低剂量达比加群酯治疗高龄卒中伴心房颤动患者的临床观察

目的探讨高龄卒中伴心房颤动(房颤)患者使用低剂量达比加群酯的临床疗效及安全性。方法对400例脑卒中伴房颤患者进行房颤血栓栓塞危险评分以及抗凝出血风险评分,检测其肾小球滤过率以及血液肌酐水平;将190例接受抗凝治疗的高龄卒中伴房颤患者分为达比加群酯组和华法林组,分析两组的血栓栓塞和出血事件。结果与低龄组比较,高龄组患者发生血栓栓塞事件风险高,肾脏代谢能力下降,接受抗凝治疗时出血风险大;达比加群酯组与华法林组比较,血栓栓塞发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但出血发生率较低(P0.05)。结论高龄卒中伴房颤患者使用低剂量达比加群酯抗凝对预防血栓栓塞事件有效。     

抗凝药物的临床应用

静脉血栓栓塞性疾病是第3位常见的血管疾病,其发病率与脑卒中相似,单纯深静脉血栓形成的发病率高达145/10万,伴或不伴深静脉血栓形成的肺栓塞的发病率高达69/10万,致死性肺栓塞的病例死亡时只有不到一半得到诊断,肺栓塞的病死率极高,3个月高达17 %,严重威胁生命。因此,静脉血栓栓塞性疾病的干预策略应该重在预防,而抗凝治疗是其重要手段之一。1 普通肝素和低分子量肝素抗凝治疗在21世纪以前主要以普通肝素为主,但普通肝素有很多局限性,低分子量肝素( LMWH)因其生物利用度高、无须实验室监测、可根据体质量调整剂量、出血和血小板减少不良…     

1例低分子肝素致皮肤瘀斑伴血小板减少诱发急性冠脉综合征 患者的护理

低分子肝素是目前临床广泛应用的抗凝药物，桥联抗凝是指在停用口服抗凝药物期间给予短效抗凝药物的过渡治疗策略，从而降低围手术期血栓栓塞发生风险的同时避免抗凝相关的不良出血事件。急性冠脉综合征 (Acute Coronary Syndrome, ACS) 是临床常见的心血管疾病,ACS患者早期可出现不同程度的发作性胸痛、胸闷等症状, 若未及时干预和治疗, 待病情迁延很容易形成心律失常、心力衰竭甚至猝死等 。本文报道1例低分子肝素致皮肤瘀斑伴血小板减少诱发急性冠脉综合征病例。提示医护工作者在低分子肝素用药期间注意提醒患者如有新发皮肤瘀斑瘀点或较前加重、牙龈出血、血尿、便血等出血症状时及时告知医生,定期复查血常规、凝血;有出血倾向即刻停药，包括临床常用的低分子肝素留置针封管液，尽量卧床，减少活动避免碰撞造成出血，为预防复发性血栓形成应改用其他抗凝药物 。同时密切观察用药后的反应，及时发现病情变化积极处理，防止严重不良反应的发生。     

深静脉血栓形成临床诊治误区

深静脉血栓形成是一种临床常见病,其导致的肺动脉栓塞是常见的急性致死性原因。本文就深静脉血栓形成目前临床常见诊治误区进行梳理分析后指出:D-二聚体只能用于排除深静脉血栓形成,诊断首选彩色多普勒超声;深静脉血栓形成的治疗以抗凝为基础,而非溶栓治疗;应用华法林抗凝时,国际标准化比值(INR)应控制在2.0~3.0;肿瘤患者合并深静脉血栓形成应同步治疗,抗凝首选低分子肝素;对于下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,有抗凝禁忌证或并发症时推荐使用下腔静脉滤器来预防肺栓塞。     

成都地区房颤伴高血压患者卒中随访分析

目的调查成都地区2013~2015年非瓣膜性心房颤动(房颤)伴高血压患者1年后卒中发生情况,评估卒中发生的危险因素。方法随访1年,根据研究对象是否发生卒中分为卒中组和非卒中组,应用多因素logistic回归模型分析卒中发生的危险因素。结果入选495例房颤伴高血压患者,CHA2DS2-VASc≥2分466例,74例启用了抗凝治疗,抗凝治疗率14.9%,发生缺血性卒中45例,卒中发生率9.1%,多因素Logistic回归分析显示:在房颤伴高血压患者中年龄、女性、吸烟是1年缺血性卒中发生的独立危险因素,抗凝治疗是其保护因素。结论成都地区房颤伴高血压患者1年缺血性卒中发生率较高,抗凝治疗率低,抗凝治疗能降低缺血性卒中发生,年龄、女性、吸烟是缺血性卒中发生的危险因素。     

