上海市女性居民宫颈癌筛查知识和行为现状调查

[目的]了解上海市女性居民对宫颈癌筛查的知识和行为现状,为有针对性地开展健康教育和早期筛查工作提供科学依据。[方法]于2010年8—9月,对上海市7 909例15岁及以上女性居民的宫颈癌筛查知识和相关检查参与情况进行分析。[结果]对宫颈癌异常体征（7 908例）和宫颈细胞定期涂片筛查知识（7 907例）的知晓率：15岁及以上女性居民分别为54.29%和34.88%;居住于中心城区者知晓率较高（分别为59.49%和39.41%）;18～44岁年龄组的知晓率较高（分别为62.04%和40.30%）;大专及以上者的知晓率较高（分别为70.29%和49.33%）。18岁及以上的调查对象（6 973例）接受宫颈脱落细胞检查的比例为32.37%,不同年龄和文化程度者的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.001）,其中18～44岁和未接受正规学校教育的女性受检比例较低（分别为26.96%和20.69%）。在曾经做过宫颈脱落细胞检查的2 223例女性居民中,最近一次检查距调查时的时间间隔中位数为2.00年。[结论]上海市女性居民对宫颈癌筛查的认知度较高,但参加相关筛查的比例相对较低。应加强该人群宫颈癌筛查知识的健康教育和行为指导,以提高其宫颈癌筛查的参与率及主动防癌健康检查的比例。     

上海市浦东新区书院社区2013年居民大肠癌筛查结果分析

目的 总结和分析书院社区居民大肠癌筛查情况,提出推动社区大肠癌筛查工作的相关建议.方法 利用病史问卷调查和粪便隐血试验（FOBT）对辖区内45～80岁居民进行初筛,对初筛的高危人群做进一步电子肠镜检查诊断,对检查结果进行分析.结果 2013年书院社区共开展大肠癌筛查3 765人,居民大肠癌筛查参与率为18.9％,初筛高危人群397人,阳性率为10.5％;高危人群中131人接受了肠镜检查,检查率为33.0％,其中确诊大肠癌2例,腺瘤29例,息肉13例.结论 在社区开展病史问卷调查、粪便隐血试验和结肠镜检查有利于大肠癌及癌前病变的早期诊断及治疗.但当前社区居民大肠癌筛查参与率及肠镜检查率均偏低,需加强居民大肠癌癌筛查的宣教动员工作.     

上海某地区大肠癌筛查肠镜检查结果分析

目的分析某社区居民的大肠癌筛查肠镜结果,为大肠癌筛查项目实施提供参考依据。方法整理并分析2013年上海市川沙社区1,107例大便隐血检测(FOBT)结果为阳性的居民的肠镜检查结果资料。结果肠镜检查发现大肠癌7例、腺瘤108例、息肉296例、肠炎12例、其他19例、未发现病变665例。结论肠镜检查可提高大肠癌及其癌前期病变的早诊率,降低大肠癌的死亡率和未来发病率。     

上海市奉贤区社区居民大肠癌筛查结果分析

目的进行上海市奉贤区社区居民大肠癌筛查,探讨社区居民大肠癌筛查的效果。方法以《上海市重大公共卫生服务项目社区居民大肠癌筛查工作规范》为依据,对40~79岁上海市奉贤区户籍居民进行大肠癌筛查。以危险度评估问卷调查及粪便隐血试验(FOBT)作为初筛,初筛阳性者行全结肠镜检查,并对结果进行分析。结果实际筛查46 501人,初筛阳性率为24.07%,无论男性还是女性,70岁以上人群初筛阳性率最高;肠镜检查依从率为45.90%,总病变检出率21.92%,总病变检出率随着年龄增长呈上升的趋势,不同年龄组总病变检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=21.25,P0.05),并且男性显著高于女性,差异有统计学意义(χ2=152.23,P0.05);单一评估阳性组的肠镜检查依从率、总病变检出率、癌及癌前病变检出率分别为40.18%、16.41%和9.42%,均低于单一FOBT阳性组(分别为47.94%、23.06%和13.76%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论危险度评估结合FOBT可以有效地检出上海市奉贤区居民大肠癌及癌前病变,对于降低大肠癌的死亡率和发病率具有重要意义。     

