居室装修后空气中苯的污染现状调查

目的探讨不同装修程度居室空气中苯的污染现状,分析其变化趋势及防控对策。方法在贵阳市住宅小区选择新装修居室,按使用各类人造板材及聚氨酯清漆的用量、外购家具装填情况等装修水平的不同分为3个实验组(每组8户),低装修水平1组,高装修水平1组,家具装填1组;设未使用人造板材、聚氨酯清漆和家具装填的1组(对照组),对上述组别中苯共作5次监测(15 d监测1次),测定方法按(GB 50325-2010)热解析-气相色谱法。结果低水平组第1次监测苯浓度范围(0.009~0.240 mg/m3),显著低于高水平组(0.078~1.040 mg/m3)和家具装填组(0.077~0.140 mg/m3);3个实验组苯浓度均高于对照组(P0.05),至第5次监测,家具装填组的苯浓度水平(0.009~0.089 mg/m3)高水平组(0.009~0.075 mg/m3)。同时,随时间的延长,各实验组苯浓度呈下降趋势。结论高装修水平组和家具装填组室内苯浓度明显高于低装修水平组,主要与人造板材、聚氨酯清漆的用量和质量、家具的装填和质量相关。     

居室装修后室内空气污染及变化趋势

[目的]调查居室装修后的室内空气污染状况,分析甲醛及挥发性有机污染物浓度随时间推移的变化趋势。[方法]随机选择95户装修竣工时间分别为〈3个月、3个月～、6个月～、9个月～、12～24个月的居室作为装修组,20户装修时间超过5年的居室作为对照组,测定室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、（对、间、邻）二甲苯和乙苯浓度。[结果]装修组室内甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯的平均含量分别为0.139、0.163、0.294、0.325、0.152mg/m^3,均明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）;各污染物的超标率在37.9%～80.0%,其中超标率最高的是甲醛。装修后3个月内甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和乙苯浓度较高,分别为0.297、0.391、0.535、0.594、0.454mg/m^3。3个月以后,室内污染物浓度逐渐降低,约于1年后下降到国家标准。[结论]居室装修可造成较严重的室内空气污染,随着竣工时间的延长,室内污染物浓度逐渐下降。     

2004年大连市部分居室空气中甲醛浓度调查

[目的]调查居室空气中甲醛的污染现状并探讨其影响因素。[方法]2004年月选择172户装修时间在半年内的居室为研究对象,选择52户毛坯房作对照,用酚试剂分光光度法测定室内空气中甲醛浓度。[结果]装修后的居室与毛坯房作比较,经t检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。简单装修与复杂装修比较,经t检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。室内空气中甲醛的浓度随着时间的推移有所下降。经6个月,复杂装修平均浓度从0.61 mg/m3降为0.24mg/m3,简单装修平均浓度从0.22 mg/m3降为0.11 mg/m3。[结论]大连市装修后室内空气中甲醛污染相当严重,良好的通风可有效地减轻居室内甲醛的污染程度。     

居室装修后空气苯污染情况的调查研究

[目的]探讨新装修后居室空气中苯污染情况及其影响因素。[方法]采用现场调查方法,对本系统营建的31户装修家庭的200余个不同房间,利用美国RAE公司生产的UltraRAE PGM-7200手提式苯蒸汽检测仪测定室内空气中苯含量。[结果]装修后初次测定苯平均浓度为1.36mg/m3,超过国家标准12.4倍,最高达70倍;部分家庭3个月后再次检测,符合国家标准。[结论]新装修后居室空气中苯污染严重,为了家人身心健康,装修房间最好通风换气3个月后入住。     