低分子肝素钙注射液与硫酸庆大霉素注射液存在配伍禁忌

正低分子肝素钙(0.4 ml注射剂)是一种低分子量的肝素,由具有抗血栓形成和抗凝作用的普通肝素解聚而成。临床上主要用于预防血栓性栓塞性疾病,特别是预防普通外科手术或骨科手术的血栓栓塞性疾病。治疗血栓栓塞性疾病,在血液透析中预防血凝块形成。硫酸庆大霉素注射液(1 ml:4万     

肾病综合征23例抗凝治疗不良反应的护理

肾病综合征时容易发生血栓、栓塞并发症,其中以肾静脉血栓最为常见,由此可见肾病综合征抗凝治疗预防血栓、栓塞并发症的必要性。当血浆白蛋白浓度低于20 g/L时,提示存在高凝状态,即应开始预防性抗凝治疗。笔者将23例原发性肾病综合征患者使用肝素进行预防血栓、栓塞并发症的护理经验进行总结如下。     

非瓣膜病性心房纤颤患者华法林抗凝治疗的安全性研究

心房纤颤是临床上最常见的心律失常之一,除可导致心悸、胸闷、头晕等常见症状外,其潜在的危险在于可引发各种血栓栓塞,20%的栓塞事件与房颤有关,它是缺血性卒中最强烈的独立危险因素。房颤可分为瓣膜病性和非瓣膜病性两种。随着全球人口的老龄化,冠心病、高血压等疾病的发生率远远超过瓣膜病性心脏病,非瓣膜病性房颤(nonvalvu laratrialfibrillation,NVAF)成为血栓栓塞的重要原因,房颤抗凝治疗的必要性越来越受到重视[1]。而华法林能使非瓣膜病性房颤患者血栓栓塞的危险性降低61%[2],疗效明显优于阿斯匹林,但是,华法林严重的出血副作用,独…     

抗凝剂防治缺血性脑卒中的临床证据

通过检索Cochrane图书馆（2005年第3期）、MEDLINE（1996～2005年）。总结和评价抗凝剂防治缺血性脑卒中的高质量临床研究证据，以了解抗凝剂治疗缺血性脑卒中的效果与安全性及其在缺血性脑卒中一级和二级预防中的作用。结果显示，缺血性脑卒中急性期不推荐常规立即给予抗凝治疗；急性期的抗凝治疗不能有效降低患者的死亡或残疾，反而增加出血事件的发生；对有心源性栓塞风险的高危人群，抗凝治疗能相对安全有效地降低卒中及其他血管事件的发生。而对非心源性栓塞人群，抗凝治疗在利与弊之间难以取得平衡。     

PCI术后肝素诱导性血小板减少症研究进展

正临床上,肝素广泛应用于心导管检查、心血管手术、血液透析、动静脉留置管等临床操作,以预防或治疗血栓栓塞性疾病。在抗凝治疗的同时,肝素可诱导机体产生血小板抗体,血小板被大量消耗,患者血小板计数随之降低,称之为肝素诱导性血小板减少症(heparin induced thrombocytopenia,HIT)[1]。HIT是经免疫系统识别、可伴血栓形成的获得性高凝综合征,其导致患者截肢及死亡的比例高达20%～30%[2-3]。一项针对北京地     

Recurrent vascular events in patients with ischemic stroke/TIA and atrial fibrillation in relation to secondary prevention at hospital discharge

BACKGROUND: Oral anticoagulation is indicated in secondary prevention of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in patients with atrial fibrillation, but it is often withheld because of contraindications and/or fear of bleeding complications. METHODS: We analysed recurrent cerebral and non-cerebral ischemic vascular events, major intracerebral and extracerebral bleeding and vascular death in 401 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke or TIA and atrial fibrillation who were discharged with oral anticoagulation (OAC), antiplatelet agents (AA), or heparin only in a clinical routine setting. The median follow-up time was 25 (interquartile range (IQR): 15-38) months. RESULTS: Patients on OAC at time of discharge were significantly younger and had suffered a major stroke less often than patients who received AA or heparin at discharge. One year after discharge, adherence to therapy was higher in patients discharged on OAC (72%) than in those on AA (46%; p<0.001). The majority of patients discharged on heparin were subsequently treated with OAC. Patients on AA at discharge suffered from ischemic complications significantly more often during the follow-up period than patients on OAC or heparin at discharge (30% vs. 16% vs. 23%, p=0.031). 3% of the patients on AA and 4% of those on OAC suffered from major bleeding complications during follow-up (p=0.028). CONCLUSION: Our results document the high risk of ischemic vascular complications in patients with ischemic stroke/TIA and atrial fibrillation in a clinical routine setting. The risk was particularly high in patients treated with AA. The risk of major bleeding complications in our population was comparably low.     

