支气管、隆凸及肺血管成形术治疗中央型肺癌92例

目的总结支气管袖状、隆凸切除及支气管肺动脉双袖状成形术等手术方式治疗中央型肺癌的临床经验。方法对我院1996年1月~2010年5月间92例中央型肺癌患者施行以支气管袖状成形术为主的多种切除重建手术。其中右肺上叶支气管袖状切除术49例,左肺上叶袖状切除术14例,右肺中叶袖状切除术3例,左肺下叶袖状切除术4例,左肺支气管肺动脉双袖状成形肺叶切除术8例,右肺上叶切除合并器官隆凸切除重建3例,全肺切除合并气管隆凸切除重建术7例,主气管袖状切除4例。结果无围手术期死亡病例,平均手术时间2 h 43分,平均失血415 ml,术后肺不张7例（7/92）,声音嘶哑4例（4/92）,机械通气支持3例（3/92）。1、3、5年生存率分别为80.7%,59.6%,31.5%。结论隆凸切除、支气管袖状成形术、支气管肺动脉双袖状成形术等术式既能最大限度地切除肿瘤,又能最大限度保护了肺功能,且隆凸切除气道重建术能进一步扩大手术适应证,提高了中央型肺癌的手术切除率。     

气管、隆凸、支气管良性肿瘤的治疗体会

1983年10月～1997年3月,我院收治气管、隆凸、支气管良性肿瘤7例。现报告如下。临床资料:本组男6例,女1例;年龄30～60岁。病变位于胸段气管、隆凸、左上叶支气管各1例,右侧支气管腔内4例。7例均有刺激性咳嗽,2例有痰血,5例支气管肿瘤有4例合并肺不张。气管、隆凸部肿瘤患者均表现吸气性呼吸困难。7例均行纤维支气管镜检查;管腔内见到息肉样或菜花状物,毛刷涂片及活检,病理报告2例为炎性浸润,余均为阴性。本组7例中,分别行气管楔形切除,隆凸加右侧支气管部分切除与重建,肺叶切除及左上叶支气管节段性切除各1例、肺叶袖状切除3例。病理报告软…     

误诊为支气管哮喘25例临床分析

除支气管哮喘外 ,喘息和哮鸣音也可出现于许多肺部疾患 ,常造成误诊。我们对 2 5例误诊为支气管哮喘患者的情况进行分析 ,以期提高认识 ,减少误诊。临床资料1.一般资料 :2 5例患者 ,男性 16例 ,女性 9例 ;年龄 2 4～ 5 7岁 ;病史最短 3天 ,最长 4年。2 .误诊情况 :( 1) 14例上气道阻塞性疾病者误诊情况如下 :气管肿瘤 3例 ,隆凸癌 1例 ,局部疤痕形成 4例 ,隆凸上局部气管软骨环软化 1例 ,气管内异物 2例 ,胸内甲状腺肿压迫气管 1例 ,喉部疾患 1例 ,声门下气管内严重真菌感染 1例。最终以纤维支气管镜检查确诊。 ( 2 )支气管内膜结核 6例 ,误…     

气管,支气管袖状切除治疗肺部恶性肿瘤70例临床体会

1982年10月至1995年12月,我们采用气管、支气管袖状切除术治疗肺部恶性肿瘤患者70例,现将临床体会报告如下。1 临床资料 本组男53例,女17例;年龄52～70岁,平均63岁。病程1～12个月。术前均行纤维支气管镜、CT或核磁共振检查,其中62例经组织活检确诊。术后病理证实为鳞癌42例,腺癌22例,小细胞癌、粘液表皮样癌及肺泡细胞癌各2例。本组行主支气管袖状切除及肺上叶切除40例,主支气管楔状切除及肺上叶切除14例,主支气管、肺动脉干袖状或楔状切除加肺上叶切除13例,隆凸及半隆凸切除3例。2 结果 全组无手术死亡者。术后15、30及90天行胸部X线及纤维支气管镜检查,除2例     