装修居室空气挥发性有机物污染对居民健康影响的调查

[目的]探讨装修居室室内空气挥发性有机物污染状况及其健康危害. [方法]选择唐山市市区在2001～2006年装修的152户装修居室,进行室内空气甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯浓度的检测,并对留居者进行自觉症状问卷调查. [结果]装修后时间在半年内的居室室内甲醛浓度为0.098 mg/m3,超标率为47.06%,随着装修时间的延长甲醛浓度有下降的趋势,装修后不同时间组的甲醛浓度差异有统计学意义(P=0.007 6).装修时间≤1年的和>1年的居室苯超标率分别为88.89%和30.77%,而甲苯和二甲苯浓度均无超标,两组苯和二甲苯浓度差异均有统计学意义(P值分别为0.000 9和0.030 2).控制年龄、性别和吸烟等混杂因素后,甲醛和苯浓度超标组和不超标组的留居者上呼吸道黏膜、皮肤黏膜刺激症状、眼睛刺激症状和神经衰弱症状的发生率差异均无统计学意义.每日居室停留时间>12 h的40岁以上年龄的留居者的皮肤刺激症状发生率较高,差异有统计学意义(X2=4.730 3,P=0.029 6).[结论]唐山市居室室内装修所致挥发性有机物污染状况不容忽视.留居者长时间暴露VOCs,皮肤刺激症状的发生率较高.     

新装修居室空气中甲醛和苯水平厦其对小鼠骨髓细胞微核率的影响

[目的]了解泸州市新装修居室空气中甲醛和苯的污染状况,以及两者单独、联合作用对小鼠骨髓细胞微核率的影响。[方法]采用酚试剂及活性炭采样管分别采集泸州市内57户新装修住宅（装修结束6个月之内）室内空气,用可见光分光光度法及气相色谱法测定甲醛及苯的浓度,并根据测定结果确定动物染毒基础剂量,应用小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验观察甲醛及苯单独、联合染毒对小鼠骨髓细胞的致突变作用。[结果]简单装修组甲醛及苯的平均浓度分别为0．203mg／m3及0．135mg／m3,最高浓度分别为0．780mg／m3、0．450mg／m3,分别超过国家标准9．75倍和5倍;复杂装修组甲醛及苯的平均浓度分别为0．331mg／m3、0．222mg／m3,最高浓度分别为1．039mg／m3、0．660mg／m3,分别超标12．99倍、7.33倍;室内甲醛、苯浓度有随装修时间的延长明显下降的趋势（P〈0．005）。基础剂量组甲醛、苯单独及联合作用所引起的小鼠骨髓细胞微核率（MNCF）与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。而高于基础剂量组10倍、20倍组,无论是单独还是联合作用所引起的小鼠MNCF与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．005）;联合作用所引起的MNCF明显高于单独作用（P〈0．005）。[结论]泸州市内新装修居室空气中甲醛及苯的浓度明显超标,复杂装修污染程度更加严重。较高浓度的甲醛、苯单独及联合作用均可造成小鼠MNCF升高。     

新装修居室空气中总挥发性有机物随时间的变化规律

目的 研究新装修居室空气中总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的污染状况及随时间变化的规律.方法 于2005年3-9月,选择贵阳市2个城区2个住宅小区57户新装修居室(完工时间均不超过20 d,均值为12 d)为调查对象,对居室空气中总挥发性有机物进行6个月的监测.结果 装修交付使用20 d内,第1次监测新装修居室的TVOC浓度范围为0.532～23.560 mg/m3,中位数为2.573 mg/m3.装修后147d各居室TVOC浓度均低于标准值(0.6mg/m).根据完工后第1次测得的TVOC结果,将室内空气中TVOC分成3个污染水平(0.5～2.0 mg/m3为低浓度组,＞2.0～5.0 mg/m3为中浓度组,＞5.0 mg/m3为高浓度组).第1次监测结果显示,高浓度组TVOC浓度范围为5.520～23.560 mg/m3,中位数为10.150 mg/m3;中浓度组TVOC浓度范围为2.004～4.993 mg/m3,中位数为2.320 mg/m3;低浓度组TVOC浓度范围为0.532～1.905 mg/m3,中位数为1.074 mg/m3.以上各组TVOC浓度逐渐降低,达到标准值(0.6 mg/m3)的时间依次为147、147、118 d.结论 新装修居室空气中TVOC污染严重,装修完工147 d时居室空气中总挥发性有机物均能降低到标准值(0.6 mg/m3)以下.     

