2002～2011年南京江宁区肠道蠕虫病防治监测报告

南京江宁区曾是人群肠道寄生虫感染严重的地区,1999年肠道线虫感染率为13.28％,经过10年来全区开展的以驱虫治疗为主的大规模防治,以及社会经济的发展,人群肠道线虫感染率已明显下降.为分析评估10多年来江宁区的肠道蠕虫防治效果,调整和制订相应的防治措施,现将2002～2011年江宁区人群肠道蠕虫感染流行动态分析现报告如下.     

博乐市学龄前儿童、青少年肠道寄生虫病的调查与防治

自1996年5月至8月,在博乐市分别进行了学前儿童、青少年肠道寄生虫本底调查和驱虫复查,共调查2 180人,寄生虫感染者607人,总感染率为27.84％(607/2 180)。查见人体寄生虫10种,以蛲虫感染率为最高16.24％,依次为蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫7.29％,微小膜壳绦虫3.12％,鞭虫1.88％,蛔虫1.56％。集体驱虫的受治率98.33％(22 490/22 873),驱虫后寄生虫感染率为13.60％(288/2 117)。一次集体驱虫后,寄生虫总感染率下降了51.15％,其中蠕虫、原虫和绦虫感染下降率依次分别为61.73％,23.52％和20.25％,表明对肠道蠕虫的驱虫效果显著,取得了明显的社会效益。     

1993～2000年广西中、小学生肠道蠕虫感染防治效果观察

目的　了解连续 8年以药物为主对中小学生肠道蠕虫病的综合防治效果 ,掌握流行情况 ,为制定或调整防制对策提供科学依据。　方法　 1)采用 Kato- katz法查肠道蠕虫卵 ;2 )采用透明胶纸肛拭法查蛲虫卵 (连查 2 d) ;3)采用“驱虫康”(甲苯达唑 )或“驱虫宁”(阿苯达唑 )药物进行驱虫治疗 ;4)以宣传栏 ,广播电视 ,问卷式调查等形式进行健康教育。　结果　 13个监测市、县的中小学生肠道蠕虫感染率由防治前的 43.78% ( 6 814/ 15 5 6 5 )降至 13.80 % ( 145 2 / 10 5 2 0 ) ,其中蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫的感染率由防治前的 2 7.6 3%、2 0 .6 4%、5 .96 % ,分别下降至 8.90 %、7.5 5 %、0 .2 8% ;蛲虫感染率由防治前的 40 .82 %降至 19.49% ,差异有显著性。　结论　广西开展学生常见肠道蠕虫感染综合防治工作成效显著。     

邹城市防治学生肠道蠕虫病的效果观察

为了探索防治学生肠道蠕虫病的有效方法 ,降低并控制感染率 ,于 1992年按照《全国学生常见肠道蠕虫感染综合防治方案》,以全市中小学生为对象 ,进行了集体服药驱虫为重点的综合防治 ,取得了明显的防治效果 ,现报道如下。1　材料和方法1.1　检查方法　在全市学生集体服药驱虫工作正常开展情况下 ,为更好地了解和总结防治效果 ,选择了具有代表性的城区 3所中小学校、乡村 4所中小学校为监测点 ,于每年 3～ 4月集体服药前进行检测。设立专人负责 ,收集每个学生新鲜粪便 5～ 10g送站实验室 ,采用改良加藤厚涂片法检查肠道蠕虫卵。1.2　防治方法…     

1993—2000年广西中、小学生肠道蠕虫感染防治效果观察

目的 了解连续8年以药物为主对中小学生肠道蠕虫病的综合防治效果，掌握流行情况，为制定或调整防制对策提供科学依据。方法 1）采用Kato-katz法查肠道蠕虫卵；2）采用透明胶纸肛拭法查蛲虫卵（连查2d）；3）采用“驱虫康”（甲苯达唑）或“驱虫宁”（阿苯达唑）药物进行驱虫治疗；4）以宣传栏，广播电视，问卷式调查等形式进行健康教育。结果 13个监测市，县的中小学生肠道蠕虫感染率由防治前的43．78％（6814／15565）降至13．80％（1452／10520），其中蛔虫，鞭虫，钩虫的感染率由防治前的27．63％，20．64％，5．96％，分别下降至8．90％，7．55％，0．28％；蛲虫感染率由防治前的40．82％降至19．49％，差异有显著性。结论 广西开展学生常见肠道蠕虫感染综合防治工作成效显著。     

