA2基因突变分析。结果 20例CH患者中2例为p.Y246X/p.Y246X纯合突变;4例为单等位基因杂合突变:分别为已知致病突变c.413-414ins A携带者2例,p.Y246X携带者1例,新突变p.G79R携带者1例。2~3岁再评估时显示,2例p.Y246X/p.Y246X纯合突变者分别表现为暂时性CH及轻度永久性CH;4例单等位基因突变者,除1例p.Y246X携带者表现为典型永久性CH外,其余3例携带者均为暂时性CH。结论 DUOXA2基因突变是广州地区疑似甲状腺激素合成障碍性CH患儿较常见的分子发病基础,多数表现为暂时性CH,未发现DUOXA2基因型与表型的关系。新突变p.G79R为致病性突变的可能性大。     

山东地区儿童先天性甲状腺功能减低症伴甲状腺发育不全TUBB1基因突变的研究

目的 探讨山东地区先天性甲状腺功能减低症（CH）伴甲状腺发育不全（TD）患儿TUBB1基因突变的类型和特点。方法 对山东地区289例确诊CH伴TD患儿进行TUBB1基因全编码区突变研究。提取患儿外周血全基因组DNA，PCR扩增TUBB1基因全编码区，对扩增产物进行Sanger测序，并进行生物信息学分析。结果 289例CH伴TD患儿中发现4例（1.4%） TUBB1基因存在c.952C > T （p.R318W）杂合变异，导致TUBB1蛋白第318位色氨酸变成精氨酸，根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会遗传变异分类标准与指南，该变异评级为"可能致病的"。结论 在山东地区CH伴TD患儿中发现了新的TUBB1基因变异，提示TUBB1基因可能是CH伴TD的候选致病基因。     

先天性甲状腺功能减低症35例甲状腺过氧化物酶基因突变检测

目的 检测35例先天性甲状腺功能减低症(CH)患儿甲状腺过氧化物酶(TPO)基因突变.方法 抽取35例先天性甲状腺功能减低症患儿外周血并提取DNA,用PCR扩增患儿TPO基因所有17个外显子、外显子-内含子交界区以及3'端和5'端非翻译区,用DNA测序技术和限制性内切酶检测基因突变,并对发现突变的CH患儿父母进行对照分析.结果 5例CH患儿存在TPO基因突变:1例为c.961A＞G和c.2422delT突变复合杂合子,1例为c.2268insT和c.1477G＞A突变复合杂合子,3例为c.2268insT突变纯合子.其中c.961 A＞G[p.Thr321 Ala]为未见文献报道的突变.结论 在35例先天性甲状腺功能减低症检测到4种TPO基因突变.

Abstract：

Objective To identify thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene mutations in 35 patients with congenital hypothyroidism. Method Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples of 35 patients with congenital hypothyroidism. All of the 17 exons and flanking introns of TPO gene were amplified by PCR, then the PCR products were sequenced bi-directionally and were analyzed by restriction endonucleases. Result One patient had compound heterozygous mutations c. 961A ＞ G/c. 2422delT, one was c. 2268insT/c. 1477G ＞ A, and three was homozygous mutation c. 2268insT. The TPO gene mutation c.961A ＞ G [p. Thr321Ala] was one novel mutation. Conclusion High frequency mutation in TPO gene was detected in patients with congenital hypothyroidism.     

火棉胶样儿的基因突变分析一例

目的 确定1例火棉胶样儿的基因突变.方法 火棉胶样儿所涉及的突变基因很多,分析患儿临床表现后,依文献报道,选择突变发生率最高的基因--转谷丙酰胺酶基因1(TGM1)作为候选基因,采用PCR方法对TGM1基因的所有外显子及其旁侧内含子序列进行扩增,并进行PCR产物正反向直接测序.对错义突变设计等位基因特异性PCR引物,进行群体检验.结果 患儿TGM1基因存在3个新的异常:外显子3中c.463CT点突变,导致错义突变p.Arg155Trp;外显子4中缺失G(c.694delG),导致移码突变p.Glu232SerfsX98;外显子4中存在另1个c.578GA点突变,导致无义突变p.Trp193X.其父亲为c.694delG突变杂合子,母亲则为具有c.463CT、c.578GA双重突变的杂合子.c.463CT等位基因特异性PCR(AS-PCR)群体检验结果显示,正常对照人群中没有此突变.结论 该火棉胶样儿由TGM1基因突变引起,存在3种致病突变,其中两个突变(c.463CT/c.578GA)发生在母源等位基因,而另一个突变来源于父亲.     

