社区卫生服务培训需求评价

目的：研究社区卫生服务培训需求，方法：深入访谈与问卷调查相结合。共走访了成都和攀枝花市的卫生管理干部和社区医生18人，了解社区卫生服务开展状况，用分层定额抽样的方法抽取了3个成都市的社区，入户调查居民1041人，了解其卫生服务需求和利用情况，以及对社区卫生服务的态度。结果：社区卫生服务内容以常见病的诊疗为主，预防保健，计划生育等服务较少，且缺乏协调，社区卫生服务模式多样，社区医生与服务对象的关系及服务方式正在发生转变，社区医生未能完全适应此转变，医院对社区卫生服务的认识存在误区，社区卫生服务缺乏有效的激励机制，多数居民尚未能接受目前的社区卫生服务。结论：社区卫生服务培训应与社区卫生工作者的实践相结合，社区卫生服务培训应区阶段，分层次，有目的，有针对性地开展，培训对象应包括：管理干部，师资，社区医生和社区护士。     

The rural private practitioner

Recent research has revealed that the health care of India's rural population is being provided by private practitioners. With as many as 1,250,000 private practitioners providing health services to at least half of India's population, three studies were conducted to shed light on the profile and practice of the private practitioners. It was found that the private practitioners are almost always male, practice in or close to their birthplace, and have attended school. Only 25% are graduates, however, and almost 50% have no formal training. Regardless of training, nearly 90% practice allopathy. In a study of 542 patients, no physical examinations were conducted in 47% of the cases, but the patients were satisfied with the care they received because the private practitioners paid more attention to them than they were accustomed to receive from primary health care doctors. The private practitioners are compensated by adding a surcharge to the fee for medicines. The patients believe that they are simply purchasing medications. This system requires the practitioners to dispense medications, injections, or both to receive compensation. Medications, including antibiotics, are given in small doses (a practice which is certainly harmful). The practitioners refer difficult cases to the government centers. Most of the practitioner, however, practice alone, with their only professional contact being the town chemist. Almost all of these practitioners expressed interest in joining an association. Analysis of the cost of this health care shows that it accounts for a substantial portion of rural expenditure and constitutes a sizeable hidden "industry." In order to respond to this situation, the government must either ban the untrained rural private practitioner, promote the quality of care provided by the government network, or acknowledge the existence of the private practitioners and provide them with support and training.     

Attitudes and intentions of future health care providers toward abortion provision

CONTEXT: Induced abortion is one of the most common procedures performed among women in the United States. However, 87% of all counties had no abortion provider in 2000, and little is known about the attitudes and intentions of future health care providers, including advanced clinical practitioners, regarding abortion provision. METHODS: During March 2002, first- and second-year students in health sciences programs (i.e., medicine, physician assistant and nursing) at the University of Washington were anonymously surveyed. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine students' attitudes and intentions regarding provision of abortion services. RESULTS: Of the 312 students who completed the survey, 70% supported the availability of legal abortion under any circumstances. Thirty-one percent intended to provide medical abortion in their practice, and 18% planned to offer surgical abortion. Fifty-two percent of all respondents agreed that advanced clinical practitioners should be able to provide medical abortion, and 37% agreed that they should be able to provide surgical abortion services; however, greater proportions of advanced clinical practitioners (45-83%) than of medical students (21-43%) expressed such support. Sixty-four percent of all respondents were willing to attend a program whose curriculum requires abortion training. CONCLUSIONS: Although it may not be possible to require abortion training for every future health care provider, making abortion a standard part of clinical training would provide opportunities for future physicians and advanced clinical practitioners, and would likely ameliorate the abortion provider shortage.     

充分发挥教学医院在妇幼保健专业人才培训中的作用

随着医学模式的改变、卫生事业的快速发展和人民生活水平的提高,对医务人员的要求也日益增高。近20年来,中国妇幼保健网络已成体系,但由于各种原因,基层妇幼保健机构还存在许多不足和挑战,急需建设一支高素质的基层医疗卫生服务队伍。因此,应积极探索行之有效的妇幼保健专业人才培训方法,充分发挥各地医学院校教学医院的优势和作用,培养既懂保健又懂临床的复合型妇幼保健人才,以满足妇女儿童日益增长的健康需要。     

Case and disease management and improved integration of healthcare services in Spain. 2008 SESPAS Report

The boundaries between health services levels are artificial as they are answers to health organizations' problems rather than to patients' needs. However, given that these boundaries are in place, coordination between these levels should overcome the difficulties so that patients receive the services they require. Case management (patients in specific situations, such as hospital discharge) and disease management (patients with specific diseases, such as diabetes) aim to solve problems of coordination either by improving the organization of health services or by adding a new structure to the already existing structure. These forms of management are highly attractive answers to coordination problems but have no scientific basis nor is there any empirical evidence of a positive impact on patients' health or the cost of services. Case and disease management programs are vertical structures that weaken the horizontal structure in Spain, i.e. primary care. The need for case and disease management programs is an argument to push for a pro-coordination reform of primary care that gives power, responsibility and autonomy to general practitioners, so that they would be able to coordinate clinical and social services according to patients' needs.     