新疆农三师学龄前儿童、中小学生肠道寄生虫监测与防治效果评价

为完成农三师学龄前儿童、中小学生肠道寄生虫监测与防治效果的评价。用改良加藤厚涂片法、卢戈氏液直接涂片法和塑料薄膜透明胶纸肛拭法,进行肠道寄生虫感染情况的调查和防治效果的考核。用阿苯哒唑每天二次,每次100mg,连服三天的驱虫方法,对全师学龄前儿童、中小学生进行集体驱虫。驱虫二个月后用同样方法复查。最后用寄生虫感染下降率来评价防治效果。调查的受检率为81.68％,总感染率为19.02％,共查出寄生虫11种,其中原虫5种、蠕虫6种。钩虫为喀什地区首次检出。驱虫后肠道寄生虫感染率为0.54％,与驱虫前相比下降了97.16％。驱虫后蛔虫等土源性线虫和微小膜壳综虫感染率均下降85％以上,集体驱虫累计人数达40 000人。学生寄生虫调查结果为兵团农三师肠道寄生虫防治积累了宝贵的本底资料,本驱虫方法对我师学生肠道线虫和微小膜壳绦虫均取得了明显的防治效果。     

青少年儿童肠道蠕虫感染驱治季节与效果的实验观察

肠道蠕虫感染是农村青少年儿童普遍存在的健康问题 ,为了探讨最为适宜的驱虫治疗季节 ,提升防治效果 ,减少驱虫次数 ,选择沈丘县青少年儿童肠道线虫感染者进行了驱治季节与效果的实验观察 ,现将结果报道如下。1　实验对象和方法1.1　对象　选择地理位置、环境卫生、生活习惯以及经济、文化水平等方面相近似 ,在进行肠道蠕虫感染率基线调查的基础上 ,且蛔虫感染率高于 4 0 %的行政村 ,以 6～ 17岁青少年儿童作为实验观察对象。1.2　实验分组和方法　将实验对象分为二组 ,一组在春季 (4月份 ) ,另一组在秋季 (10月份 )进行驱虫治疗 ,每人给予 …     

全民驱虫模式的探讨

河南省是全国人体寄生虫感染率最高的省份之一，以肠道线虫感染为主。对于肠道线虫感染率较高的地区，全民驱虫是有效的防治措施。肠道寄生虫病属于行为性疾病，选择的驱虫模式影响驱虫效果。1996～2002年，河南省在部分地区开展了全民驱虫，对4种全民驱虫模式的防治效果进行了探讨研究。     

和田市学龄前儿童、青少年肠道寄生虫病监测与防治效果

为在我市儿童、青少年中开展肠道寄生虫病监测与防治。我们应用改良加藤厚涂片法、卢戈氏液直接涂片法、塑料薄膜透明胶纸肛周拭擦法三种方法进行肠道寄生虫感染情况的抽样调查。用阿苯哒唑按7岁以下400mg,7岁以上600mg一次顿服的方法进行集体驱虫。驱虫2个月后进行复查。用寄生虫感染下降率评价防治效果。调查的总感染率为41.08％,共查出寄生虫10种,原虫5种,蠕虫5种。常见致病寄生虫有5种,其中以蛔虫感染率为最高(17.86％),溶组织内阿米巴次之(6.65％)。一次集体驱虫后,肠道寄生虫感染率与驱虫前相比下降了68.40％。调查结果为和田市肠道寄生虫病防治提供了科学依据。本驱虫方法对和田市常见肠道线虫和微小膜壳绦虫均取得了显著的防治效果,有实用价值。     

职专学生肠道寄生虫感染防治效果分析

选择2所职业中专,每个学校选取500名新入校学生为调查对象,进行肠道寄生虫感染及防治效果研究。学生以学校为单位分成干预组和对照组,对照组仅药物驱虫,干预组在药物驱虫基础上实施健康教育和学校卫生环境改造。干预措施实施后,学生肠道寄生虫总感染率由23.30%下降至7.50%,干预组感染率由23.80%下降至2.80%,对照组感染率由22.40%下降至12.20%,干预组和对照组肠道寄生虫感染率均显著下降,但干预组下降更明显。药物防治结合健康教育与环境卫生改造可有效地控制青少年肠道寄生虫感染。     

The in vivo role of stem cell factor (c-kit ligand) on mastocytosis and host protective immunity to the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis in mice

The role of stem cell factor (SCF) in the generation of intestinal mast cell hyperplasia and host protective immunity following helminth infection was investigated using the Trichinella spiralis/mouse model. In vivo administration of a monoclonal antibody specific for the receptor for SCF (c-kit) was found to completely prevent the generation of intestinal mastocytosis normally observed following T. spiralis infection. This was reflected by markedly reduced intestinal mast cell protease (IMCP) levels in both tissue and serum. Moreover, animals treated with anti-c-kit antibody failed to show any evidence of worm expulsion from the gut. The data demonstrate for the first time, a critical role for the SCF in the generation of mucosal mastocytosis and host protective immunity following an intestinal helminth infection.     

