422颗上颌第一前磨牙牙根及根管解剖形态的观察

目的:了解上颌第一前磨牙的牙根和根管形态,为临床治疗提供解剖学依据.方法:收集422颗上颌第一前磨牙.按性别分组,统计分析各牙根形态出现率;采用透明牙技术观察分析根管形态,根据Vertucci分类法,统计分析各根管形态的出现率;采用SPSS11.5软件包对数据进行X2检验.结果:(1)422颗标本中,单根牙占57.36%,双根牙占41.47%.三根牙占1.18%.男性组分别为33.58%、62.68%和3.73%.女性组分别为66.67%、33.33%.没有三根牙.2组间有显著性别差异(P＜0.01).(2)415颗透明牙标本中,共观察到9种根管形态.Ⅰ型占10.12%,Ⅱ型占10.60%,Ⅲ型占6.02%.Ⅳ型占56.63%,Ⅴ型占12.05%,Ⅵ型占1.93%.Ⅶ型占0.72%,Ⅷ型占1.45%,Ⅸ型占0.48%.单根管(Ⅰ型)占10.12%.双根管(Ⅱ-Ⅶ型)占87.95%,三根管(Ⅷ,Ⅸ型)占1.93%.结论:上颌第一前磨牙牙根形态多样并有显著性别差异.而且根管形态类型复杂.充分了解其解剖形态.对临床治疗具有重要意义.     

上颌第一前磨牙影像学根管形态分析

目的采用锥形束CT(CBCT)探讨上颌第一前磨牙根管的解剖形态,了解其常规形态及变异形态。方法收集176例患者的双侧上颌第一前磨牙的CBCT影像学资料,CBCT资料使用NNT软件进行扫描观察,探究根管类型和根管分布情况。结果 352个上颌第一前磨牙根管分型:Ⅰ型30例(8.52%),Ⅱ型92例(26.1%),Ⅳ型225例(63.9%),Ⅵ型3例(0.85%),Ⅷ型2例(0.56%)。结论上颌第一前磨牙牙根形态多样,且根管形态的类型较为复杂。通过影像学诊断方法更加深入的了解其解剖形态,对临床治疗具有重要意义。     

上颌第一前磨牙根管系统研究

目的：制作上颌第一前磨牙离体牙透明标本,研究其根管系统解剖形态。方法：100颗上颌第一前磨牙经透明髓腔处理后,直接在体视显微镜下读取根管系统的形态并作规律性统计处理。结果：①上颌第一前磨牙根管口分为单、双两种类型,②主根管形态以2－2型、1－1型和2－1型常见,③侧副管发生率高,根管侧枝和根尖区的细小分支均高达14％,而且伴随双根管出现的管间交通也高达9％。结论：上颌第一前磨牙的根管治疗效果不确定性较大。     

上颌第一前磨牙根管锥度的研究

目的：研究上颌第一前磨牙的根管锥度。方法：将离体的101个上颌第一前磨牙髓腔作＂颊－舌向＂和＂近－远中向＂X线摄影后输入计算机行图象处理,统计该牙根管全长数值、根管中1／2处颊－舌向直径和近－远中向直径、距根尖端0．5 mm处根管的颊－舌向和近－远中向直径,然后代入公式计算根管的锥度。结果：上颌第一前磨牙根管平均长11．4 mm,根管中段颊－舌径平均宽1．8 mm、近－远中径平均宽0．8 mm,靠近根尖的根管颊－舌径平均宽0．6 mm、近－远中径平均宽0．4 mm;将上述数值代入公式得到该牙根管下段的锥度,在颊－舌象限为0．175,在近－远中象限为0．035。结论：上颌第一前磨牙根管下段并非呈圆锥形空间,而是呈颊－舌径＞近－远中径的扁形腔隙;该牙根管预备之初,选择Profile的I号锉较为适宜。     

