急性脑挫伤患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶的变化及其临床意义

目的:探讨急性脑挫伤患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)在急性期的动态变化及其临床意义.方法:选择急性脑挫伤患者28例,脑外伤按严重程度分为弥漫性脑挫伤组13例,局灶性脑挫伤组15例,分时抽取外周静脉血,用放射免疫法(RIA)检测急性期血清NSE水平,观察NSE与出血量和神经功能缺损的相关性.结果:弥漫性脑挫伤组患者早期血清NSE浓度为(75.43±5.61)μg/mL,局灶性脑挫伤组为(34.61±7.52)μg/mL,对照组为(10.81±3.21)μg/mL,脑挫伤组明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),且弥漫性脑挫伤组与局灶性脑挫伤组差异有显著性(P＜0.05).弥漫性脑挫伤组与局灶性脑挫伤组血清NSE水平均于第3天达到高峰,随后开始下降.血清NSE水平与患者神经功能缺损程度评分之间呈正相关,与预后呈负相关.结论:NSE可以作为判断脑挫伤急性期病情严重程度和评估预后的指标之一.     

血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶对于老年急性脑出血患者的临床意义

目的探讨老年急性脑出血患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)与出血部位、出血量、神经功能缺损及预后之间的关系。方法选择发病在24 h内老年急性脑出血患者105例,选93例同期健康体检者作为对照组,采用酶联免疫分析法测定两组NSE浓度,按SSS标准评定神经功能缺损及预后,出血量以入院时CT显示计。结果急性脑出血组血清NSE水平与出血部位无明显关系(P>0.05)。急性脑出血组血清NSE水平[少量出血(13.81±3.95)μg/L、中量出血(18.74±4.32)μg/L、大量出血(25.19±3.07)μg/L]显著高于对照组[(8.62±2.64)μg/L],P<0.05。急性脑出血组血清NSE水平与出血量成正比(P<0.05)。急性脑出血组血清NSE水平与神经功能缺损程度呈正相关(r=0.926,P<0.05)。结论血清NSE能够反映神经组织的损害程度,可作为老年急性脑出血病情判断及预后评估的参考指标。     

急性脑卒中患者血清及脑脊液中神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平与神经功能缺失的关系

目的:观察急性期和恢复期脑出血和脑梗死患者血清和脑脊液的神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuronspecificenolase,NSE)的变化,探讨其与神经功能缺损程度的相关性。方法:分别收集2002-06/2004-06甘肃省人民医院脑系科收治的50例急性期和恢复期脑出血患者、50例急性期和恢复期脑梗死患者及20例正常人的血清、脑脊液标本,采用酶联免疫分析方法测定NSE,并进行统计学分析。结果:脑梗死组急性期血清NSE质量浓度是(26.82±7.03)μg/L,脑脊液NSE质量浓度是(33.28±11.34)μg/L;脑出血组急性期血清NSE质量浓度是(22.44±6.06)μg/L,脑脊液NSE质量浓度是(28.48±8.97)μg/L;并且病情越重、血清和脑脊液中NSE的质量浓度越高。急性期脑出血和脑梗死患者血清和脑脊液中NSE质量浓度呈显著正相关(脑出血组r=0.920,P<0.01;脑梗死组r=0.865,P<0.01);脑出血和脑梗死患者血清和脑脊液中NSE质量浓度与出院时神经功能缺损程度呈显著正相关(脑出血组r=0.893,P<0.01;脑梗死组r=0.736,P<0.01)。结论:血清和脑脊液中NSE的质量浓度能反映脑损害的程度,是判断脑损害程度的定量信息,对预测患者出院后神经症状和体征的恢复程度也具有较大的价值。     

急性脑卒中患者血清及脑脊液中神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平与神经功能缺失的关系

目的：观察急性期和恢复期脑出血和脑梗死患者血清和脑脊液的神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron specific enolase，NSE)的变化，探讨其与神经功能缺损程度的相关性。方法：分别收集2002-06／2004-06甘肃省人民医院脑系科收治的50例急性期和恢复期脑出血患者、50例急性期和恢复期脑梗死患者及20例正常人的血清、脑脊液标本，采用酶联免疫分析方法测定NSE，并进行统计学分析。结果：脑梗死组急性期血清NSE质量浓度是(26．82&;#177;7．03)μg／L，脑脊液NSE质量浓度是(33．28&;#177;11．34)μg／L；脑出血组急性期血清NSE质量浓度是(22．44&;#177;6．06)μg／L，脑脊液NSE质量浓度是(28．48&;#177;8．97)μg／L；并且病情越重、血清和脑脊液中NSE的质量浓度越高。急性期脑出血和脑梗死患者血清和脑脊液中NSE质量浓度呈显著正相关(脑出血组r=0．920，P&;lt;0．01；脑梗死组r=0．865，P&;lt;0．01)；脑出血和脑梗死患者血清和脑脊液中NSE质量浓度与出院时神经功能缺损程度呈显著正相关(脑出血组r=0．893，P&;lt;0．01；脑梗死组r=0．736，P&;lt;0．01)。结论：血清和脑脊液中NSE的质量浓度能反映脑损害的程度，是判断脑损害程度的定量信息，对预测患者出院后神经症状和体征的恢复程度也具有较大的价值。     