Prevalence and predictors of intestinal helminth infections among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected adults in an urban African setting

Sub-Saharan Africa is disproportionately burdened by intestinal helminth and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. Recent evidence suggests detrimental immunologic effects from concomitant infection with the two pathogens. Few studies, however, have assessed the prevalence of and predictors for intestinal helminth infection among HIV-1-infected adults in urban African settings where HIV infection rates are highest. We collected and analyzed sociodemographic and parasitologic data from 297 HIV-1-infected adults (mean age = 31.1 years, 69% female) living in Lusaka, Zambia to assess the prevalence and associated predictors of helminth infection. We found at least one type of intestinal helminth in 24.9% of HIV-infected adults. Thirty-nine (52.7%) were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, and 29 (39.2%) were infected with hookworm. More than 80% were light-intensity infections. A recent visit to a rural area, food shortage, and prior history of helminth infection were significant predictors of current helminth status. The high helminth prevalence and potential for adverse interactions between helminths and HIV suggests that helminth diagnosis and treatment should be part of routine HIV care.     

Coincident filarial, intestinal helminth, and mycobacterial infection: helminths fail to influence tuberculin reactivity, but BCG influences hookworm prevalence

The prevalence of helminth and tuberculosis infections is high in South India, whereas Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine efficacy is low. Our aim was to determine whether concurrent helminth infection alters the ability to mount a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to tuberculin. In a cross-sectional study in southern India, individuals 6-65 years of age were screened for intestinal helminths, circulating filarial antigenemia, tuberculin reactivity, active tuberculosis, and history of BCG vaccination; 54% were purified protein derivative (PPD) positive, 32% had intestinal helminth infection, 9% were circulating filarial antigen positive, and 0.5% had culture-confirmed active tuberculosis. Only age and BCG vaccination were significantly associated with PPD reactivity; however, BCG vaccination was associated with a lower prevalence of hookworm infection relative to those without prior BCG vaccination. Neither intestinal helminth infection nor filarial infection was associated with diminished frequencies of PPD positivity. Our findings suggest that preceding helminth infection does not influence significantly the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to tuberculin.     

Commensal-pathogen interactions in the intestinal tract

The intestinal microbiota are pivotal in determining the developmental, metabolic and immunological status of the mammalian host. However, the intestinal tract may also accommodate pathogenic organisms, including helminth parasites which are highly prevalent in most tropical countries. Both microbes and helminths must evade or manipulate the host immune system to reside in the intestinal environment, yet whether they influence each other’s persistence in the host remains unknown. We now show that abundance of Lactobacillus bacteria correlates positively with infection with the mouse intestinal nematode parasite, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, as well as with heightened regulatory T cell (Treg) and Th17 responses. Moreover, H. polygyrus raises Lactobacillus species abundance in the duodenum of C57BL/6 mice, which are highly susceptible to H. polygyrus infection, but not in BALB/c mice, which are relatively resistant. Sequencing of samples at the bacterial gyrB locus identified the principal Lactobacillus species as L. taiwanensis, a previously characterized rodent commensal. Experimental administration of L. taiwanensis to BALB/c mice elevates regulatory T cell frequencies and results in greater helminth establishment, demonstrating a causal relationship in which commensal bacteria promote infection with an intestinal parasite and implicating a bacterially-induced expansion of Tregs as a mechanism of greater helminth susceptibility. The discovery of this tripartite interaction between host, bacteria and parasite has important implications for both antibiotic and anthelmintic use in endemic human populations.     

Intestinal parasite infestation in HIV infected patients

One of the major health problems among HIV-infected patients is the intestinal parasite infestations. It can be seen that intestinal helminth infestation in HIV-infected patients is common. However, the reported prevalence is usually similar to those of non HIV-infected patients in the same setting. The infestations are ordinary not opportunistic, hence, thus usually show no correlation to immune status of the patients. The suppression of immunity due to HIV infection shows no significant role in increasing the intestinal helminth infestations. On the other hand, having occult intestinal helminth infestations does also not worsen the outcome of HIV infection. Concerning the clinical manifestation, most of the helminth infestations are asymptomatic and the diagnosis is usually based on the stool examination. Treatments of the infestations as well as the outcomes are usually similar to immunocompetent host. Intestinal protozoa infestations are also important problems for HIV-infected patients. Some infections are ordinary, while the others are opportunistic infection. The important opportunistic intestinal parasites including C. parvum, I. belli, Cyclospora and the Microsporidia are found at high prevalence among the HIV-infected patients, especially in low immune cases with persistent diarrhea. Concerning the clinical manifestation, most of the infestations bring diarrhea and the diagnosis is usually based on the stool examination with special stains. The treatment of the opportunistic infection can usually get control of the present illness but not prevent the re-infection. Luckily, with the present wide distribution of HAART, the prevalence of the opportunistic intestinal protozoa infections is significantly decreased.     