先天性纵隔气管支气管囊肿51例外科治疗

目的了解纵隔气管支气管囊肿的临床病理特征,提高诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗水平。方法分析51例外科治疗的先天性纵隔气管支气管囊肿患者的相关临床资料。结果51例中41例术前有临床症状,10例为体检发现;43例术前诊断为神经源性肿瘤、胸腺瘤、肺癌和纵隔肿瘤,8例术前影像学诊断支气管囊肿;术后恢复均顺利,45例术后症状消失,5例术后胸痛及咳嗽,1例术后3年复发,再次手术切除治愈。余随访至今无复发。结论手术完整切除可明确诊断,解除症状,防止并发症和改善预后,是首选治疗手段。     

原发性气管支气内肿瘤：附30例临床病理分析

本文报道气管、支气管内原发性良，恶性肿瘤３０例，男１７例，女３例，年龄１０－７４岁，平均３９．２岁，恶性肿瘤１９例占６３．３％，良性１１例，占３６．７％，讨论气管、支气管内肿瘤病理类型特点，生物学行为及预后，并简要探讨了气管，支气管内肿瘤的手术及激光疗沓。     

结核性气管支气管狭窄的外科治疗

目的报告结核性气管、支气管狭窄的外科治疗经验。方法分析的３５例中气管狭窄２例，支气管狭窄３３例。全肺切除１４例，肺叶切除１３例，肺叶切除支气管成形３例，右全肺切除加气管下段部分切除２例，主支气管节段切除１例，右全肺切除加气管成形术１例，气管切开、气管下段肉芽肿摘除术１例。结果术后效果良好，无支气管胸膜瘘、支气管再狭窄和手术死亡。结论对气管、支气管结核性狭窄，将狭窄之气管、支气管连同受累肺叶一并切除并加气管或支气管成形术为首选方式。     

气管隆突切除重建术后气管镜吸痰的配合与护理

对气管隆突部肿瘤或支气管肿瘤累及隆突的，可行气管隆突切除重建术。我院自2000年7月～2003年7月共施行了16例气管隆突切除重建术。术后由于气管的部分切除及主支气管的吻合，需要使颈部保持屈曲位，以减轻吻合口的张力。由于颈部的特殊体位及肺组织的弹性回缩减弱，     

气管隆凸部肿瘤手术的配合

气管、隆凸部肿瘤容易误诊为肺部其他疾病，确诊时多为中晚期。外科治疗难度及风险较大，手术配合要求较高。我院1980年1月至2003年6月外科治疗气管、隆凸部肿瘤患者26例，现报告如下。     

老年肺癌气管右全肺袖状切除疗效分析

目的为了解气管右全肺袖状切除对老年中央型肺癌的治疗效果．方法对15例因患中央型肺癌施行右全肺袖状切除的老年病人在手术操作、术后处理和预后方面进行总结．结果本组病人无手术死亡，术后随访5年以上，术后第一年的生存率为66.7％、第二年为54.3％，第三年为33％，第四年为20％，5年以上为13．3％．结论对老年右侧中央型肺癌侵犯右主支气管及隆凸施行气管右全肺袖状切除有实用价值。     

Lobectomía superior por cáncer de pulmón con bronquio traqueal verdadero: una presentación inusual

Tracheal bronchus is an aberrant bronchus usually originating from the right lateral wall of the trachea, with an incidence ranging from 0.1% to 5% and usually within 2.0 cm above the carina. The incidence of lung cancer with bronchial anomaly is very rare. There are only nine cases of lung cancer developing from the tracheal bronchus reported in the literature. Histological examination showed squamous cell carcinoma in only three of them, and we present a fourth case who was a 57-year-old man. Interestingly our patient's anomaly included both an absence of the normal right upper bronchus as well as right upper lobe ventilated from the true tracheal bronchus. This is the first documented case in the world of a squamous carcinoma arising from the true tracheal bronchus. Post-surgical histological stage was T2aN0M0 (stage IB). The patient is well 48 months after the operation and has no evidence of recurrence.     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery tracheal resection and carinal reconstruction for tracheal adenoid cystic carcinoma

We report a case of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) tracheal resection and carinal reconstruction in a patient with tracheal tumor. The patient presented with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the distal trachea, extending along the right main bronchus with carinal invasion. The reconstruction procedure was assisted with cross-field ventilation. Postoperative clinical course of this case was good. The forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV₁) improved from 0.461 L (17% pred.) to 2.31 L (87% pred.) 1 month after the operation. VATS tracheal resection and carinal reconstruction is a feasible option for patients with tracheal tumor with carina involvement.     

