中学生艾滋病知识及态度行为分析

目的了解西充县中学生对艾滋病知识的掌握程度,探讨针对中学生的有效的艾滋病健康教育方式。方法采用匿名问卷对西充县2008年至2011年的中学生进行调查。结果分析4年的调查问卷,西充县中学生艾滋病相关知识的总体知晓率呈直线上升趋势,对血液传播、母婴传播途径掌握得非常清楚,对性接触传播途径、非传播途径及防护知识有误区。结论应持之以恒地在中学生中开展广泛、深入和持久的艾滋病健康教育。     

HIV/AIDS Knowledge,Stigmatizing Attitudes,and Related Behaviors and Factors that Affect Stigmatizing Attitudes against HIV/AIDS among Korean Adolescents

ObjectivesThis study examined the sex differentials for specific aspects of knowledge regarding HIV, stigmatizing attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS (PWHAs) and sexual behavior. In addition, the factors that affect stigmatizing attitudes toward PWHAs were investigated.MethodsThe population of this study comprised of senior high students in Seoul, Korea. Eight high schools were selected randomly and 1566 adolescents participated in the survey. A total sample of 1548 cases (18 cases were excluded) was used for analysis. A self-administered questionnaire measuring their general and transmission and discriminatory attitudes was used.ResultsThe level of HIV/AIDS knowledge among Korean adolescents was low, as indicated by a correct response rate of 54% (7.0 out of 13). The students answered correctly about HIV transmission by kissing at 50.2%, toilets at 59.4%, cup sharing at 57.4%, and daily school life at 60.5%. The level of discriminatory attitudes towards HIV-infected persons was high. Boys reported a higher proportion of sexual experience (7.0% vs. 2.6%, OR = 2.89, p < 0.001). Only 39.0% used a condom during their last sexual encounter and more girls (53.3%) than boys (35.3%) reported using a condom.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the need for increasing HIV knowledge, reducing HIV stigma, and providing sex education focusing on safer sex practices.     

Knowledge,Attitudes, and Sexual Behaviors in HIV/AIDS and Predictors Affecting Condom Use among Men Who Have Sex with Men in South Korea

ObjectivesIn South Korea, men who have sex with men (MSM) are rather understudied, but are known to be at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study was to access HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and risk behaviors, and to identify the factors of condom use in HIV prevention.MethodsWe recruited 1070 MSM in Korea, using the Internet to maximize the confidentiality of the MSM.ResultsThe prevalence of self-reported and sexually transmitted infections and HIV in the total sample was 10.7% and 2.7%, respectively. Factual knowledge and phobias regarding HIV/AIDS and self-efficacy were relatively high among the MSM. After controlling for age, education, marital status, and sexual identity, predictors of condom use at most recent anal sex included knowledge (OR = 1.25; p < 0.0001); self-efficacy (OR = 1.33; p = 0.02), additionally, having HIV testing (OR = 1.45; p = 0.02); and having a regular partner (OR = 0.53; p < 0.0001) were also positively associated with condom use.ConclusionThe intervention programs for MSM in Korea may need to take the idiosyncratic societal and cultural pressures of the region into consideration in order to reduce infection risk.     

深圳、云南两地中学生艾滋病与危险行为的健康教育需求的研究

1998年5月采用分层整群抽样方法,对深圳、云南两地中学生进行抽样问卷调查。结果表明：（1）中学生对有关艾滋病的基本知识回答正确率为26．8％－75．1％,学生艾滋病及相关知识得分随年级增长而增加：男生平均得分高于女性;深圳学生平均得分高于云南生;（2）学生尚无足够知识以保护自己免受HIV／AIDS的侵袭,并且在学生中普遍存在对AIDS的恐惧心理和对AIDS病人的歧视态度,仅10．1％的学生表示愿意与患AIDS或感染HIV的同学同班学习;（3）中学生中存在着多种危险行为。调查提示,在中学生中开展有针对性的健康教育,促进危险行为的转化是非常迫切和重要的。     

A Controlled Pre-Post Evaluation of a Computer-based HIV/AIDS Education on Students’ Sexual Behaviors,Knowledge and Attitudes