室内装修装饰产生的苯系物污染及其影响因素调查

[目的]了解装修装饰后室内空气中苯系物污染状况,探讨其影响因素,为控制苯系物污染提供依据。[方法]2004年1~6月,我们对北京市近郊区装修装饰后(家具已进入)的53 户家庭和 39 所学校进行调查。[结果]检测 53 户居室,5户苯浓度超标,16户甲苯浓度超标,4户二甲苯浓度超标;检测 39 间教室,1 间苯浓度超标,2 间甲苯浓度超标。随着装修后时间延长苯系物的超标率均有所下降;室内空气容积越大,苯系物超标率越小。超标的 5 户家庭中,4 户每天通风至少1 h,持续0 5~1个月,苯系物浓度均明显下降; 1户间断通风2个月,苯系物浓度下降不明显。[结论]目前居室装修装饰后苯系物污染物以甲苯为主。装饰装修后要每天至少通风1 h,连续1个月后才能入住。     

2015年洛阳市新装修居室空气中甲醛污染状况调查

目的了解洛阳市居室空气中甲醛的污染状况,为采取相应措施控制甲醛污染提供依据。方法于2015年选取洛阳市两个城市区洛龙区和涧西区的新装修120户和未装修80户共计200户居民,分别在其客厅、书房、卧室设284个、200个、202个共686个监测点,其中装修居室412个监测点,未装修居室274个监测点。检测甲醛浓度,分析比较不同季节、不同装修情况、不同居室、装修后不同时间空气中甲醛浓度及其超标情况。结果装修居室空气中甲醛浓度[0.0670(0.0402~0.0938)mg/m^3]高于未装修居室[0.0402(0.0268~0.0670)mg/m^3],甲醛超标率(28.40%)高于未装修居室(12.41%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。装修后3个月以内者甲醛浓度[0.1072(0.0804~0.2278)mg/m^3]和超标率(62.22%)最高,装修后3年以上者甲醛浓度[0.0536(0.0402~0.0670)mg/m^3]和超标率(13.85%)最低,甲醛浓度随着装修后时间的延长而降低(P<0.01)。春夏季甲醛浓度[0.0670(0.0402~0.0938)mg/m^3]高于秋冬季[0.0536(0.0402~0.0804)mg/m^3],甲醛超标率(27.65%)高于秋冬季(17.33%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。装修的书房和卧室甲醛超标率较高(分别为30.00%和29.17%),客厅较低(26.74%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论洛阳市居室空气中存在着甲醛污染,并与装修有一定关联,应采取防治措施,降低居室内甲醛浓度。     

装修居室内空气质量及其健康影响的卫生学调查

目的了解不同装修条件的居室内空气质量。方法对广州市部分住宅分为精细装修和简单装修2组进行室内空气中甲醛、氨、苯浓度进行检测,并对63位居民的健康状况进行问卷调查。结果精细装修组和简单装修组居室空气中甲醛浓度分别为(0.338±0.441)mg/m3、(0.027±0.032)mg/m3,超标率分别为57.14%,6.67%,且两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);精细装修组和简单装修组居室空气中氨浓度分别为(0.802±0.453)mg/m3、(0.369±0.195)mg/m3,超标率分别为100%,86.67%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);精细装修组和简单装修组居室空气中苯浓度分别为(0.568±0.580)mg/m3、(0.029±0.026)mg/m3,超标率分别为46.67%,4.16%,且两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。人群问卷调查中两组出现呼吸道刺激症状、眼部刺激症状、神经系统症状、皮肤刺激症状阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论装修材料和装饰家具是引起室内空气污染的主要原因,也是影响居民身心健康的因素之一。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.