Interdisciplinary health education

Meeting the health needs of patients and providing comprehensive health care services require the integration and coordination of several professional health services. Traditional methods for training students in the health professions independently are being challenged by the need for future practitioners to understand and to utilize effectively the skills offered by the other disciplines. However, the movement of educational institutions toward interdisciplinary training programs entails the careful assessment of program design, content, and basic philosophy. Two and one-half years of experience with such a program at one academic health center are reviewed.Dr. Harris is Director, Center for Community Health, and Professor, Department of Family Practice, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University. All requests for reprints should be addressed to 3318 Chatham Road, Richmond, Virginia 23227.     

乡村振兴背景下乡村基层全科医生人才培养策略探讨

“健康乡村建设”是乡村振兴战略的重要内容,其实施的关键为加强乡村基层全科医学人才队伍建设。文章立足于乡村百姓卫生健康服务实际需求,针对乡村基层全科医学人才培养,建议既要全面落实、用足用好乡村全科人才激励政策,又要紧密围绕临床规范诊疗、急诊应急、亚专长能力培养、公共卫生、心理健康、中医药服务等领域全力提升乡村全科医生卫生健康专业服务水平,同时还要持续增强乡村全科医生人文素养、沟通协调、政策解读等综合管理服务能力。通过上述举措,着力培养一支“未病善防,小病善治,大病善识,急病善转,慢病善管”的防治结合、复合型乡村全科医学人才队伍,切实发挥乡村全科医生“健康乡村建设”主力军的作用。     

Community Health Centers and Emergency Preparedness: An Assessment of Competencies and Training Needs

Community health centers (CHCs) provide care to a large number of medically underserved Americans. As primary care providers and trusted members of their communities, CHCs need to be prepared to respond to emergency and disaster situations, as they may be relied upon for medical care and other support services. Focus groups were conducted with CHC medical directors and administrators from New York City. Participants discussed previous emergency preparedness training, future training needs, applicability of competencies, and usefulness of two training programs. Participants indicated that they had more experience with preparedness training than many of their colleagues, although participants still reported further training needs. In particular, emergency roles and responsibilities, decontamination and containment, and personal preparedness were given as needed training topics for staff. The training resources were reported to be useful and beneficial. Participants also reported that most of the competencies were appropriate for CHC clinicians. During an emergency, people want to receive care from their normal provider, and for many, that provider is a CHC. This and other research suggests that the emergency preparedness needs facing CHCs are significant and should be addressed.     

Medical anthropology in Mexico

The study, which is based on data from two household level health surveys conducted in 1976 and 1987 in the Companiganj area of rural Bangladesh, examines the premise that the utilization of public health care services can be increased by increasing the availability and accessibility of effective medicines to the public and by improving the disease recognition and management by the health practitioners. The results of the study suggest that the availability and accessability of modern effective medicines through the provision of decentralized community-based rural health services, by a well-trained and well-managed field personnel structure, had an incremental impact on the utilization of modern health care from a rural health center and its subcenters. The study further reveals that, in 1976 as well as in 1987, the overwhelming majority of the rural Bangladesh population were using modern Western medical practitioners, although most of these practitioners were informally trained or self-trained without any formal medical degrees or training. It is concluded that the persons responsible for health program planning and health program implementation need to ensure that the access to basic public health care services be made broad enough to cover the majority of the rural population through a system of decentralized curative and preventive services, as well as through a system of adequate training and deployment of health professionals, including training programs to improve the quality of medical services offered by the informal and self-trained practitioners of modern medicines.     

Patients' needs after radiotherapy, the role of the general practitioner

This study assessed the physical and psychosocial sequelae of radical radiotherapy among patients with bladder or prostate cancer and investigated the support received from community health services. When interviewed two months after treatment, over half reported that they had experienced several physical side-effects as well as curtailment of social and everyday activities. Such side-effects were still being experienced by up to half the patients at the time of interview. Seventy-one per cent were unprepared for the duration and type of such effects. Most had seen their general practitioner in connection with their side-effects and 76% felt that this contact had been helpful. Patients appreciated the willingness to spend time listening to their concerns and explaining side-effects, as well as accessibility and flexibility which made it easy to obtain advice and support. Patients who expressed dissatisfaction with their general practitioner all felt that they should have been visited at home. The study suggests that general practitioners can play a valuable role in meeting patients' needs after radiotherapy.     

Psychosocial and educational services for female college students with genital human papillomavirus infection.