离体下颌前磨牙根管及牙根形态研究

目的 :研究离体下颌前磨牙的牙根及根管形态。方法 :观察并记录 69个离体下颌第一前磨牙及 93个下颌第二前磨牙牙根的基本形态 ,对牙齿进行近远中向X线摄片 ,当X线片上显示疑问根管时 ,分别从根中 1/3 ,根尖 1/ 3横断 ,确定根管的类型 ,按Vertucci’s分类法对根管系统进行记录。结果 :所收集的下颌前磨牙均为单根 ,其中大多数下颌第一前磨牙的根管类型是I型 ( 1) ,93个下颌第二前磨牙的根管均为I型 ( 1) ,下颌第一前磨牙的根面沟发生率较高 ( 15 / 69) ,且此类型的下颌第一前磨牙常有双根管 ,主要是V型 ( 1-2 ) ,下颌第二前磨牙的根面沟发生率相对较低 ( 5 / 93 )。结论 :当X线片上显示下颌第一前磨牙的异常影像时 ,应进行详细的X线检查和髓腔探查 ,避免误判或治疗时遗漏根管。     

上颌第一前磨牙牙根及根管形态的研究进展

上颌第一前磨牙有复杂的牙根及根管解剖形态,给牙周牙髓治疗和牙体修复治疗带来麻烦和失败.作者通过回顾近年来对上颌第一前磨牙牙根及根管解剖形态的大量系统研究,主要阐述了其牙根及根管解剖特征、根管分型和各根管类型的发生率;并分析了该牙根管治疗的注意点.     

上颌第一前磨牙根管形态的透明牙观察

目的 :上颌第一前磨牙的根管形态的解剖研究。方法 :将 50颗上颌第一前磨牙用真空法制作成透明牙并观察根管形态。结果 :总结出 5种根管形态 ,单管型占16%、双管型占 60%、单双混合型占 24%。结论 :上颌第一前磨牙根管形态复杂 ,熟悉其根管形态具有重要的临床意义。     

上颌第一前磨牙根管形态的研究

进行根管治疗术者对牙齿根管解剖形态的理解程度是影响成功率的重要因素，不同国家地区的人牙根管形态有所不同，中国人口占世界的1／5，很有研究的必要，Walker系统研究了香港人——中国南方人牙的根管形态，本文对山东人——中国北方人牙根管形态进行研究。     

上颌第一前磨牙根管形态的锥形束CT研究

目的利用CBCT评估上颌第一前磨牙根管解剖形态。方法收集因种植手术前评估,正畸治疗前评估,复杂疑难根管治疗等原因拍摄的CBCT 710例,根据样本纳入标准得到404例双侧CBCT图像,记录患者的姓名,性别,年龄,牙位,牙根和根管数目,牙根弯曲方向和根分叉的位置。结果上颌第一前磨牙以单根牙和多根牙多见,三根牙最少见,单根牙发生率为65.1%,双根牙发生率为34.7%,三根牙发生率为0.2%,有2例左侧颊根分为两根,为三根牙。单根牙和双根牙在男女性别间的发生率无统计学差异,根管类型中14.7%有1个根管为Ⅰ(1-1)型,85.1%为复杂的两根管类型(Ⅱ型到Ⅶ型及2-1-2-1型),只有0.2%有三根管为Ⅷ型。上颌第一前磨牙牙根弯曲的发生率为38.1%。根据弯曲方向分为5种类型,颊侧弯曲22.7%,舌侧弯曲17.3%,近中弯曲11.6%,远中弯曲42.1%,S形弯曲6.2%。上颌第一前磨牙牙根分叉的发生率为34.9%,根据分叉的部位分为根冠1/3、根中1/3、根尖1/3分叉,发生率为31.6%,44.7%,23.8%。结论上颌第一前磨牙多为单根牙,而且多为单根牙双根管,单根牙的根管形态多样,牙根多向远中弯曲,牙根分叉位于牙根中段。     

上颌第一前磨牙实用解剖研究

上颌前磨牙在功能上处于前牙与后牙过渡中,既可协调尖牙对食物进行撕裂,又可以协同磨牙对食物进行捣碎,并且该牙还对口角和颊部有支撑作用,以使面颊丰满、容貌美观,因此对前磨牙的应用研究,一直是临床探讨的课题之一。     

Root form and canal anatomy of maxillary first premolars in a southern Chinese population

Abstract Racial differences in dental crown morphology have long been recognized, but the frequency of genetically determined variations in root form and canal anatomy has not been established. Features of root and root canal morphology that occur at particularly high frequency in Mongoloid populations have not been systematically documented, and the implications that such features may have upon clinical endodontics have not been fully reported. In this study 100 maxillary first premolars extracted from Hong Kong Chinese patients were examined visually and radiographically. For each tooth, the number of roots, root canals, and apical foramina were noted. Sixty per cent of the maxillary first premolars examined were found to be single-rooted, but only 13% were found to have a single canal. The high frequency of single-rooted teeth with two canals suggests that the single-rooted condition represents a fusion, occurring in the relatively recent past, of two original roots.     