2005-2010年大丰市肠道蠕虫病监测

目的 目的 了解大丰市居民肠道蠕虫感染现状。 方法 方法 选择大丰市5个村为监测点。采用Kato?Katz法检查蠕虫 感染, 采用透明胶纸肛拭法检查儿童蛲虫感染。结果 结果 2005-2010年监测点居民肠道蠕虫感染率分别为5.77%、 5.51%、 4.60%、 4.18%、 3.41%、 1.38%, 呈逐年下降趋势。除2010年未查出蛔虫感染者外, 其余年份均查出钩虫、 蛔虫、 蛲虫感染 者。感染率以20～30岁及60～80岁年龄组较高, 12～20岁及40～60岁年龄组较低。其中20～30岁与12～20岁组、 60～80岁与40～60岁组感染率差异均有统计学意义 （χ2 = 62.24, 71.35, P均＜0.05）。男性感染率为5.63％ （359/6 375）, 女性感染率为2.42％ （144/5 949）, 差异有统计学意义 （χ2 = 74.81, P＜0.05）。北部地区感染率较高, 年间最高为11.71%; 感染率从东、 北到西、 南呈下降趋势。2010年儿童蛲虫感染率为1.75%。结论 结论 大丰市人群肠道蠕虫感染率较低, 需加 大儿童蛲虫感染防治力度。     

陕西省土源性线虫感染现状调查

为了解陕西省土源性线虫感染情况，采用改良加藤厚涂片法和透明胶纸肛拭法粪检。共调查7738人，土源性线虫总感染率为19．94％，其中蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫、蛲虫感染率依次为15．84％、0．83％、0．04％、3．23％。与1992年第1次调查相比感染率明显下降。     

Multiparasitism and intensity of helminth infections in relation to symptoms and nutritional status among children: A cross-sectional study in southern Lao People's Democratic Republic

The occurrence and spatial distribution of intestinal helminth infection in children is fairly well understood. However, knowledge on how helminth infections govern intestinal morbidity is scarce. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess and quantify the relationship between single and multiple species helminth infection with clinical and self-reported morbidity indicators and nutritional status in Champasack province, southern Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). A random sample of 1313 children, aged 6 months to 12 years, from villages in nine rural districts were enrolled and examined for helminth infection using duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears. Morbidity was assessed by self-reported symptoms, coupled with clinical examination and appraisal of nutritional status and anaemia. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was employed to study associations between helminth infection and morbidity indicators and anaemia. We found considerable morbidity among the surveyed children, including hepatomegaly (13.7%), pale conjunctiva (13.2%) and abdominal pain (10.4%). Anaemia was recorded in 60.4% of the children, whilst signs of stunting and low body mass index (BMI) were observed in 49.8% and 33.3% of the surveyed children, respectively. Hookworm and Opisthorchis viverrini were the predominant helminth species with prevalences of 51.0% and 43.3%, respectively. The prevalence of Schistosoma mekongi in the surveyed children was 5.6%. Multiple species helminth infections were recorded in 40.4% of the study cohort. Morbidity was associated with specific helminth species infection (e.g. S. mekongi with hepatomegaly; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 9.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.07–43.51) and multiparasitism (e.g. two or more helminth species with abdominal pain; aOR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.46–3.93). Anaemia was associated with hookworm infection (aOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.16–2.34) and multiparasitism (aOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.18–2.29). Low BMI was associated with O. viverrini infection (aOR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.14–2.49) and multiparasitism (aOR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.01–2.00). The multiple strong associations reported here between helminth infections (single or multiple species) and intestinal morbidity among children in rural parts of southern Lao PDR call for concerted efforts to control helminth infections, which in turn might improve children's health and development.     