The Importance of Atrial Fibrillation Burden and the Origin of Device‐Tailored Anticoagulation

The current paradigm for anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation is based upon clinical risk factors for stroke without reference to the frequency or duration (i.e., burden) of atrial fibrillation episodes. In the last decade, increasing evidence derived from device‐based surveillance of atrial fibrillation has suggested that in some patients the burden of atrial fibrillation may be associated with thromboembolic risk. The development of rapidly acting oral anticoagulants and devices with remote monitoring capability has allowed the testing of a strategy of tailored or “pill‐in‐the‐pocket” anticoagulation based upon atrial fibrillation burden.     

Potential role of oral anticoagulants in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease: focus on dabigatran

The pharmacologic management of patients with high-risk coronary artery disease consists of aspirin and a P2Y₁₂ receptor inhibitor. Chronic oral anticoagulation with warfarin is the major treatment strategy to attenuate thromboembolism or stroke in patients with deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. A substantial percentage of the latter group of patients have coronary artery disease and may require stenting with long-term dual antiplatelet therapy in addition to therapy with warfarin to reduce arterial ischemic events in addition to stroke. These new oral anticoagulants have been developed for long-term therapy to overcome the limitations of warfarin. Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor and its role in patients with acute coronary syndrome is being explored.     

Oral anticoagulant therapy--renaissance of an old therapy?

Although the antithrombotic potential of oral anticoagulants is undisputed, bleeding complications constitute a serious problem. One of the main causes for these complications has been a lack of standardization of the prothrombin time. The introduction of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) has led to a better standardization of prothrombin time. Thus, the same level of anticoagulation can be reached using different reagents and therefore over- and undercoagulation can be avoided. Furthermore, the benefit/risk ratio can be improved by adapting the intensity of anticoagulation to the indication. The following clinical conditions are established indications for treatment with oral anticoagulants: Prevention of cardiac emboli in acute anterior myocardial infarction with atrial thrombus, in patients with atrial fibrillation with or without mitral valve disease, in patients with prosthetic heart valves and in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, oral anticoagulants should be given to patients after femoropopliteal bypass. A relatively mild oral anticoagulant treatment (INR 2-3) is sufficient to prevent recurrences of venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli. The duration of treatment in patients with venous thromboembolism depends on some clinical features and the results of clotting tests which indicate an increased tendency to thrombosis.     

Old and new anticoagulant drugs: a minireview

Abstract The limits of traditional anticoagulants, such as heparin and warfarin, have prompted the search for new agents for prophylaxis and treatment of arterial and venous thromboembolism, including factor Xa and thrombin inhibitors. These agents can be given orally, and their most significant advantage is that no laboratory monitoring is needed. The anti-Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban and the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate are licensed for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in high-risk orthopedic surgery. They are at least as safe and effective as heparins but much more expensive. Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and other agents currently in the pipeline of clinical development have the potential to replace warfarin in the two most frequent indications for anticoagulation, i.e. secondary prophylaxis of VTE and atrial fibrillation. Prevention and treatment of coronary artery thrombosis in patients with ischemic heart disease is another area of investigation for the role of new anticoagulants. These drugs have the potential to meet some currently unmet needs of traditional anticoagulants, but available clinical data warrant confirmation and expansion. Lack of specific antidotes for anticoagulation reversal and the high cost are important limitations of their use.     

非瓣膜性房颤脑梗死无症状性出血转化患者抗栓治疗疗效分析

目的:通过前瞻性观察性研究分析非瓣膜性房颤脑梗死无症状性出血转化患者的临床资料,探讨合并房颤的急性脑梗死出血转化患者行低剂量低分子肝素(low-molecular-weight heparin,LMWH)抗凝治疗的疗效。方法:纳入2016年1月至2018年11月在如皋市人民医院神经内科住院的非瓣膜性房颤脑梗死无症状性出血转化患者120例,根据是否予以低剂量低分子肝素抗凝治疗,分为抗凝组(n=56)和对照组(n=64),分析入组患者急性期的临床资料,随访30 d,以美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)减分值、30 d改良Rankin(mRs)评分、30 d良好预后(mRs 2分)、再发脑梗死、其他栓塞事件、颅内外出血事件为主要观察指标。结果:抗凝组和对照组在NIHSS减分值、再发脑梗死(1.79%vs 14.06%)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);30 d mRs评分、30 d良好预后、颅内外出血事件及其他栓塞事件差异无统计学意义;单因素(抗凝治疗)分析显示,NIHSS减分值(OR=2.41,95%CI 1.30~3.51)、再发脑梗死(OR=0.10,95%CI 0.01~0.79)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析显示,NIHSS减分值(OR=39.87,95%CI 21.98~57.77)、再发脑梗死(OR=0.10,95%CI 0.01~0.86)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:合并非瓣膜性房颤的急性脑梗死无症状性出血转化患者行低剂量低分子肝素抗凝治疗能改善神经功能,降低再发脑梗死风险,且不增加颅内外出血事件。     