Unlike traditional approaches to sexuality and HIV education which can be constrained by the sensitive nature of the subject, Information Technology (IT) can be an innovative teaching tool that can be used to educate people about HIV. This is especially relevant to interventions targeting young people; the population group fond of using IT, and the same group that is more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Yet, there are significantly few empirical studies that rigorously evaluated computer-assisted school-based HIV/AIDS interventions in developing countries. The modest studies conducted in this area have largely been conducted in developed countries, leaving little known about the effectiveness of such interventions in low resource settings, which moreover host the majority of HIV/AIDS infections.This research addresses this gap by conducting a controlled pre-post intervention evaluation of the impacts of the World Starts With Me (WSWM), a computer-assisted HIV/AIDS intervention implemented in schools in Uganda. The research question was: did the WSWM intervention significantly influence students’ sexual behaviors, HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy? To address this question, questionnaires were simultaneously administering to 146 students in an intervention group (the group receiving the WSWM intervention) and 146 students in a comparison group (the group who did not receive the WSWM intervention), before (February 2009) and after the intervention (December 2009).Findings indicate that the intervention significantly improved students’ HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes self-efficacy, sex abstinence and fidelity, but had no significant impact on condom use. The major reason for non-use of condoms was lack of knowledge about condom use which can be attributed to teachers’ failure and inabilities to demonstrate condom use in class. To address this challenge, intervention teachers should be continuously trained in skills-based and interactive sexuality education. This training will equip them with self-confidence and interactive teaching skills, including tactics for emphasizing building students’ skills through role plays and interactive assignments. In addition, the HIV interventions themselves should include interactive virtual condom use demonstrations that can be accessed by students themselves.     

泰安市部分县人群艾滋病知识与态度调查

目的了解泰安市人群对艾滋病防治知识掌握现状,明确现阶段的重点宣传内容。方法于2005-11/12,对泰安市甲乙2县的人群共1548人进行匿名问卷调查。结果人群对艾滋病有关知识都有一定了解,农村及城镇居民、初高中学生、政府官员和性病患者的总体知晓率分别为58.26%、66.32%、70.97%和58.37%。其中政府官员和初高中学生知晓率较高,农村及城镇居民和性病患者知识知晓率较低。结论泰安市2县人群的艾滋病知识掌握不够系统,应全面针对不同人群采取不同的方式加强艾滋病的健康教育工作。     

农村居民艾滋病防治知识及高危行为调查研究

目的　通过对农村居民艾滋病 (AIDS)防治知识及高危行为的研究 ,为制定AIDS预防控制措施提供依据。方法　运用横断面调查研究方法 ,通过两阶段人群抽样对其AIDS防治知识及相关行为进行研究。结果　调查对象听说过AIDS的为 6 1.78% ;答对 0～ 3题为 5 6 .91% ,4～ 9题为 38.4 8% ,10～ 13题为 4 .5 5 % ;认为不可能感染艾滋病病毒的为 5 6 .94 % ,不清楚的为 38.38% ,有可能的为 4 .6 8%。 12人有卖血史 ,15人有性病史 ,在有性行为的 886人中 ,7.6 7%有过 1个以上多性伴。结论　农村居民AIDS知识匮乏 ,存在着相关危险行为。所以 ,我省预防AIDS的策略主要是开展健康教育积极推进健康促进 ,改善危险行为 ,提倡安全性行为和推广安全套的使用     

芜湖市男男性行为者艾滋病知识行为状况调查

目的评估芜湖市男男性行为人群的艾滋病知识行为状况,为控制艾滋病在男男性行为人群中流行提供依据。方法通过2008～2009年两次横断面调查,比较干预前后MSM人群艾滋病相关知识、高危行为及梅毒患病率情况。结果共调查1 551名MSM,干预前后2组MSM人群艾滋病知识知晓率分别为67.26%和77.53%,最近一次发生肛交时安全套使用率分别是49.71%和61.17%;最近6个月肛交时安全套使用率分别为24.89%和27.80%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;H IV感染率分别为0.89%和0.77%;梅毒患病率为1.11%和2.77%。结论干预后MSM人群艾滋病防治知识行为水平明显提高。     

泰安市泰山区孕产妇艾滋病知识行为及感染状况调查

目的 了解泰安市泰山区孕产妇艾滋病相关知识、行为、HIV及梅毒感染状况,为制定防控策略、预防母婴传播提供依据.方法 对2011-04/07期间到监测哨点医院妇产科门诊就诊的400名孕产妇进行艾滋病相关知识问卷调查和HIV、梅毒检测.结果 孕产妇艾滋病知识总知晓率为82.37％,不同文化程度孕妇间知晓率差异有统计学意义(x2=18.174,P＜0.01),有吸毒史1人,有多性伴4人,梅毒抗体阳性检出率为0.25％,没有检出HIV抗体阳性者.结论 泰安市泰山区孕产妇存在一定程度的梅毒流行,艾滋病防治知识知晓率较低,艾滋病梅毒预防相关知识宣传教育和早检测、早诊断、早干预工作亟待加强.     

