再次心瓣膜置换术203例

目的总结再次心脏瓣膜手术患者的外科治疗经验. 方法 203例患者中首次术式行二尖瓣闭式扩张术117例,二尖瓣直视分离术13例,二尖瓣生物瓣置换术69例,生物瓣主动脉瓣置换术4例;再次手术方式为二尖瓣置换术185例,双瓣膜置换术14例,主动脉瓣置换术4例,同时行三尖瓣成形术52例,左心房血栓清除术21例.结果 203例中,术中死亡6例,死亡率2.96%;术后30天内死亡19例,死亡率9.64%,术后死亡原因主要为低心排血量.总死亡率为12.32%,其中1981～1988年围术期死亡率为35.29%(12/34),1989～1994年为10%(9/90),1994年以后为5.06%(4/79).术后发生较严重的并发症52例,占总病例数的25.62%. 结论再次瓣膜病变患者需尽早行手术治疗,积极改善术前心肺功能,术中加强心肌保护及缩短体外循环时间,术后积极防治并发症是保证治疗成功的关键.     

人工心脏瓣膜置换术后感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的探讨人工心脏瓣膜心内膜炎（PVE）再次外科手术指征、手术时机和手术治疗要点。方法2000年2月至2005年7月，手术治疗PVE患者18例，回顾性分析其临床表现、治疗经过和预后情况。结果术后早期死亡3例（16．7％），死于中毒性休克1例，多器官功能衰竭2例。2003年以后手术的11例患者无手术死亡。术后发生呼吸功能不全6例，肾功能不全2例，经相应的处理治愈。随访15例，随访时间1个月至5年，PVE再次复发1例，经内科治疗无效，死于全身衰竭；其余14例患者均治愈，恢复正常工作；心功能Ⅱ级12例，Ⅲ级2例。结论PVE的外科治疗风险大，死亡率高，而正确掌握手术指征、把握手术时机、彻底清除感染组织和围术期正确应用抗生素是保障PVE再手术治疗成功的关键。     

再次心瓣膜置换术105例的临床分析

目的总结人工机械瓣置换术后再次行心瓣膜置换术的临床经验,探讨人工机械瓣置换术后再次心瓣膜置换术的病因、术中技术环节及围术期处理方法。方法自2001年1月至2008年12月共105例人工机械瓣置换术后患者在我中心再次行心脏手术,男59例,女46例;年龄50.2±10.6岁。其中二尖瓣置换术或/+三尖瓣成形术(TVP)31例,主动脉瓣置换或/+TVP 38例,Bentall手术(包括全根置换)11例,二尖瓣+主动脉瓣置换或/+TVP7例,三尖瓣置换术8例,瓣周漏修补术6例,其它手术4例。再次心脏手术距第一次手术时间为3个月~18年(46.3±31.9个月)。术前心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅱ级27例,Ⅲ级53例,Ⅳ级25例。结果手术死亡6例,总病死率5.71%(6/105),其他患者术后心功能均恢复到Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。死亡原因为:术后多器官功能衰竭1例,术前心功能Ⅳ级、术后严重低心排血量1例,术后假性动脉瘤破裂1例,严重脑部并发症导致感染1例,人工瓣膜心内膜炎(PVE)2例。人工机械瓣置换后再次心瓣膜置换术原因为:瓣周漏67例(63.80%),PVE 16例(15.23%),血栓形成14例(13.33%),继发其它瓣膜病变8例。术后随访11~107个月,因心搏骤停、脑出血远期死亡2例。结论机械瓣置换术后有一定的再手术率,其再次心瓣膜置换术的重要原因包括:瓣周漏、人工瓣膜心内膜炎和血栓形成。充分的术前准备、正确手术时机的选择、不同体外循环方法的应用及合理的术中技术环节的应用是手术成功的关键。     

再次二尖瓣替换手术有关问题的探讨

１９８６年４月至１９９４年５月施行再次二尖瓣替换手术４４例，其中生物瓣替换术后瓣膜衰败１２例，闭式二尖瓣扩张术后３２例，早期死亡３例，死亡率为６．８％，作者认为，无论是闭式扩张术后还是生物瓣替换术后，一但出现瓣膜毁损症状，应尽早行二次瓣膜替换术，术中及术后应加强心肌保护和并发症的防治。     

118例再次或多次心脏瓣膜替换手术

对１１８例再次或多次心脏瓣膜替换术病人行１３５次手术，替换了１４５个人工瓣膜。其中男４８例、女７０例，年龄７～７４岁。初次手术以风湿性瓣膜病居多（８３．９％）。再次手术以人工瓣膜失功为多（７１．７％）。结果示１１８例中早期死亡２９例，晚期死亡１例，总死亡率２５．４２％。其中因手术并发症死亡２３例，占手术死亡人数的７７％。７６例生存者平均随访７．３年，效果良好。结论：掌握手术时机、减少手术并发症是提高手术效果的重要环节     

