Acute renal failure after exercise in a child with renal hypouricemia

We describe a 15 year old boy with renal hypouricemia who developed acute renal failure after a school athletics meeting, accompanied by appendicitis. During acute renal failure, the highest level of uric acid was 5.0 mg/dL, creatinine 7.9 mg/dL and urea nitrogen 58.6 mg/dL. After recovery, the serum uric acid fell to 0.9 mg/dL and the fractional excretion of uric acid (FEu_A) exceeded the normal range. The probenecid and pyrazinamide tests showed that the patient had a total defect of uric acid reabsorption. This case suggested that strenuous exercise could be responsible for acute renal failure in patients with renal hypouricemia.     

Rapid national survey of renal stones in New Zealand infants

Aim:   The aim of this study was to determine if there have been recent serious renal problems because of melamine among infants in New Zealand.
Methods:   New Zealand paediatricians were surveyed in October 2008 using the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit network.
Results:   Two cases of renal stones and none of unexplained renal failure in the previous 12 months were reported. Both cases of renal stones had an identifiable cause, and neither had features of melamine-related stones.
Conclusion:   This survey confirmed the expectation that this was not a discernible problem of recent serious melamine-associated renal damage in New Zealand. The method did however prove to be an effective way of undertaking a rapid determination of a possible recent serious health problem among children.     

Exercise-induced acute renal failure in a girl with renai hypouricemia

A 10-year-old Japanese girl developed acute renal failure following a 100-meter dash during physical training at school. After the run, she experienced intense pain in the loins with nausea and vomiting lasting more than 12 h. On the following morning, she was found to have mild proteinuria and acute renal failure (ARF). Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were elevated, but the serum uric acid level was normal (3.1 mg/dL). With recovery of renal function over the ensuing days, hypouricemia (0.6 mg/dL) became evident in the patient. Although the pathophysiological association between renal hypouricemia and ARF is not known, oxygen free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis for ischemic-reperfusion ARF. Superoxide production by neutrophils stimulated by N-formyl methionine leucyl-phenylalanine was normal in the patient both before and following exercise. Pyrazinamide and probenecid tests were undertaken on both the patient and her parents, who had borderline hypouricemia, to determine their renal tubular handling of uric acid. Results showed that the patient and her mother had a subtotal reabsorption defect, while the father had defective postsecretory uric acid reabsorption.     

肾小管重塑在急性肾损伤中的作用机制

急性肾损伤(AKI)是临床常见的危重症,病死率高。AKI时主要的受损细胞是肾小管上皮细胞。肾小管上皮细胞重塑在AKI发生发展、预后转归中起着至关重要的作用。肾小管重塑过程机制复杂,其确切调控机制尚不清楚,文章就AKI肾小管重塑调控机制进行综述。     

Acute renal failure in falciparum malaria—a case report

A case of P. falciparum malaria with acute renal failure is reported. The urinary sodium of 42 mEg/L pointed towards a tubular pathology. There was no significant intravascular hemolysis as serum bilirubin was normal and plasma hemoglobin only mildly elevated. The pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis due to heavy parasitemia is discussed. The other interesting feature which the patient exhibited was alternate day fever in the hospital and the peripheral smear showing only gametocytes repeatedly. Gametocytes do not give rise to symptoms. The patient responded well to quinine hydrochloride and the gametocytes disappeared. There is no satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon.     

Extended daclizumab monotherapy for rejection-free survival in non-adherent adolescent recipients of renal allografts

Abstract:  Acute rejection episodes are almost inevitable in the face of immunosuppression non-adherence and a known risk factor for developing chronic allograft nephropathy and accelerated graft loss. Daclizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor, is an important advance for induction therapy in renal transplant immunosuppression, reducing early acute graft rejection without affecting the tolerability of standard immunosuppression, for both steroid-based and steroid-free immunosuppressive protocols, in children and adults. In the absence of depot immunosuppression for maintenance therapy, we explored extended daclizumab therapy as temporary maintenance immunosuppression for acute rejection prophylaxis in two patients with recalcitrant immunosuppression non-adherence. Both patients had prior episodes of aggressive acute rejection associated with their non-adherence but achieved stable and rejection-free renal allograft function with daclizumab monotherapy in the presence of documented non-adherence thus providing an effective bridge for up to 12 months until immunosuppression adherence was re-established with ongoing psychosocial support. This report suggests that daclizumab monotherapy over an extended period of time during the period of non-adherence in the post transplant period could be a rescue modality to avoid immune activation and thereby prevent acute rejection in the face of erratic maintenance immunosuppression.     