Root canal morphology of maxillary permanent first molar teeth at various ages

The root canal anatomy and pulp chamber morphology of 216 maxillary permanent first molar teeth of known age was examined using a radiographic technique after infusion of the root canal system with a radiopaque sodium iothalontate gel. This technique proved to be a rapid and effective method for the examination of root canal morphology and is recommended when root canal anatomy needs to be examined before further investigations are carried out. Over 95% of palatal and disto-buccal roots contained a single root canal. The mesio-buccal root was more complex. All types of configurations were seen. Only 26% of mesio-buccal roots showed a single canal. The pulp canal in all roots appeared to narrow at an early age. In the mesio-buccal root, a definite two-directional calcification pattern was apparent in most teeth by the age of 10. The rate of progress of root formation was very variable. There was no apparent relationship between the type of canal system in the mesio-buccal root and the type of canal orifice present. The transverse cross-sectional shape of the pulp chamber was trapezoidal in 81% of teeth.     

上颌前磨牙牙根及根管形态的锥形束CT研究

目的研究上颌前磨牙牙根形态、三根管的发生率和根管解剖形态,为临床诊疗提供参考。方法选取珠海市口腔医院412名患者,共779颗上颌第一前磨牙,728颗上颌第二前磨牙的锥形束CT(cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT)扫描数据,分析上颌前磨牙的牙根及根管形态,三根管的发生率、双侧对称性、根管分叉位置等。结果上颌第一前磨牙三根管发生率为1.8%,上颌第二前磨牙三根管发生率为0.3%,上颌第一前磨牙三根管发生率显著高于上颌第二前磨牙(X^2=8.304,P=0.004)。上颌第一前磨牙三根管对称率为27.3%,上颌第二前磨牙无对称三根管结构出现。上颌前磨牙解剖形态可为单根、双牙根或三牙根,其内部根管形态复杂,存在七种Vertucci根管类型,上颌第一前磨牙以VertucciⅣ型为主,上颌第二前磨牙则以VertucciⅠ型常见。三根管上颌前磨牙的根管分叉位置多见于根中或根上1/3,16颗三根管上颌前磨牙都具有三个独立的根尖孔。结论上颌前磨牙根管形态复杂多变,CBCT对发现变异和额外根管具有重要辅助作用。     

离体上颌第二前磨牙根管颊舌向弯曲的发生情况

目的：确定人上颌第二前磨牙的颊舌向根管弯曲程度和情况。方法：收集213个离体的上颌第二前磨牙，拍近远中向的X线片，用Photoshop5．0软件分析根管，Weine氏法测量根管的弯曲度，测量角度大于18度时，则认为根管有明显的弯曲，根管的构型采用Vertucci分类法。结果：单根单根管上颌第二前磨牙的根管弯曲仅有2个，单根双根管牙齿的根管明显弯曲有6个，在28个双根牙中有明显根管弯曲的6个，根管弯曲的牙齿总发生率为6．6％(14/213)。根管弯曲的发生部位多为根尖1/3或附近。结论：上颌第二前磨牙颊舌向根管弯曲的发生率较低。     

Root canal treatment of three‐rooted maxillary second premolars: Report of four cases

The aim of this report is to contribute to a better understanding of the radiographic, clinical and anatomic findings in maxillary second premolars. This paper reports the endodontic treatment of two cases of three‐rooted three‐canal maxillary second premolars in different patients, and two sound maxillary second premolars also with three canals and three independent roots in a sibling of one of the patients. Although the presence of maxillary second premolars with one or two canals and one root is much more common, other anatomic conditions can be found. A correct clinical and radiographic diagnosis based on knowledge of root canal anatomy and critical interpretation of radiographs is necessary for a safer and successful endodontic treatment of these teeth.     