CONTEXT: College-age women have a high risk of acquiring human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which may have substantial psychosocial and physical effects. Young women who become infected need information and support from health care professionals, but little is known about providers' attitudes toward or provision of interventions for helping women cope with HPV. METHODS: A survey of 73 nurse practitioners and 70 physicians in college-based health clinics explored their perceptions of the need for psychosocial and educational interventions and their practices regarding such services for HPV patients. Analysis of variance and chi-square testing were used to examine differences by providers' type and gender. RESULTS: At least 86% of providers agree that HPV infection has a variety of psychosocial effects on young women, but only 54% spend at least 10 minutes providing education and counseling to all of their HPV patients. Roughly 80-90% routinely take a sexual history, explain the potential of HPV recurrence and discuss the risk of cancer with HPV patients; however, fewer than half always offer a variety of other interventions that could help patients cope with the diagnosis and promote preventive behaviors. Female providers are more aware of the psychosocial impact of HPV and the need for support than are male providers. However, nurse practitioners provide counseling and educational interventions more frequently than do physicians, even when gender is controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: College-based health providers need to improve the content of the counseling and education they offer to women with HPV, as well as the consistency with which they deliver those interventions. When they are unable to provide services, they should be able to refer patients elsewhere.     

深圳市某区全科医师麻风病防治知识与医源性歧视状况调查

目的 调查深圳市某区社区全科医师对麻风病的认知现状与医源性歧视状况,探讨如何更有效开展社区全科医师培训,消除麻风病医源性歧视. 方法 采用匿名问卷调查的方法,对深圳市某区178名全科医师进行调查.结果 被调查的社区全科医师,55.62％近5年内接受过麻风病知识培训;仅有12.36％及20.79％的全科医师能够正确掌握麻风病诊断标准及麻风病可疑症状;全科医师常见的医源性歧视形式为：服务后特别消毒处理（73.60％）、处理患者时保持距离（72.47％）、隔离或特别对待病人（62.36％）,推诿转诊患者（15.73％）的情况较少.年龄、职称因素对于疾病认识没有影响（P＞0.01）,培训能够消除医师对于麻风病的恐惧. 结论 社区健康服务中心全科医师专业知识仍需加强,对麻风病患者仍存在一定程度的歧视,有必要建立长期的更为有效的培训模式以促进麻风病例早期诊断及消除医源性歧视.     

Training in cognitive-behavioural therapy for mental health professionals: a pilot study of videoconferencing

A foundation course in cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) was developed specifically for delivery via videoconferencing at 256 kbit/s. A two-part, 20-week programme was evaluated at seven sites, with a total of 12 participants, in rural and remote Western Australia. Eleven of the participants completed a pre- and post-training knowledge test. There was a significant improvement in their knowledge of CBT after training. Ten participants also completed a satisfaction questionnaire. The majority were satisfied with the training they received and stated that the training had given them greater confidence in their ability to use CBT with their patients. This study lends support to the use of videoconferencing in the training of rural and remote mental health practitioners.     

In a controlled trial training general practitioners and occupational physicians to collaborate did not influence sickleave of patients with low back pain

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a training to increase collaboration between general practitioners and occupational health physicians in the treatment of patients with low back pain (LBP) because more collaboration might improve a patient's recovery and shorten sick leave. METHODS: In a controlled trial, the intervention in one region was compared with usual care in a control region. Participating physicians enrolled patients with LBP on sick leave for 3-12 weeks. Patients filled out three questionnaires: at inclusion, at 3 months, and at 6 months. Information on sick leave was gathered from occupational health services. All analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients with LBP were enrolled in each region. There was little collaboration between physicians during the project. Patients in the intervention region returned to work significantly later (P=.005) but were significantly more satisfied with their occupational health physician (P=.01). No differences were found between the intervention and control patients for pain, disability, quality of life, and medical consumption. CONCLUSION: Our study does not show a positive effect of the training to increase collaboration between general practitioners and occupational health physicians. The training may not have improved collaboration enough to influence the prognosis of LBP.     

三城市社区全科医学培训现状与需求分析

目的了解社区全科医学培训现状及需求情况，为制订相应的培训策略和方法提供依据。方法采用定性与定量相结合的方法，调查成都、沈阳、上海三城市社区卫生服务中心或服务站的全科医学培训及需求情况。结果在所调查的171名医生中，接受过全科培训的占39，8％；162名护理人员中，接受过全科培训的占12．3％；67名预防保健人员中，接受过全科培训的占35，8％。接受过全科培训的医务人员对培训效果的评价并不高，但对全科医学培训却有着较高的需求。结论建议建立全科医生培养基地，强化对社区卫生服务人员的培训，提高人员素质。     

Using 10-essential-services training to revive, refocus, and strengthen your environmental health programs

The 10 essential services of environmental health, which are based on the 10 essential public health services, can guide environmental health practitioners in systematically organizing and managing environmental public health programs and activities. The National Center for Environmental Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has used the 10 essential services of environmental health as a basis for its six goals for the revitalization of environmental health in the 21st century. Nevertheless, studies indicate that very few environmental health practitioners are aware of the 10 essential services. This article discusses how essential-services training has increased the awareness and knowledge of environmental health practitioners about the development, value, and use of the essential services. Examples of training outcomes are offered to illustrate how the use of the essential-services framework has improved environmental health performance and practice.     