2013年上海市奉贤区泰日社区大肠癌筛查结果

目的了解上海市奉贤区泰日社区大肠癌筛查情况,探讨大肠癌筛查效果。方法按照《上海市社区居民大肠癌筛查实施方案》,对50~79岁奉贤区泰日社区常住居民采用危险度评估问卷调查和大便隐血试验(FOBT)相结合的方法进行初筛,对初筛阳性的人群进行电子肠镜检查。结果在参加大肠癌筛查的2 643人中,确定初筛阳性者995例,阳性率为37.6%。其中522例进行了肠镜检查,肠镜检查率为52.46%。检出病变117例,病变检出率为22.41%,其中男性检出率为31.28%,女性检出率为16.40%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.01,P0.01);筛查出大肠癌3例,大肠腺瘤79例,非腺瘤性息肉35例。结论危险度评估和FOBT相结合的筛查方法可以有效检出早期大肠癌和癌前病变,对于降低大肠癌的死亡率和发病率具有重要意义;泰日社区大肠癌检出率相对较高,病变检出率男性高于女性,且随着年龄的增长而升高,应着重加强重点人群的大肠癌防治工作。     

上海市某社区大肠癌筛查阳性居民知信行现状及肠镜检查意愿

【目的】了解大肠癌筛查阳性居民的大肠癌及其筛查知识、信念及行为现状,探讨居民肠镜检查参与意愿的影响因素。【方法】选取上海某社区2016年首次参加大肠癌筛查,并且筛查结果为阳性的居民共149名为调查对象,采用自行设计的问卷,以集中现场调查和入户调查相结合的形式对大肠癌筛查阳性居民进行调查。问卷内容包括居民的基本情况、大肠癌及其筛查的知信行情况和肠镜检查参与意愿情况。【结果】阳性居民的大肠癌及其筛查知识得分较好、一般、较差分别为34名(占22.8%)、38名(占25.5%)、77名(占51.7%);信念得分较好、一般、较差分别为12名(8.1%)、63名(42.3%)、74名(49.6%);在后续肠镜检查意愿方面,其中仅筛查危险度评估表阳性、仅便隐血阳性、评估表和便隐血均阳性的愿意去做肠镜检查的人数分别为82名(占55.03%)、87名(58.38%)、92名(占61.74%)。Spearman秩相关分析显示,知识与信念(rS=0.257,P0.05),知识与肠镜检查参与意愿(rS=0.345,P0.05),信念与肠镜检查参与意愿(rS=0.331,P0.05)间均呈正相关关系。不同性别、医保类型、月收入、体检次数、健康关注程度、到定点医院时间和就近二级医院的时间居民的肠镜检查意愿比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不同知识、信念得分的居民肠镜检查意愿比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。二分类非条件logistic回归分析显示,仅知识得分和信念得分对大肠癌筛查阳性居民的肠镜检查参与意愿的影响有统计学意义(P0.05)。【结论】该社区居民大肠癌筛查知识、信念、行为水平均需提高,筛查知识及筛查信念是阳性居民进一步做肠镜检查意愿的影响因素。     

上海市宝山区18237名居民大肠癌筛查情况及肠镜顺应性影响因素分析

目的了解该地区居民大肠癌高危人群、肠镜检查率等现况,为上海市大肠癌防治工作提供参考依据。方法以2013年5月-12月上海市宝山区参加大肠癌筛查项目的居民为研究对象,采用《上海市社区居民大肠癌筛查危险度评估表》与胶体金法粪便隐血检测(FOBT)相结合的方法,分析宝山区居民大肠癌初筛和肠镜顺应性情况,并对不同性别、年龄的居民筛查结果及其肠镜检查情况进行比较。结果上海市宝山区内18 237人参与大肠癌筛查,大肠癌筛查危险评估阳性2 731人(14.95%),FOBT检测结果阳性3 471人(19%),初筛高危人群共5 601人,初筛阳性率为30.65%。男女初筛阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);2 326民高危人群进行全肠镜检查,肠镜检查顺应性为42.19%,影响肠镜检查顺应性的因素包括:年龄(OR=0.836,95%CI:0.767～0.912),学历(OR=1.271,95%CI:1.137～1.419),一级亲属癌症史(OR=0.682,95%CI:0.544～0.864),肠息肉史(OR=1.618,95%CI:1.270～2.061)。结论有针对性的开展大肠癌高危人群筛查,有利于提高大肠癌患者的早诊率、治疗率,对改善大肠癌患者生存质量意义重大。     