先天性甲状腺功能减退症患儿GNAS和THRA基因突变分析

目的 对70例先天性甲状腺功能减退症（CH）患儿的刺激性G蛋白α亚基（GNAS）基因和甲状腺素受体α（THRA）基因进行二代测序分析,并初步探讨GNAS和THRA基因突变型与CH患儿的临床表现型之间的关系。方法 选取70例通过新生儿筛查确诊为CH的患儿,采集外周血并进行DNA样本提取,利用二代测序技术对GNAS和THRA基因进行突变筛查,利用生物信息学软件分析基因突变的致病性。结果 70例CH患儿中,3例患儿（4%）检出9种GNAS基因的错义突变（包括3种已知基因突变和6种新突变）,4例患儿检出同1种THRA基因多态c.508A > G（p.I170V）。经过生物信息学软件预测和ACMG/AMP指南分析发现2种GNAS基因突变[c.301C > T（p.R101C）、c.334G > A（p.E112K）]致病的可能性大。3例携带GNAS基因突变的患儿存在不同程度的甲状腺功能低下表现。结论 GNAS基因突变与CH的发病有关,患儿的临床表现存在较大的异质性;THRA基因突变可能与CH的发病无相关性。     

NPHS1基因Fin-minor突变致中国先天性肾病综合征2例报道并文献复习

目的总结2例先天性肾病综合征芬兰型NPHS1基因Fin-minor突变患儿临床资料,提高对该病的认识。方法报道2例先天性肾病综合征患儿的临床特点。对可能致病基因NPHS1、NPHS2、PLCε1、LAMB2、COQ2和LMX1B外显子和WT1基因第8、9外显子,以及外显子相邻附近区域进行直接测序。对该家系相关成员进行NPHS1基因外显子及附近调控区域直接测序,分析突变位点,并文献综述。 结果2例患儿均于出生后1个月内起病,临床表现为肾病综合征。血清病原学检查均为阴性。家系调查未发现家族中有类似疾病的成员。NPHS1、NPHS2、PLCε1、LAMB2、COQ2、LMX1B和WT1基因分析发现,2例患儿存在双NPHS1基因杂合突变,未发现其他基因有致病性突变。1例患儿为NPHS1基因的p.R1109X（c. 3325C>T ,Fin-minor）和IVS26DS-2A>T杂合突变,IVS26DS-2A>T剪切突变为首次报道,其父亲携带IVS26DS-2A>T,其母亲携带p.R1109X。1例患儿为NPHS1基因的p.R1109X （c. 3325C>T ）和p.A1160X （c.3478C>T）杂合突变,其母亲携带p.R1109X突变,未发现p.A1160X突变,其父亲拒绝行NPHS1基因分析。以上发现的突变在100例正常人群中未发现。 结论中国先天性肾病综合征儿童不仅有NPHS1基因突变,而且有经典的Fin-minor突变,为国内首报。本研究新发现的IVS26DS-2A>T剪切突变丰富了NPHS1基因突变谱。     

双胎新生儿枫糖尿病及其基因突变分析

目的 分析一对经典型枫糖尿病（MSUD）汉族双胎新生儿的临床特点及其相关基因的致病性突变,为MSUD早期诊治提供指导。方法 收集患儿的临床及影像学资料,提取患儿及其父母的外周血,检测枫糖尿病相关基因（BCKDHA,BCKDHB,DBT,DLD）,确定基因突变位点,并进行生物信息学分析。结果 双胎患儿在BCKDHB基因上发现2个突变：错义突变c.304G > A（p.Gly102Arg）和无义突变c.331C > T（p.Arg111*）,均为杂合子,且c.304G > A（p.Gly102Arg）为国际上未报道的新突变。其父亲携带错义突变c.304G > A（p.Gly102Arg）,其母亲携带无义突变c.331C > T（p.Arg111*）。结论 BCKDHB基因c.331C > T（p.Arg111*）杂合突变是该双胎患儿的致病性突变,是枫糖尿病患儿临床表现的基因分子基础。     