The Effect of AIDS Peer Health Education on Knowledge,Attitudes, and Practices of Secondary School Students in Khartoum,Sudan

BackgroundPeer education seeks to enroll students in persuasive communication programs aiming at AIDS prevention. Providing information about AIDS prevention methods can lead to behavioral change and also a potential reduction in unsafe sexual behavior, particularly among young people.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the role of peer education interventions in improving awareness, attitudes, and practices of secondary school students and peer educators towards AIDS.MethodsThis is a pre-and post-study. The study was conducted among 400 students who were randomly selected from 10 gender-balanced schools. They received the information from trained peer educators. 200 peers carried out the intervention (20 peers from each school), which was conducted in phases. The intervention required coordinating with official concerned stakeholders, preparing teaching aids, and four days of training workshops for the peer educators. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science program (SPSS). A paired sample t-test was obtained and utilized to interpret the changes observed in pre- and post-intervention knowledge, attitude, and practice.ResultsThe study showed that the intervention program improved participants'' knowledge from 75.5% to 83.2%. This improvement was with specific regard to the following: the causative agent of AIDs (p = 0.017), which improved from 77.7% to 81.5%; the spread of HIV through mosquitos (p = 0.001), which showed an increase from 12.7% to 23.8%; the program focused on the concept of the HIV carrier (p = 0.001), and also on the AIDS risk when having multiple sex partners, (p = 0.001), showing an increase of 47.5% to 83.5%. Following the knowledge test, the attitudes of students significantly increased from 70% to 83% with regards to youth vulnerability to HIV (p = 0.001), while scored dropped from 15.7% to 8.5% concerning the topic of HIV voluntary testing (p = 0.001). The practices of students changed from 70% to 83% when prompted about shaking the hands of an HIV infected person and also from 84.8% to 87.7% about sharing food with an HIV infected person (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe study concluded that school peer education is an effective approach to inform students of unsafe sexual behavior with regards to HIV/AIDS. It is clear that peer education enables significant improvements to be made with regards to the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the students.     

南宁市吸毒人群艾滋病相关知识行为及HIV感染状况调查

目的了解南宁市吸毒人群HIV感染状况及高危行为情况。方法对南宁市戒毒所内戒毒者和社区吸毒者进行面对面行为学问卷调查。结果共调查379名吸毒者,检出HIV抗体阳性84人,阳性率22.2%;有共针史206人,占54.5%,最近1次共针率11.3%;与2005年的结果比下降明显（χ2=55.063,P=0.000）,最近1个月共针率22%,与2005年同比下降明显（χ2=38.081,P=0.000）。吸毒者最近1次发生性行为时使用安全套比例27.1%,最近1次与临时性伴发生性关系时安全套使用率30.2%。结论南宁市针对静脉吸毒者的注射行为干预工作初见成效,共用针具的比例有所下降,但是,还应进一步降低无保护性行为的比例,加大高危性行为干预的力度。     

兰州市吸毒者艾滋病知识,态度和行为调查

为了解兰州市吸毒者的性行为学特征及他们艾滋病相关行为、知识和态度情况,对在兰州市某戒毒所内戒毒的４７７ 名吸毒者进行匿名问卷调查。发现９０－９ ％ 的吸毒者曾有过性行为,４２－０ ％ 的已婚者曾有过婚外性行为,２－９ ％ 的吸毒者曾有过同性性行为。８７－１ ％ 的吸毒者口吸毒品,２－２ ％ 静脉注射,１０－８ ％ 口吸混合静脉注射;２９－５ ％ 的吸毒者与固定的人在一起吸毒,２７－３ ％ 的吸毒者与不固定的人一起吸毒;２１－０ ％ 的静脉吸毒者曾借过或用过他人的注射器吸毒。只有６－３ ％ 的吸毒者认为自已有可能感染艾滋病。只有４１－７ ％ 的吸毒者认为自己出戒毒所后不会再吸毒了。调查结果提示,兰州市吸毒者艾滋病知识、行为和态度情况不容乐观,应该引起有关部门的重视,及时做好艾滋病的预防工作     