二尖瓣再次手术159例

1998年1月至2005年8月，我们为159例二尖瓣闭式扩张术后、瓣膜成形术后、瓣周漏及生物瓣衰败等病人行二尖瓣再次手术，现总结报道如下。     

400例主动脉,二尖瓣双瓣置换术临床研究

自１９８５年４月至１９９２年７月的七年中，作者连续施行４００例主动脉瓣及二尖瓣双瓣置换术。全组手术早期死亡２５例，占６．２５％；远期随访生存率为９１．３％。由于双瓣置换的病例心泵功能受损较单瓣病变严重。因此为提高外科疗效，必须重视围手术期的处理，注意血钾变化和改进手术方法等。     

复发性心瓣膜病患者再次心瓣膜置换术的临床分析

目的总结复发性心瓣膜病患者再次行心瓣膜置换术的临床经验。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2008年12月第四军医大学西京医院收治的319例复发性心瓣膜病再次行心瓣膜置换术患者的临床资料,男138例,女181例;年龄12~73岁（43.2±13.5岁）。需再次手术的原因为：心瓣膜成形术后、生物瓣衰坏、瓣周漏等。两次手术间隔时间3个月~25年（18.7±8.3年）。结果全组共死亡25例,其中手术死亡4例,早期死亡21例。主要死亡原因为：低心排血量综合征、室性心律失常、多器官功能衰竭等。其余294例患者治愈出院。随访252例,随访率85.7%,随访时间6个月~11年（9.6±7.1年）;失访42例。随访期间死亡17例,死于心力衰竭9例,人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎2例,颅内出血、脑栓塞3例,消化道出血1例,原因不明2例。长期生存的235例患者中心功能恢复至Ⅰ-Ⅱ级183例,Ⅲ级29例。结论尽管复发性心瓣膜病患者心功能和全身状况均较差,手术操作较困难,但适时而妥善的外科手术仍可获得良好的效果。     

三尖瓣再次替换术四例报告

三尖瓣替换术后易因血栓形成等引起急性人工瓣失灵。此情况需紧急手术，否则可危及患者生命。作者报告阜外医院外科经再次行瓣膜替换术抢救四例成功的经验，并就本病的诊断，手术技术和瓣膜的选择进行讨论。     

Reoperations on Prosthetic Heart Valves: An Analysis of Outcome

Abstract: To evaluate risks and complications of reoperations on prosthetic heart valves, we reviewed data on 70 patients who underwent reoperations because of prosthetic valve malfunction. Overall hospital mortality was 13% (9/70 patients). The common cause of death was low cardiac output syndrome following surgery (4 patients). Respiratory failure and mediastinal infection accounted for 2 deaths each, and neurological complication for 1 death. However, hospital mortality was different according to the risk factors; reoperations for prosthetic valve endocarditis (18%, p < 0.05), advanced New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (50%, p < 0.001), and emergency operation (33%, p < 0.005) were the significant risk factors. In contrast, advanced age, female sex, type of prosthesis, valve position, and diagnosis (leak, structural deterioration, or valve thrombosis) did not appear to be significant risk factors. There were 7 late deaths (4 valve-related, 2 cardiac, and 1 noncardiac). Inasmuch as emergency operation, advanced NYHA class, and prosthetic valve endocarditis affected hospital mortality, these factors contributed to late death. Actuarial survival rate and freedom from valve-related mortality at 10 years were 75.8 ± 2.8% and 87.2 ±2.3%, respectively. There were 8 valve-related complications, and freedom from valve-related complications at 10 years was 73.5 ± 3.5%. As judged by these data, hospital mortality and late survival can be improved if hemodynamic conditions leading to myocardial damage can be prevented.     

Durability of Prosthetic Heart Valves

Accelerated fatigue testing of clinical heart valves has been performed at cyclic rates of 33 to 35 cycles per second at 37° using water for non-biological valves and glutaraldehyde solutions for tissue valves. Flows were in the physiological range, and the pressure difference across each valve during closure was 100 ± 25 mm Hg. The results showed that major fatigue occurred for the Starr-Edwards 2320 at 150 million cycles, the Hufnagel trileaflet at 124 million cycles, the Björk-Shiley Delrin disc at 140, the Björk-Shiley Pyrolite disc at 973, the Beall 103 at 60, the Hancock porcine at 62, the Carpentier-Edwards porcine at 34, and the Ionescu-Shiley porcine pericardial prosthesis at 65 million cycles. The Lillehei-Kaster was removed after 762 million cycles without discernible wear.Three facts emerged from the testing data: (1) the component worn in vitro wears in vivo; (2) the sites of in vitro fatigue on the component are identical to clinical specimens; and (3) those valves that have high durability in vitro have given similar performance in patients. The in vitro and clinical data for tissue valves do not correlate. The possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed, and a note of caution is made regarding realistic expectations of clinical durability of tissue valves.     