Gastrotracheal fistula:Treatment with a covered self-expanding Y-shaped metallic stent

A 67-year-old man had a sev-ere cough and pulmonary infection for 1 wk before seeking evaluation at our hospital.He had undergone esophagectomy with gastric pull-up and radiotherapy for esophageal cancer 3 years previously.After admission to our hospital,gastroscopy and bronchoscopy revealed a fistulous communication between the posterior tracheal wallnear the carina and the upper residual stomach.We measured the diameter of the trachea and bronchus and determined the site and size of the fistula using multislice computed tomography and gastroscopy.A covered self-expanding Y-shaped metallic stent was implanted into the trachea and bronchus.Subsequently,the fistula was closed completely.The patient tolerated the stent well and had good palliation of his symptoms.     

原发性气管支气管内良性肿瘤──附10例临床病理分析

本文报道１０例原发性气管，支气管内良性肿瘤，男女各５例，年龄２７－７２岁，平均年龄４８．２岁，肿瘤类型为：脂肪瘤５例，纤维瘤病，平滑肌瘤及畸胎瘤各１例，错构瘤２例，讨论了气管、支气管内良性肿瘤的病理类型特点，诊断及手术治疗。     

A novel technique of tracheal reconstruction with autologous bronchial pedicle flap

We describe a technique used in 2 patients for resection of a bronchogenic carcinoma arising from the right main bronchus and extending along the lateral wall of the lower trachea without carinal invasion. A right pneumonectomy was performed in the first case, and lower and middle lobes were preserved in the second case after extended upper lobe resection. A flap was mobilized from the non-involved left lateral wall of the right main bronchus, which was left attached to the carina. This was used to close the defect in the lower trachea. An autologous bronchial pedicle flap provides reliable material to repair and reconstruct a massive central airway defect.     

Ten cases of gastro‐tracheobronchial fistula: a serious complication after esophagectomy and reconstruction using posterior mediastinal gastric tube

Gastro‐tracheobronchial fistula (GTF) is a rare but life‐threatening complication specifically observed after esophagectomy and reconstruction using posterior mediastinal gastric tube. Ten cases of GTF were encountered in three hospitals in 2000–2009. Their clinicopathological, surgical, and postoperative care are summarized, together with a review of previously reported cases. GTF was classified as anastomotic leakage (n= 5), gastric necrosis (n= 4), and gastric ulcer type (n= 1). The anastomotic leakage type appeared about 2 weeks (postoperative day [POD]: 8–35) after esophagectomy, was located in the cervical or higher thoracic trachea. Breathing and pneumonia were controlled by tracheal tube placed in the distal of fistula. The gastric necrosis type was noted in patients who developed necrosis of the upper part of the gastric tube and abscess formation behind the tracheal wall, at POD 20–36 around the carina, the site of pronounced ischemia. Due to the large fistula around the carina, emergency surgery with muscle patch repair was frequently required for the control of aspiration pneumonia. Patients of the gastric ulcer type had peptic ulcer in the lesser curvature of the gastric tube, which perforated into the right bronchus long after surgery (POD 630). With respect to tracheobronchial factors, preoperative chemoradiation (three cases) and pre‐tracheal node dissection (three cases) tended to increase the risk of GTF. Closure of GTF by surgery (muscle patch repair) was successful in four cases and by nonsurgical treatment in three cases. In one case, stable oral intake was achieved by bypass operation without closure of GTF. Hospital death occurred in three cases. Understanding the pathogenesis and treatment options of GTF is important for surgeons who deal with esophageal cancer.     

原发性气管、隆突肿瘤外科治疗48例临床分析

目的总结原发性气管、隆突肿瘤外科治疗经验。方法回顾分析我科2001-2010年手术治疗48例气管、隆突肿瘤的临床资料,气管环形切除＋对端吻合35例,气管＋隆突切除重建12例,气管楔形切除1例;5例术中辅助体外循环。结果无围手术期死亡,临床治愈41例（85.4%）;术后随访7个月-7年,死亡5例（10.4%）,生存至今43例（89.6%）,其中生存5年及以上者9例（18.8%）;5例术中辅助体外循环28~46 min,平均36 min,麻醉满意。结论气管、隆突肿瘤外科手术疗效确切,合理选择手术方式,适当应用体外循环技术可提高手术安全性。     

Investigation of the non-small cell lung cancer patients with bronchus involvements: A population-based study

Background

We aimed to explore the prognostic differences among T1-4N0-2M0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with bronchus involvements and to validate the T category of these patients in an external cohort.