2015年河南省秦巴山地生态区人体肠道寄生虫感染现状调查

目的　了解河南省秦巴山地生态区人体肠道寄生虫病流行现状,为该地区寄生虫病防治提供科学依据。方法　2015年按照《全国人体重点寄生虫病现状调查实施细则》的要求进行抽样,选取河南省秦巴山地生态区8个县（市）的26个调查点进行土源性线虫、带绦虫和肠道原虫感染调查,采用改良加藤厚涂片法（Kato?Katz法）检测肠道蠕虫卵,采用试管滤纸培养法鉴别十二指肠钩虫与美洲钩虫,采用透明胶纸肛拭法检查3 ~ 6岁儿童蛲虫卵和带绦虫卵,采用碘液直接涂片法检测肠道原虫滋养体和包囊。分析不同人群肠道寄生虫感染情况及其相关影响因素。结果　共检查6 706人,检出8种寄生虫,其中蠕虫3种、原虫5种,肠道寄生虫总感染率为3.39%,蠕虫和原虫感染率分别为2.92%和0.49%,3 ~ 6岁儿童肛拭蛲虫感染率为3.93%。查出的3种蠕虫分别为蛔虫、蛲虫和枝双腔吸虫,其中蛲虫感染率最高,为2.68%（[χ2] = 306.362,P < 0.05）;5种原虫分别为哈门氏内阿米巴、结肠内阿米巴、微小内蜒阿米巴、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫和人芽囊原虫,其中微小内蜒阿米巴感染率最高,为0.24%（[χ2] = 23.842,P < 0.05）。8个县（市）中蠕虫感染率最高的地区为汝阳县（13.47%）,主要为蛲虫感染;原虫感染率最高的地区为新安县（1.55%）,主要为微小内蜒阿米巴感染;各县（市）蠕虫（[χ2] = 357.525,P < 0.05）和原虫感染率（[χ2] = 38.795,P < 0.05）差异均有统计学意义。男、女性蠕虫感染率差异无统计学意义([χ2] = 0.034,P > 0.05),但男性肠道原虫感染率高于女性([χ2] = 12.946,P < 0.05)。0 ~ 9岁年龄组人群蠕虫感染率最高（6.60%）,以蛲虫感染为主([χ2] = 62.600,P < 0.05)。肠道寄生虫总感染率在各民族间差异无统计学意义（[χ2] = 0.212,P > 0.05）。蠕虫在学龄前儿童中感染率最高（8.43%）,主要为蛲虫感染;蛔虫感染主要发生于农民,感染率为0.31%;不同职业人群蠕虫感染率差异有统计学意义([χ2] = 84.333,P < 0.05)。文盲人群肠道寄生虫感染率最高（7.63%）,不同文化程度人群肠道寄生虫感染率差异有统计学意义([χ2] = 72.013,P < 0.05)。平原地区人群肠道蠕虫感染率高于丘陵和山区([χ2] = 11.690,P < 0.05)。低收入人群肠道蠕虫感染率最高,为10.32% ([χ2] = 244.999,P < 0.05);原虫感染率最高的人群为年人均收入6 000 ~ 7 999元的中等收入人群([χ2] = 24.749,P < 0.05)。饮用井水人群蠕虫感染率远高于饮用自来水人群([χ2] = 62.255,P < 0.05),未进行集体驱虫人群原虫感染率高于驱虫人群([χ2] = 5.235,P < 0.05)。结论　河南省秦巴山地生态区人体肠道寄生虫感染率呈明显下降趋势,儿童蛲虫感染应成为今后该地区寄生虫病防治的重点。     

Are intestinal helminths risk factors for developing active tuberculosis?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections in active tuberculosis patients and their healthy household contacts and to assess its association with active TB in an area endemic for both types of infections. METHODS: Smear-positive pulmonary TB patients and healthy household contacts were tested for intestinal helminths using direct microscopy and the formol-ether concentration techniques. Three consecutive stool samples were examined before the start of TB chemotherapy. Sputum microscopy was done using the sodium hypochlorite concentration techniques. Participants were also tested for HIV by commercial sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 230 smear-positive TB patients and 510 healthy household contacts. The prevalence of intestinal helminths was 71% in patients and 36% in controls. HIV seroprevalence was significantly higher in patients than in controls (46.7%vs. 11.6%, P < 0.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis showed a strong association between TB and intestinal helminth infection (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 2.7-5.9, P < 0.001), and between TB and HIV infection (OR = 7.8, 95% CI 4.8-12.6, P < 0.0001). The odds of being a TB patient increased with the number of helminth species per person: in individuals with mono-infection it was 4.3 (95% CI 2.8-6.8); in people infected with two species was 4.7 (95% CI 2.5-8.7), and in patients infected with three or more helminths was 12.2 (3.9-52.6). CONCLUSION: Intestinal helminth infection may be one of the risk factors for the development of active pulmonary TB in addition to HIV infection. This finding may have important implications in the control of TB in helminth endemic areas of the world.