脑出血急性期血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶与神经功能缺损的研究

目的 探讨脑出血急性期患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)的浓度变化及其与神经功能缺损和出血量大小之间的关系。方法 用酶联免疫分析法分析测定 46例脑出血患者和 21例性别、年龄结构相似的健康人血清 NSE浓度。神经功能缺损评定按 SSS标准,出血量以入院时 CT结果计算。结果 脑出血患者血清 NSE明显高于正常对照组 (P     

电针治疗对急性脑梗死患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶及神经功能缺损的影响

目的通过观察电针对急性期脑梗死患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)含量及神经功能缺损的影响,探讨电针对脑梗死的治疗作用和治疗时间窗。方法选择发病3d内的急性期脑梗死患者30例,随机分为对照组(常规药物治疗)和电针组(常规药物治疗加电针治疗2周),采用美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)对患者进行神经功能缺损评分,观察2组患者治疗前、后血清NSE含量及NIHSS评分的变化。结果治疗前,2组血清NSE含量及NIHSS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗2周后,电针组NSE含量及NIHSS评分均明显低于对照组(P<0.05),且电针组NSE含量及NIHSS评分间存在显著相关性(r=0.781,P<0.01)。结论电针能够促进受损神经元的修复及神经功能缺损的恢复。     

急性脑血管病患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶测定及临床意义

目的　研究急性血管病患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)的变化及与神经功能的关系。方法　脑出血 36例 ,脑梗死 4 1例 ,正常对照 19例。患者分别在发病后 4 8小时和 2周时采集血样 ,血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶测定采用酶联免疫吸附分析方法 (ELISA)。神经功能缺损评定按照全国脑血管病会议制定的神经功能缺损程度和生活状态评分进行。结果　脑出血、脑梗死组 4 8小时及 2周时血清NSE明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,并与神经功能缺损程度呈正相关 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　急性脑血管病患者血清NSE明显升高 ,并能反映神经功能缺损程度。     

急性脑血管病患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶与神经功能缺损的相关性

通过对162例急性脑血管病患者及40例同期住院非神经系统疾病患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的对比观察,了解NSE在患者病变过程中的变化规律及与神经缺损程度的关系。研究发现:脑血管病患者急性期血清中的NSE含量明显增高,与对照组差异存在显著性意义;NSE的高低反映了急性脑血管患者脑损伤的程度,从而决定了神经功能的缺损程度;血清中NSE含量的动态变化反映了病情的发展变化过程,与神经功能缺损程度密切相关。     

血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶和乳酸检测对局部亚低温脑保护作用的评价

目的　探讨血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)和乳酸检测对局部亚低温脑保护作用评价的意义。方法　将 4 0例脑出血患者按 1∶1配对分为治疗组 ( 2 0例 )和对照组 ( 2 0例 ) ,观察两组间神经功能缺损差异 ,检测和比较两组血清NSE和乳酸水平差异。结果　入院时两组之间欧洲卒中评分、血清NSE和乳酸检测水平比较 ,差异均无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;治疗 1周、2周时欧洲卒中评分治疗组为6 2 1± 10 8分和 70 3± 10 7分 ,对照组为 5 2 8± 10 9分和 6 0 5± 10 9分 (P <0 0 5 ) ;治疗 3、7d时血清NSE治疗组为 19 5± 3 8μg/L和 11 9± 3 4 μg/L ,对照组为 2 3 6± 3 7μg/L和 18 8± 5 5 μg/L(P <0 0 5 ) ;治疗 3、7d时两组之间血清乳酸水平差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　血清NSE检测对评价局部亚低温脑保护作用具有重要意义 ,血清乳酸对亚低温脑保护作用评价意义不明确     

脑出血急性期血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶的动态变化和意义

目的　探讨神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)在脑出血急性期的动态变化及其临床意义。方法　用放射免疫法(RIA)检测 4 6例脑出血患者急性期NSE血清水平 ,观察NSE与出血量和神经功能缺损的相关性。结果　脑出血组血清NSE水平明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,发病 2 4h内即升高 ,在 (2 7± 0 9)d达到高峰 ,与出血量大小 (r =0 36 ,P <0 0 5 )和神经功能缺损程度 (r =0 34,P <0 0 5 )呈正相关。结论　NSE可以作为判断脑出血急性期病情严重程度和评估预后的指标之一。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.