Doppler evaluation of renal blood flow velocity as a predictive index of acute renal failure in perinatal asphyxia

Aim of our study was to evaluate Doppler renal blood flow velocity in asphyxiated neonates and to correlate renal function to Doppler findings. Doppler renal blood flow velocity was evaluated in 23 severely asphyxiated neonates born at a gestational age >32 weeks and compared to our standard Doppler data obtained in 25 healthy neonates comparable for gestational age and birth weight. Renal Doppler ultrasound was performed on the 1st and 3rd days of life. Renal function was investigated in the first 2 weeks of life. Asphyxiated neonates showed mean values of systolic velocity and mean velocity significantly reduced (P< 0.001) compared with our standard Doppler values on the 1st day of life. Seven out of the 23 asphyxiated neonates were affected by acute renal failure and 14 showed no renal involvement. Two neonates were oliguric but did not develop acute renal failure. On the 1st day of life, neonates with acute renal failure had significantly lower mean values of systolic velocity and mean velocity than the asphyxiated neonates without renal involvement (P< 0.01). All 7 neonates affected by acute renal failure showed a systolic velocity more than 2SD below the mean standard value, while only 4 of the 16 asphyxiated neonates (25%) without acute renal failure had low systolic velocity values on the 1st day of life. Doppler velocities in asphyxiated neonates were similar to standard values on the 3rd day of life. Renal failure recovered before the 11th day of life in all cases. Conclusion Our findings indicate that decreased Doppler renal flow systolic velocity observed in asphyxiated neonates on the 1st day of life is a useful predictive index for subsequent development of acute renal failure, with 100% sensitivity and 63.6% specificity. Received: 21 July 1997 / Accepted in revised form: 24 November 1997     

新生儿非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭临床研究

目的探讨新生儿非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭的临床特点、病因、发病机制及预后。方法前瞻性研究新生儿非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)22例。冰点渗透压仪测定血浆、尿液渗透压,放射免疫法检测血清抗利尿激素(ADH)、血清及尿液β2-微球蛋白(β2-M);同时检测血钠、尿钠、血肌酐、尿肌酐、血尿素氮;计算钠排泄分数(FENa)、肌酐清除率(Ccr)、肾衰指数(REI)。对照组为同期肾功能正常的轻型病例。结果本组原发疾病为新生儿窒息12例,占54％。非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭组尿/血渗透压0.95±0.34,血β2-M4.51±1.97(mg/L),ADH14.71±5.04(ng/L)明显增高,Ccr10.5±7.3ml/(min·1.73m2),明显降低,尿β2-M改变不明显。结论新生儿窒息是导致非少尿型ARF的最主要病因。非少尿型ARF主要为肾前因素所致,肾小管损害较轻,对ADH有效应,且预后较好。     

儿童急性胰腺炎肾损害临床特征

目的探讨儿童急性胰腺炎肾损害的临床、病理特点。方法对4例急性胰腺炎肾损害患儿进行肾脏活检,尿β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP),血清白蛋白、肌酐,24h尿蛋白定量等检查;所有患儿均应用糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂联合治疗。结果急性胰腺炎肾损害患儿血尿、蛋白尿持续时间长,尿24h蛋白定量、尿β2-MG和RBP水平均升高。肾脏病理损害表现为肾间质水肿、弥漫性炎性细胞浸润,肾小球系膜细胞、基质增生,有IgG、IgE、IgA、IgM、C3等免疫复合物沉积。经皮质激素及免疫抑制剂联合治疗6～8个月缓解。结论儿童急性胰腺炎肾损害作为一种独立的继发性肾脏损害性疾病,应当引起临床的关注。     

新生儿急性肾功能衰竭抗利尿激素水平的变化

目的　探讨新生儿急性肾功能衰竭 (NARF)血浆抗利尿激素 (ADH)的变化及其对肾功能的影响。方法　NARF 3 3例 ,其中少尿型 10例 ,非少尿型 2 3例 ,对照组为同期肾功能正常的轻型病例 2 8例。FM - 6型冰点渗透压仪测定血浆、尿液渗透压 ,放射免疫法检测血清ADH ,同时检测血钠、尿钠、血肌酐、尿肌酐 ,计算出钠排泄分数 (FENa)、肌酐清除率 (Ccr)、肾衰指数 (RFI)、自由水清除率 (CH2 O)。结果　少尿型、非少尿型ARF及对照组的ADH分别为 18.98± 7.65、14.2 3± 6.61、6.5 8± 3 .46ng/L ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。FENa、RFI、Ccr、CH2 O 3组比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。 3组尿 /血渗透压无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。ADH与RFI、FENa均正相关 (r=0 .3 6　P =0 .0 0 5 ) ,与Ccr负相关 (r=- 0 .3 6　P =0 .0 0 5 )。结论　NARF有ADH的异常分泌 ,ADH增高与肾小球滤过率降低相关 ,对肾小管有部分效应     