甲状腺球蛋白低下的先天性甲状腺功能减退症一家系基因 突变分析

目的探讨甲状腺球蛋白(TG)低下的先天性甲状腺功能减退症(CH)家系TG基因突变特点,并分析基因型与临床表型的关系。方法回顾1个姐弟2人同患TG低下的CH家系,从外周血中提取基因组DNA,进行TG基因突变检测。结果患儿父亲TG基因发生c.274+2TG杂合变异,母亲为c.2512CT杂合变异。患儿姐弟二人TG基因均发现上述2个变异,为复合杂合变异,c.2512CT为新发现的突变位点,致病性尚未见文献报道。结论 TG基因突变引起蛋白质功能改变导致CH。该研究发现1个新的TG基因突变位点。     

新生儿枫糖尿病一例及其基因突变分析

目的 分析1例汉族经典型枫糖尿病新生儿的临床特点及其相关基因的致病性突变.方法 患儿男,生后8d因喂养困难于2013年4月转来上海交通大学附属儿童医院,收集患儿的临床资料及影像学检查等明确诊断后,提取患儿及其父母的外周血白细胞DNA检测BCKDHA、BCKDHB、DBT和DLD基因,确定患儿的基因突变位点,并进行生物信息学分析.结果 患儿表现为生后喂养困难、抽搐、代谢性酸中毒、尿有枫糖味等,CT示广泛脑白质低密度改变,串联质谱及尿气相色谱-质谱均符合枫糖尿病的诊断.基因测序结果在BCKDHB基因上发现2个错义突变:c.580 C＞T(p.Leu194Phe)和c.597 T＞G(p.Ser199Arg),均为杂合子,且为国际上未报道过的新突变.经Sanger测序发现其父亲携带了错义突变p.Leu194Phe,其母亲携带了错义突变p.Ser199Arg,符合家系共分离规律.PolyPhen蛋白功能预测发现此2个错义突变为有害的,很可能影响其蛋白功能.结论 BCKDHB基因c.580 C ＞T(p.Leu194Phe)和c.597 T＞G(p.Ser199Arg)复合杂合突变是该患儿的致病性突变,是该枫糖尿病患儿临床表现的基因分子基础,且为国际上未报道过的新突变.     

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??Abstract??Objective To identify thyroglobulin ?? TG?? gene mutation in patients with congenital hypothyroidism with goiter??in order to provide full evidence for gene diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism. Methods Totally 11 patients with congenital hypothyroidism with goiter in Qingdao Women and Children hospital from Jan. 2012 to Aug. 2012 were enrolled in this study. The 7??14??22??33 and 38 exons of TG gene were amplified through PCR and the products were sequenced directly. The type and characteristic of TG gene mutation in patients with congenital hypothyroidism with goiter in this region were analyzed. Results Two single nucleotide polymorphism of TG gene were identified??but no gene mutation was observed. TG c.3218-81T??G ??rs 853324??homozygous??in 1 patient and c.3218-81T??G??rs 853324??heterozygosis??in 6 patients were found. Conclusion The incidence of TG gene mutation is very low in patients with congenital hypothyroidism with goiter from Qingdao City. It suggests that TG gene mutation may not serve as the mutation hotspot gene of congenital hypothyroidism with goiter in Qingdao City??     