Situation analysis and proposals for improving primary care nursing in Mallorca: study with focal groups

BACKGROUND: The primary care reform (PCR) has give rise to some major changes in the nursing profession. The objectives of this study are to analyze the achievements made by the nurses, to identify the problems they currently have in primary care and to suggest some lines along which work can be done for the future. METHOD: Qualitative research (focal group method). Eight groups were made segmented by occupational category and the position held. Scope of the analysis: the role of nurses, services supply and organization, participation and management, marketing and training. RESULTS: In the opinion of those surveyed, the PCR has entailed a broadening of the nurses' skills, although their role is still well-defined. The nurses are of the opinion that there is no listing of services inherent to nursing despite the leading role they obviously play in home care and health education. The need has been identified of assess the existing health programs in terms of results. Concerning to health services organization, main problems were related to the lack of adapting staffing in keeping with the rise in population and difficulties of internal communications within the health professional teams and the very small degree to which nursing services are disseminated. The need is felt of broadening pre-diploma training with regard to some subjects (health education) and skills (teamwork). CONCLUSIONS: Although the PCR has meant improvements for the nurses, solutions have as yet to have been provided to some aspects (including defining a listing of services, adapting staffing, internal communications, marketing, training) and given the opportunity the transferring of authorities over health care entail, further progress must be made toward innovative proposals to improve the health services.     

Principles for development of multi-disciplinary, mental health learning modules for undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing education

BACKGROUND: People experiencing mental health problems have greater contact with health and welfare professionals in generalist settings than with specialist mental health services. Yet the capacity for generalist professionals to respond effectively to mental health problems is often compromised by inadequate mental health training. The Discipline of Psychiatry at the University of Newcastle developed a series of CD-Rom mental health learning modules for professionals working in non-mental health settings. The paper describes the principles that guided the development of a series and how those principles were applied. DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES: The following development principles were adopted. The series should: (i) have a multi-disciplinary application; (ii) be adaptable for presentation in multiple educational domains; (iii) be accessible for rural and remote practitioners; (iv) combine structured solutions-focused lessons (directed learning) with elements of problem-based learning; (v) include working problems that are authentic and relevant; and (vi) describe normal, abnormal and cross-cultural manifestations of problems. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES: The model guided the development of a short course series on professional engagement with people who have personality problems. The learning modules provide generic, multi-disciplinary training for a range of practitioners, including nurses, primary care physicians, social workers, psychologists and magistrates. The modules have been adapted for use in undergraduate medical education, postgraduate programs (in population health, nursing, psychology and drug and alcohol studies) and continuing education. CONCLUSION: In contrast to traditional diagnostic-focussed psychiatry training, the model directly addresses the mental health training needs of health and welfare professionals using a multi-disciplinary, problem-based approach.     

Preventing occupational illness and injury: nurse practitioners as primary care providers.

Nurse practitioners with master's degrees were surveyed to assess the type and volume of occupational health services provided by primary care as compared with occupational health practitioners and the knowledge base in occupational health in these two groups. Thirty-six percent of 224 nonoccupational health nurse practitioners reported caseloads with 10% or more occupationally related chief complaints; 21% reported treating work-related injury or illness at least once per week. By contrast, a large percentage of nonoccupational health practitioners failed the knowledge-based exam. Large-scale prevention of occupational illness and injury warrants that primary care providers receive training in occupational health.     

A 'mystery shopper' project to evaluate sexual health and contraceptive services for young people in Croydon

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accessibility of, and advice provided by, sexual health and advice services for young people in Croydon, UK using a 'mystery shopper' approach. METHODS: Nineteen young people aged 13-21 years were trained as mystery shoppers. The group developed a set of standards, based in part on existing guidelines of best practice, that should be met when working with young people. The group accessed local sexual health services in pairs posing as genuine patients. Using one of four scenarios, the mystery shoppers assessed the service they received against the predefined standards. RESULTS: The main access difficulties occurred in the reception area. Confidentiality was a major concern and was frequently not explained. The advice and information received was generally clearly given and with an appropriate level of detail. CONCLUSIONS: Additional training and support needs to be offered to receptionists. Confidentiality policies and statements need to be more effectively communicated.