山东地区人离体上颌第二恒磨牙牙根及根管形态观察

目的:观察山东地区人上颌第二恒磨牙牙根及根管形态的解剖特点。方法:于山东地区收集离体上颌第二恒磨牙118个,观察牙根形态及类型;应用透明牙标本法观察根管形态并按Vertucci八分类法对其进行分类。结果:118个上颌第二恒磨牙中以3根分离者为主,占91.52%,牙根融合者共10例,占8.47%,其中融合成2根者为5.08%,主要为近中颊根与远中颊根融合;融合成单根者为3.39%。透明牙标本法下观察根管系统,上颌第二恒磨牙远中颊根及腭根根管以Ⅰ型为主;近颊根根管仅44.95%为Ⅰ型,近颊根第二根管(the second mesiobuccal canal,MB2)的发生率达51.38%。结论:山东地区上颌第二恒磨牙的牙根具有多样性,以3根分离根形态为主,同时可发生各种融合根;其根管形态复杂,MB2的发现率较高。     

广东汉族青少年上颌第一前磨牙冠根测量值的相关性分析

目的:探讨广东地区12～18岁汉族青少年上颌第一前磨牙的冠根值,并分析测量值的相关性。方法:正畸需要拔除的广东地区汉族青少年上颌第一前磨牙男女各100个,参照王惠芸的研究方法,确定测量指标,采用游标卡尺测量牙齿的全长、冠长、根长、冠、颈和根1/2的近中远中径和颊舌径,并对冠根各测量值进行直线相关和回归分析。结果:冠长、颈近中远中径、颈颊舌径、根1/2近中远中径、根1/2颊舌径的测量值男性大于女性(P﹤0.05)。牙齿全长和冠长、根长呈显著正相关,根长和全长的相关系数大于冠长和全长的相关系数;冠长与根长显著负相关;冠近中远中径、颈近中远中径、根1/2近中远中径相互呈正相关(P﹤0.05);冠颊舌径与颈颊舌径、根1/2颊舌径相互呈显著正相关(P﹤0.05)。长度、近中远中径、颊舌径3类中存在回归关系。结论:冠根各测量值间存在相关关系,可用牙冠测量值预测牙颈部和牙根中的相关值。     

Number of roots and canals in maxillary first premolars: study of an Andalusian population

Abstract— A study of 150 extracted maxillary first premolars from citizens of Seville, Andalusia, southern Spain, revealed 60 teeth with one root (40.0%), 85 teeth with two roots (56.7%) and five teeth with three roots (3.3%). The distribution of root canal shapes in the sample showed that all teeth with two or three roots had type I root canals (each canal had one apical foramen). Conversely, most of the single-rooted maxillary first premolars had root canal shape type II (two canals converging in the same apical foramen). Only 1.3% of the teeth had a unique orifice in the pulp chamber and only one root canal. These results emphasized the importance of good knowledge of the root canal morphology and the need for a careful radiographic examination as part of competent root canal therapy of maxillary first premolars.     

Root canal anatomy of mandibular first premolars in a southern Chinese population

Abstract Racial differences in dental crown morphology have long been recognized, but the frequency of genetically determined variations in the root canal anatomy of teeth has not been fully established. There is, therefore, a need to study the morphology of non-Caucasoid teeth to establish the existence and prevalence of racially determined root canal variations. In this study 100 mandibular first premolars of Chinese origin were accurately identified and radiographed in vitro to establish the frequency of root canal bifurcation. Thirty-six per cent of the sample presented with more than one canal. The division of these canals occurred at various levels of the root, and in all but one of the teeth the canals remained separate.     

双侧上颌第一前磨牙牙体对称性研究

目的：研究左右离体上颌第一前磨牙牙体的对称性。方法：筛选40位正畸患者新近拔除的双侧年轻上颌第一前磨牙共80颗作为研究对象。使用电子游标卡尺分别对牙体全长、冠长、根长、牙冠、牙颈及根中1/2的宽和厚等10个数据进行测量,测量结果使用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析。结果：所有40位患者左右上颌第一前磨牙在牙体外部形态上无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论：左右上颌第一前磨牙牙体外部形态存在一定的对称性,变异较小。