Genetic Analysis in Children with Transient Thyroid Dysfunction or Subclinical Hypothyroidism Detected on Neonatal Screening

About 30% of children with elevated TSH levels during neonatal screening have a transient form of disorder. On the other hand, it has been reported that subclinical hypothyroidism persists in late childhood in about 30% of children found to be false-positive during neonatal screening. The aim of this study was to determine whether transient thyroid dysfunction and subclinical hypothyroidism detected during neonatal screening are influenced by genetic background. The TSH receptor (TSHR), thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) genes, for which it has been reported that heterozygous defects cause neonatal transient thyroid dysfunction, were analyzed. Nine children with transient thyroid dysfunction or subclinical hypothyroidism detected during neonatal screening were studied. One child was heterozygous for a TSHR gene mutation (R450H), and another child was heterozygous for a TPO gene mutation (P883S). No children with mutation of the DUOX2 gene were identified. Genetic background may contribute to development of transient thyroid dysfunction and subclinical hypothyroidism detected during neonatal screening.     

Two novel mutations in the human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene: genetics and clinical findings in four children

We report four children originating from two unrelated German families with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) due to mutations in the thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene. Three female siblings (family 1) were found to be compound heterozygous for two mutations, a known mutation in exon 9 (W527C), and a mutation in exon 8 (Q446H), which has not been described before. In the second family we identified a boy with goitrous CH, who had a novel homozygous mutation in the TPO gene in exon 16 (W873X). All children of family 1 were diagnosed postnatally by newborn screening. The case of the boy of family 2 has already been reported for the in utero treatment of a goiter with hypothyroidism.
Conclusion: Our results confirm existing data on the phenotypic variability of patients with TPO gene mutations.     

Thyroid function in term newborn infants with congenital goiter.

Eighty-four term newborn infants without goiter and 45 newborn infants with congenital goiter were studied with regard to thyroid function. The radiologic development of the femoral and tibial epiphyses was evaluated in those with goiter. Fifty-eight percent of the patients had retarded bone age, markedly elevated TSH levels, elevated TBI, decreased total T4I, and decreased PBI values. Forty-two percent of newborn infants with congenital goiter had a normal bone age, normal values for TSH, PBI, and total T4I, and elevated values for TBI. It is concluded that the 58% of the newborn infants with congenital goiter had subtle hypothyroidism. They require substitution therapy with thyroid hormones in order to avoid possible retardation of normal brain development. Patients with congenital goiter who have no biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism should also be treated with thyroid hormones to achieve rapid regression of goiter.     

先天性原发性甲状腺功能减低症50例TSHR基因研究

目的探讨促甲状腺激素受体（TSHR）基因在先天性原发性甲状腺功能减低症（甲低）病因学中的地位。方法对50例先天性甲状腺功能减低症患者,从外周血白细胞中提取基因组DNA,采用PCR-SSCP方法对TSHR基因外显子10、6、1进行分析。结果在TSHR基因外显子10、6、1中未发现突变。结论已发现的TSHR基因编码区的结构改变,在中国人甲低的病因学中可能不具有重要地位。     

Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with congenital hypothyroidism

Pseudohypoparathyroidism type la (PHP-1a) is an uncommon disorder that results from an inactivating mutation in the GNAS gene. It can present with resistance to several hormones, in addition to parathyroid hormone (PTH). Patients may have the classic Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) phenotype and can develop resistance to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), gonadotropins, growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), and other hormones that rely on the Gsalpha protein to regulate signal transmission at their receptors. We report two siblings with PHP-1a and congenital hypothyroidism. The patients were found to have a heterozygous mutation at nucleotide 305 in exon 4 (c305C-->A) of the GNAS gene, which has not been previously linked to congenital hypothyroidism.     

先天性甲状腺功能减低症的Pax8基因研究

目的：探讨Pax8基因在先天性甲状腺功能减低症(甲低)病因学中的地位。方法：对50例经内分泌专科门诊或新生儿筛查检出确诊的先天性甲状腺功能减低症患者,从外周血白细胞中提取基因组DNA,采用PCR-SSCP-DNA测序方法进行Pax8基因外显子2～9分析。结果：Pax8基因外显子2～9编码区未发现突变。结论：Pax8基因编码区的结构改变,在中国人甲低的病因学中可能不具有重要地位。