2013—2016年上海市浦东新区某社区大肠癌筛查结果分析

【目的】分析2013—2016年上海浦东新区东明社区大肠癌筛查结果,为优化社区居民大肠癌筛查策略提供参考。【方法】采用填写危险度评估表结合粪便隐血试验(FOBT)的两步筛查法,对2013—2016年东明社区居民大肠癌筛查结果进行分析。【结果】共完成初筛13 669人,初筛完成率为99.63%,初筛阳性率为30.84%;其中849人参加肠镜检查,肠镜依从率为20.14%,大肠癌检出率为1.18%,管状腺瘤检出率为3.18%,总病变检出率为15.43%,单纯危险度评估阳性者肠镜依从性低于单纯粪便隐血检测阳性者、危险度评估和粪便隐血均阳性者,差异有统计学意义(χ2=170.32,P<0.001);总病变检出率男性高于女性,差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.03,P<0.05);目标人群(50~74岁)病变检出率高于非目标人群(<50或>74岁),差异有统计学意义(χ2=48.28,P<0.001)。【结论】大肠癌筛查效果明显,但肠镜参与率等指标偏低,提高肠镜参与率的措施尚需进一步优化。     

嘉定镇社区居民大肠癌不同筛查模式的效果评价

【目的】了解上海市嘉定镇社区居民采取不同方式开展大肠癌筛查的效果?【方法】采用常态化门诊主动筛查和集中式被动筛查两种方式?对符合筛查条件的居民开展大肠癌危险度评估和2次大便隐血检查?对初筛阳性者通知其肠镜检查?掌握动态?做好追踪随访?并对确诊为大肠癌的患者纳入肿瘤人群管理?【结果】4 455名参与大肠癌筛查居民中采取门诊筛查的居民占30.75%?被动筛查的占69.25%?女性占58.38%?男性占41.62%?年龄分组以50~69岁居多?占87.70%?初筛总阳性率为20.97%?两种筛查方式相比?门诊主动筛查的初筛阳性率高于被动筛查(P0.01)?肠镜检查顺应性方面?门诊主动筛查的肠镜检查率远远高于集中式被动筛查?P0.01?通过肠镜检查发现?门诊主动筛查组大肠癌及其癌前病变的检出率均高于集中式被动筛查?【结论】建立以门诊主动筛查为主?集中式被动筛查为辅助的筛查模式?能充分发挥大肠癌筛查的整体作用?     

大型工矿企业大肠癌早发现的探索

[目的 ]　探索提高大肠癌早期发现率的措施。 [方法 ]　用大便隐血试验筛检和监测大肠癌高危人群 ;建立职工医院与保健站之间的大肠癌早发现网络 ,对有 2周以上肛肠症状的病人常规进行四项检查 (直肠指检 ,大便隐血试验 ,X线气钡灌肠摄片和纤维结肠镜检查 )。 [结果 ]　用化学法和免疫法大便隐血试验初检大肠癌高危职工 46 5 1人 ,实检 35 5 4人 ,受检率 76 .4%。大便隐血试验阳性 35例 (阳性率 0 .98% ) ,复查检出 7例良性大肠病变。受检人群随访监测 3年 ,未发现大肠肿瘤。对 395例有 2周以上肛肠症状病人常规进行四项检查 ,共检出大肠癌 2 0例 ,检出率 5 .1%。 2 0例中早期 (A期 )癌 6例 ,占 30 .0 %。 [结论 ]　大肠癌因症就诊早发现的方法可操作性强 ,易于推行 ,能检出一定比例的早期大肠癌 ,更适用于大型工矿企业开展大肠癌二级预防。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.