Acute heart failure and acute renal failure in Kawasaki disease

Acute renal failure and acute heart failure are rare in Kawasaki disease. We experienced two patients with Kawasaki disease who presented acute renal failure and acute heart failure. These two patients gave us an important insight into the understanding of water balance and fluid therapy in Kawasaki disease. One patient showed acute prerenal failure due to fluid exudation from the intravascular to the extravascular space, and subsequent acute heart failure. The other patient showed acute heart failure caused by fluid infusion for the treatment of dehydration. It is suggested that acute renal failure could be caused by a fluid shift from the intravascular to the extravascular space in Kawasaki disease. It is also demonstrated that the reserve of cardiac function could be decreased in patients with Kawasaki disease due to myocarditis even with normal echocardiography and chest X-rays.     

Evaluation of diagnostic criteria of acute renal failure in premature infants

A prospective study was performed to investigate the validity of renal failure index (RFI) or fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) in preterm infants. The subjects were 128 newborn infants, 72 with oliguria and 56 without renal dysfunction (control). Oliguric infants were divided into two categories: acute renal failure (ARF) and prerenal failure (PRF), according to creatinine clearance (Ccr). Furthermore, all subjects were divided into four groups according to gestation, that is, 38 infants with gestational age of 25–28 weeks (group 1), 28 with 29–30 weeks (group 2), 38 with 31–36 weeks (group 3) and 24 of > 37 weeks (group 4). As a result, differentiation between ARF and PRF was valid when the RFI or FENa was used in infants of > 29 weeks gestation (groups 2, 3 and 4). Although infants of > 31 weeks gestation (groups 3 and 4) who present with an RFI > 3 or an FENa > 3% may be diagnosed as having ARF, infants in group 2 with an RFI of > 8 or an FENa of > 6% may be diagnosed as having ARF. For the infants in group 1, the application of RFI or FENa for diagnosis of ARF may be limited because of some overlap among the groups.     

Two-dose daclizumab induction in pediatric renal transplantation

Abstract:  DCZ, an IL-2 receptor antagonist, has been widely used for induction therapy in pediatric and adult solid organ transplantation. Originally, it was recommended as a five-dose regimen; however, fewer doses may be efficacious and less costly for prevention of rejection. There is limited experience with the use of fewer doses in pediatric renal transplantation. We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of 26 primary pediatric renal transplants performed at a single center between June 2004 and May 2007 receiving induction therapy with two-dose DCZ (1.5 mg/kg preoperatively and day seven post-transplant). Maintenance immunosuppression included tacrolimus, MMF, and prednisone in all patients. Forty-six percent were African American and 92% were deceased-donor transplants. After a mean follow-up of 17.8 ± 7.5 months, acute rejection was noted in 11.5% and graft survival was 92.3%. CMV infection occurred in 11.5%, but no case of BK nephropathy or post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder was observed. Our preliminary results suggest that induction therapy with two-dose DCZ was convenient, economical, and effective in preventing rejection episodes without an increase in adverse events or hospital stay. Larger randomized clinical trials with longer duration of follow-up are needed to more fully validate the use of this regimen in pediatric renal transplantation.     

Single-center experience with mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric renal transplant recipients

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a potent and specific inhibitor of guanosine nucleotide synthesis, is a new immunosuppressive drug used to prevent rejection in transplant patients. Extensive data on its utility and efficacy exists in adult patients but there is limited experience in pediatrics. Twenty-four children (14 male, 10 female; 2-19 yr of age), eight of whom had received living-related donor (LRD) transplants and 16 of whom had received cadaveric donor (CD) transplants, have been treated with MMF in our institution since September 1996. MMF was administered for a duration ranging from 13 weeks to 38 months, at an average dose of 600 mg/m2 (range: 200-1,000 mg/dose) every 12 h, for a total experience of 304 patient months. MMF capsules were used in 16 patients and/or pediatric suspension in eight. Five patients were switched to MMF from azathioprine as a result of rejection episodes or inability to taper prednisone, between 5 weeks and 3.5 yr post-transplant. All patients received prednisone, cyclosporin A (CsA), and induction therapy with anti-lymphocyte globulin (19 patients), anti-thymocyte globulin (one patient) or daclizumab (four patients). In 12 patients started on MMF at the time of CD transplant, five (42%) had an acute rejection episode. In seven who received a LRD transplant, one (14%) had an acute rejection episode. No patients who were converted to MMF were treated for acute rejection following conversion to MMF. One LRD graft was lost at 19 days following injury to the donor artery at the time of retrieval. At the last follow-up, the average creatinine level was 93 micromol/L and average urea level was 8.6 mmol/L. One patient developed epigastric distress. Three patients developed diarrhea/abdominal pain requiring dose adjustment. Five episodes of leukopenia and one episode of thrombocytopenia required dose adjustment. Two patients developed symptomatic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, one while on acyclovir prophylaxis. No malignancy has been encountered to date. Hence, MMF can be administered safely to children with good effect and with an acceptable side-effect profile.     