Methods

Univariable and multivariable Cox analysis was performed to determine the prognostic factors. Kaplan–Meier method with a log-rank test was used to compare overall survival differences between groups. Propensity score matching method was used to minimize the bias caused by the imbalanced covariates between groups.

Results

A total of 169 390 eligible T1-4N0-2M0 NSCLC cases were included. There were 2354, 3367, 1638, 75, 87 585, 42 056, 19 246, and 13 069 cases in the group of superficial tumors of any size with invasive component limited to bronchial wall (T1-bronchus), tumors involving main stem bronchus ≥2 cm from carina (T2-main bronchus [≥2 cm]), tumors involving main stem bronchus <2 cm from carina (T2-main bronchus [<2 cm]), tumors with carina invasion (T4-carina), T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Multivariable Cox analysis indicated that T1-bronchus patients had the best prognosis; T2-main bronchus (≥2 cm) and T2-main bronchus (<2 cm) patients had similar prognosis both in the entire cohort and in several subgroups. Survival curves showed that T1-bronchus and T1 patients had similar survival rates; the survivals of T2-main bronchus patients regardless of the distance from carina were comparable to those of T2 patients, and the survivals of T4-carina patients were also similar to those of T4 patients.

Conclusions

Our results validated and supported the current T category for the patients with bronchus involvements, which might provide certain reference value for the revisions of T category in the next version of the tumor-node-metastasis stage classification.     

Right tracheal bronchus with anomalous ramification of the bronchial artery disclosed during an episode of hemoptysis]

A 63-year-old woman was referred to our hospital on June 18th, 1998 during an episode of hemoptysis that had lasted for 6 days. She had no hemorrhagic diathesis and no history of pulmonary disease. Chest X-ray films disclosed a ground-glass opacity in the right upper lung field. Bronchoscopic examination revealed bleeding from an anomalous ectopic orifice on the right lateral trachea, about 1 cm above the carina. Chest computed tomographic examinations by conventional and spiral methods readily disclosed an ectopic bronchus. Bronchial arteriography showed that the tracheal bronchus was fed by a branched vessel of the thyrocervical artery arising from the brachiocephalic artery. Atypical mycobacterium was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the ectopic bronchus. A shunt had formed with the pulmonary artery and peripheral parts of the bronchial artery that fed the tracheal bronchus. It was speculated that the hemoptysis in this case might be due to the combined phenomena of infection and abnormal vessel formation in the tracheal bronchus. In our patient, the system of blood supply to the tracheal bronchus may have been a manifestation of atavism because it closely resembled the circulatory structure of the tracheal bronchi normally observed in sheep and giraffes. The tracheal bronchus should be taken into consideration as a potential cause of hemoptysis, inflammatory changes, and atelectasis during intubation.     

Tracheal tumor resection and reconstruction surgery

Ninety-six tracheal tumor patients were treated surgically. Tracheal resection was performed in 79 patients with 11 primary tracheal tumors (nine with adenoid cystic carcinoma), and 68 secondary tumors involving the trachea (62 with thyroid carcinoma). Resection of the trachea plus carina was performed in 16 patients with 10 primary pulmonary carcinomas, 4 adenoid cystic carcinomas and 2 varied tumors. Tracheal incision and tumor enucleation was carried out in one patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma. With patients presenting no bloody sputum, initial diagnosis was thought to be bronchial asthma. In many cases, therefore, suffocation almost occurred before surgical treatment. Eleven of 13 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma were alive without recurrence at last follow-up, this ranged from 2 to 9 years. Two patients died with recurrence 5 and 6 years, respectively, after operation. Postoperative radiotherapy appeared to be effective in obviating local recurrence in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea. In patients with thyroid carcinoma invading the trachea, of the 29 patients eligible for 5-year follow-up, 19 were still alive, and of the 10 patients eligible for 10-year follow up, seven were still alive. However, in patients with thyroid carcinoma remaining after tracheal resection, 10-year survival was rare.