The Clinical Life History of Explanted Prosthetic Heart Valves

This report analyzes 118 prosthetic heart valves obtained from 97 patients at reoperation (96) or at postmortem examination (22). The number obtained from the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid positions were 78, 32, and 8, respectively. Duration of implant ranged from one day to 12.3 years. Valves showing the least long-term wear were the Starr-Edwards metal strut-silicone ball and the Björk-Shiley. Moderate long-term durability was provided by the Beall and Starr-Edwards cloth-covered composite-seat prostheses while short-term durability was given by Hancock and Carpentier valves. Reoperation for valve-related causes was performed for 46 of 47 Beall valves, which demonstrated stenosis, hemolysis, and incompetence from component wear, 6 of 27 Björk-Shiley prostheses for valve thrombosis or thromboembolism or both, and 11 of 17 porcine prostheses because of calcification (4) or cusp perforation or rupture. Analyses of wear and fatigue of mechanical valves demonstrated that use of ultrahard materials (pyrolyte carbon, titanium, stellite 21) provided superior durability in contrast to polymeric solids or fabrics with poor abrasion and impact characteristics. Further, cloth and disc wear were evident as early as 0.5 year after implant and appeared to be complete by 4 years. Completeness of healing after 24 months was not related to the type of fabric material used or its construction.This study suggests that mechanical valves made from hard materials have long durability when properly implanted and require fastidious prophylaxis against infection and thromboembolism. The findings of early cusp perforation or rupture in the aortic position and leaflet calcification, stiffening, or disruption in the mitral position for porcine prostheses suggest that frequent and careful examinations of patients with these prostheses are required to detect early signs of stenosis or incompetence and that early reoperation is required before catastrophic valve failure necessitates emergency prosthetic valve replacement.     

Pregnancy in Patients with Prosthetic Heart Valves (Starr-Edwards)

Three cases of successful pregnancies in women with Starr-Edwards prosthetic heart valves are described and 10 cases from the literature are reviewed. Prosthetic heart valves do not contraindicate pregnancy. Anticoagu-lation should be continued until term with the treatment carefully controlled and the prothrombin values within therapeutic range at all times. The use of oral contraceptives in these patients is not advised until further experiences are obtained.     

Preliminary Experience with Aspirin for Anticoagulation in Children with Prosthetic Cardiac Valves

Twenty-four children (ages 1 to 18 years, mean 12.2 years) underwent 27 operations for aortic, mitral, or combined aortic and mitral valve replacement. There was 1 operative death. Of the 23 operative survivors (12 aortic, 8 mitral, 3 combined valve replacement), only 5 were given warfarin for long-term anticoagulation. The remaining 18 (10 aortic, 8 mitral valve replacement) were given aspirin (plus dipyridamole in 5). Twelve of the 18 had at least one mechanical valve (11 Björk-Shiley and Beall valves; 1 Björk-Shiley valve was replaced with a Beall disc valve as the child grew).These 18 patients were followed for 1 to 59 months (mean, 20.4 months). There was no thrombotic, embolic, or bleeding complications. There were 2 late deaths (one cardiac).Review of the available literature indicates that in children with prosthetic cardiac valves, aspirin (with or without dipyridamole) provides adequate protection against thromboemboli and avoids the hemorrhagic complications associated with warfarin.     

Practical Approach to the Evaluation of Prosthetic Mechanical and Tissue Replacement Heart Valves

Mechanical and bioprosthetic substitute heart valves have dramatically improved life expectancy and quality of life in patients with valvular heart disease. Complications of substitute heart valves are a relatively infrequent occurrence, often due to thrombosis, infection, or structural/mechanical failure. It is important to accurately identify and systematically evaluate prosthetic heart valves when encountered as surgical pathology specimens or in the autopsy setting.     

心脏瓣膜置换术后妇女妊娠全程口服华法令抗凝观察103例

目的探讨心脏机械瓣膜置换术后的妊娠妇女全程使用华法令抗凝对孕妇及胎儿的影响。方法随访1998年4月至2010年6月中南大学湘雅二医院103例心脏机械瓣膜置换术后妇女妊娠阶段抗凝治疗的情况,年龄19~38岁（26.4±3.8岁）。103例机械瓣置换患者整个妊娠期均采用口服华法令抗凝治疗,其中国产华法令用量为3.30±0.43 mg/d（87例）,进口华法令用量为2.90±1.05 mg/d（16例）。结果 103例患者妊娠期间均无严重栓塞并发症,发生腹腔自发性出血1例;宫内死胎4例;出生的新生儿中发生胎儿畸形5例,其中21-三体综合征1例,脑积水4例;ABO血型不合溶血1例,低体重新生儿6例;其余新生儿未见异常,体重正常;所有产妇无产后大出血。结论机械瓣膜置换术后妇女在妊娠期间,单一服用小剂量华法令（〈5 mg/d）为一种相对安全有效的抗凝治疗。