Safety and efficacy of alemtuzumab in the treatment of late acute renal allograft rejection

Safety and efficacy of alemtuzumab in the treatment of AR in children after renal transplantation is unknown. Five episodes of refractory late AR in three children (three episodes in patient 1 and a single episode in patients 2 and 3 occurring after 7-23 months of transplantation) were treated with one dose of alemtuzumab as a rescue therapy. Four episodes (Banff IA-IB) in patients 1 and 2 reversed fully or partially with alemtuzumab, whereas patient 3 with Banff IB-IIA AR failed to respond. Patient 1 had recurrent AR 5, 13, and 15 months later; first two episodes responded to retreatment with alemtuzumab, and the last episode was not treated causing allograft failure. Patient 2 had steroid-responsive AR after two months and had a functioning allograft 25 months later. A transient reduction in all lymphocyte subsets except natural killer cells occurred in all patients. Patient 3 (treated with steroids, Thymoglobulin(R) , intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab prior to alemtuzumab) suffered many bacterial infections during one-yr period after therapy. However, symptomatic viral infections were not observed in any of the children. Treatment with alemtuzumab may prolong allograft survival in multidrug-resistant AR but may not prevent recurrent AR in non-adherent children.     

Surveillance renal transplant biopsies and subclinical rejection at three months post-transplant in pediatric recipients

Subclinical acute rejection (SCR) has been increasingly recognized in adult renal transplant recipients with the advent of surveillance biopsies. However, in children, surveillance biopsies are not routinely performed at most centers. Therefore, the incidence, predisposing factors, treatment, and clinical outcomes of SCR remain unclear in children. From August 2004 to December 2005, we performed 36 protocol biopsies at three months post-transplantation. All patients had received induction therapy with basiliximab and were maintained on prednisone, MMF, and tacrolimus. Sixteen cases of SCR were detected by biopsy (44%). Age, gender, race, donor source, or serum creatinine did not discriminate between children with SCR and those with normal biopsies. All cases of SCR were treated with high doses of methylprednisolone. At one yr post-transplant, renal function was similar in children with SCR to those with normal surveillance biopsies (p = 0.62). Because of the high incidence of SCR, the maintenance dose of MMF was increased by 50% in 20 children transplanted after December 2005. This resulted in a significant decline in the incidence of SCR from 44 to 15% (p < 0.05). However, the incidence of polyomavirus (BK) viremia also increased significantly in these children (p < 0.005). Conclusion: A high incidence of SCR was found on surveillance biopsies at three months post-transplant and could not be predicted by age, gender, race, donor source, or serum creatinine. The occurrence of SCR declined significantly by increasing the dose of MMF, but resulted in an increase in BK viremia. We conclude that surveillance biopsies provide valuable information in the management of pediatric renal transplant recipients. Increasing immunosuppression to avoid SCR should be weighed against the risk for infection.     

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??Acute kidney injury??AKI?? is common in newborns??especially in preterm and low birth weight infants??with high mortality rate and poor prognosis. Renal replacement therapy is the effective treatment for AKI??including peritoneal dedialysis??PD????continuous renal replacement therapy??CRRT?? and intermittent hemodialysis??HD??. CRRT was widely used in clinical practice in recent decades??but there was less experience in newborn. Indication??monitoring and care of CRRT in newborn were introduced in this paper.     

Impact of acute rejection on development of chronic rejection in pediatric renal transplant recipients

For pediatric kidney transplant recipients, chronic rejection has become the predominant cause of graft loss. This article reviews risk factors for chronic rejection and what can be done to lower the risk of chronic rejection for future transplant recipients.     

Using NSAID in volume depleted children can precipitate acute renal failure

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are increasingly popular in hospital medicine and general practice and are readily available over the counter. The vast majority of healthy children who ingest therapeutic doses of NSAID for a limited duration tolerate them without any significant adverse effects. However, the risk of renal toxicity is potentially increased in situations where there is stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system such as with volume depletion or in pre-existing chronic renal disease. We describe four cases which illustrate this complication occurring in a children's hospital. We have not proven cause and effect, but further research is needed to define the true risk of the potential renal complications of NSAID in patients at risk of dehydration.