The effectiveness of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents in preventing venous thromboembolism during stroke rehabilitation: a historical cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents in preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) during stroke rehabilitation. DESIGN: Historical cohort study. SETTING: Acute inpatient rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients (N=1506) with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke admitted for rehabilitation. INTERVENTIONS: Documented use of anticoagulants (warfarin or anticoagulant doses of heparin), heparin in prophylactic doses, and antiplatelet agents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Occurrence of deep vein thrombosis detected by ultrasound or venography or pulmonary embolism detected by ventilation perfusion scan, spiral computed tomography, or pulmonary angiography. RESULTS: Fifty-eight VTE events occurred (3.9% incidence or 1.36 events per 1000 patient days), with higher risk in patients with severe stroke. Only therapeutic anticoagulation had a statistically significant protective effect for VTE risk in univariate analysis (odds ratio [OR]=.44; 95% confidence interval [CI],.20-.98). After adjusting for multiple medication use and other factors, including age, stroke onset to admission interval, length of rehabilitation stay, cause of stroke, and admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, therapeutic anticoagulation gave strong protection against VTE (OR=.37; 95% CI,.15-.88), followed by heparin (OR=.48; 95% CI,.23-.98) but not by antiplatelet agents (OR=.79; 95% CI,.40-1.57). No medications were associated with significant bleeding complications. CONCLUSIONS: Use of therapeutic anticoagulants or prophylactic heparin prevented VTE in stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation.     

Underuse of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for ischemic stroke. Guidelines recommend anticoagulation for patients with intermediate and high stroke risk (CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥2). Underuse of anticoagulants among eligible patients remains a persistent problem. Evidence demonstrates that the psychology of the fear of causing harm (omission bias) results in physicians’ hesitancy to initiate anticoagulation and an inaccurate estimation of stroke risk. The American Heart Association (AHA) initiated the Get With The Guidelines-AFIB (GWTG-AFIB) module in June 2013 to enhance guideline adherence for treatment and management of AF. Better quality of care for AF patients can be provided by increasing adherence to anticoagulation guidelines and improving patient compliance with anticoagulation therapy through education and established protocols. Nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants may facilitate better patient adherence due to ease of administration and reduced monitoring burden. In this review, we discuss the reasons for underuse, omission bias contributing to underuse, and different strategies to address this issue.     

The increasing need for anticoagulant therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation

Ischemic stroke, a major complication of atrial fibrillation (AF), is believed to result from atrial thrombus formation caused by ineffective atrial contraction. Oral anticoagulant therapy effectively reduces the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with AF; this therapy is recommended for patients with any frequency or duration of AF and other risk factors for stroke, such as increased age (>75 years), hypertension, prior stroke, left ventricular dysfunction, diabetes, or heart failure. Recently published data comparing rate-control and rhythm-control strategies in AF emphasized the importance of maintaining an international normalized ratio higher than 2.0 during warfarin therapy and the need for continuing anticoagulant therapy to prevent stroke in high-risk patients, even if the strategy is rhythm control. Hemorrhagic complications can be minimized by stringent control of the international normalized ratio (particularly in elderly patients) and appropriate therapy for comorbidities such as hypertension, gastric ulcer, and early-stage cancers. Undertreatment of patients with AF is a continuing problem, particularly in the elderly population. Patients perceived as likely to be noncompliant, such as the functionally impaired, are less likely to receive warfarin therapy. However, stroke prevention with anticoagulants is cost-effective and improves quality of life, despite the challenges of maintaining appropriate anticoagulation with monitoring and warfarin dose titration. New medications in development with more predictable dosing and fewer drug-drug interactions may reduce the complexities of achieving optimal anticoagulation and increase the practicality of long-term anticoagulant therapy for patients with AF at risk of stroke.     

Anticoagulation and antiaggregation in neurological patients

Aspirin is the drug of choice in most patients with acute stroke, if thrombolysis is contraindicated. Heparin is only used in acute stroke due to cerebral venous thrombosis, extracranial carotid or vertebral artery dissection and cardiac emboli with high risk of recurrence. In the prevention of recurrent stroke in patients with a noncardioembolic ischemic stroke antiplatelet agents are used. Aspirin is the first-line agent. Clopidogrel or a combination aspirin/dipyridamol are recommended for patients with several risk factors or recurrent cerebrovascular events. Warfarin has demonstrated a clear efficacy in stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, cerebral venous thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Other, less well established possible indications for warfarin in the secondary prevention of stroke are symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis, large aortic atheroma, extracranial carotid or vertebral artery dissection and patent foramen ovale.