宣传干预对流动人群艾滋病知识行为影响的调查

目的了解鞍山市流动人群2008、2009年艾滋病知识、态度、行为的变化情况,评估项目地区干预工作效果,为进一步开展流动人群的艾滋病宣传干预提供依据。方法采用分层抽样方法,对各级建筑工地中的流动人群进行现场问卷调查。结果 2008年调查900名建筑工人,艾滋病知识知晓率(ungass指标)为36.0%;2009年调查830名建筑工人,艾滋病知识知晓率为75.3%;对艾滋病感染者和病人的不歧视率分别为28.9%、41.0%;最近一年发生商业性行为比例为8.4%,9.7%,最近1次商业性行为使用安全套的比例为83.8%,77.1%,最近1年商业性行为安全套坚持使用比例为40.8%、48.6%。结论该市流动人群的艾滋病知识知晓率、对感染者和病人的不歧视率有所提高,商业性行为安全套使用率没有明显变化,表明在流动人群中开展艾滋病宣传干预活动在改变知识态度方面取得成效,在行为改变方面作用尚不明显,仍需加大对这一群体的宣传干预力度。     

Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-related Knowledge and Stigmatizing Attitudes among Korean Adolescents from 2006 to 2011

ObjectivesThis study assessed the prevalence and changes of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge and stigmatizing attitudes in 2006, 2008, and 2011.MethodsThree cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2006, 2008, and 2011. A cross-sectional sample of high school students in Seoul, South Korea was targeted. A self-administered questionnaire measuring general and transmission and discriminatory attitudes was used.ResultsMisconceptions about casual contact were widespread, even though the proportion responding incorrectly decreased significantly over the 5-year period. The respondents in all surveys displayed a high level of discrimination against those with HIV/AIDS in some situations, particularly in the idea of HIV/AIDS making the respondent feel disgusted (63.3% in 2006, 57.5% in 2008, and 52.6% in 2011), avoiding sitting with people with HIV/AIDS (50.6% in 2006, 50.5% in 2008, and 48.5% in 2011), and blaming those with HIV for becoming infected (46.6% in 2006, 42.8% in 2008, and 43.0% in 2011). Even though respondents had a high level of stigmatizing attitudes, the survey showed that the stigma has declined over the 5-year period.ConclusionThe survey results showed that public health policy should recognize that HIV stigmatizing attitudes persist in Korea. This finding has implications for the development of intervention programs focusing on reducing the levels of discrimination.     

Correlates of HIV Testing among African American and Latino Church Congregants: The Role of HIV Stigmatizing Attitudes and Discussions about HIV

Faith-based organizations can be key settings in which to reach African Americans and Latinos for HIV prevention, but little is known regarding factors that predict congregants’ HIV testing behaviors. We examined the extent to which sociodemographic factors, HIV-related cues to action (e.g., knowing someone who is HIV-positive), and the social climate surrounding HIV (stigma toward a hypothetical HIV-positive congregant, HIV-related discussions at church about abstinence, condoms, and testing) were associated with willingness to be tested in church and with ever having been tested among 1211 African American and Latino congregants. Multivariate analyses indicated that congregants were more open to church-based testing if they were younger and had discussed condoms at church. They were less open if they expressed stigmatizing attitudes toward a hypothetical congregant. Foreign-born Latinos with low English proficiency were more willing to be tested at church than were African Americans. Congregants were more likely to have ever been tested if they were younger, African American, female, or married; if they knew someone who was HIV-positive; and if they had discussed testing and condoms at church. They were less likely if they had discussed abstinence. Open dialogue around HIV may activate congregants to be more receptive to church-based prevention.     

安徽省阜南县4类人群艾滋病知识态度行为抽样调查

目的了解安徽省阜南县暗娼、既往有偿献血人员、中学生和村民4类人群对艾滋病知识认识现状,明确现阶段的重点宣传对象与宣传内容。方法2005年3～4月,采用普查和抽样调查的方法对4类人群共1465名进行匿名问卷调查。结果4类人群对艾滋病的知识都有一定的了解,暗娼、既往有偿献血人员、中学生和村民的总体知晓率分别为36.2%、61.7%、82.7%和91.8%。对艾滋病病毒经血液、性、和母婴等3个传播途径正确应答率均在70%以上。高危人群对艾滋病知识的总体知晓率较低,其中以暗娼人群最低,村民和中学生总体知晓率较高。结论4类人群对艾滋病的知识掌握不够系统、全面,应加强对高危人群以及文化程度较低人群的健康教育工作。     

Poverty-related stressors and HIV/AIDS transmission risks in two South African communities

Community stress associated with poverty is related to health risks and poor health outcomes. Perceived community stress is specifically related to HIV transmission risk behaviors in the United States, but research bas not examined these relationships in southern Africa, the region of the world with the highest rates of HIV infection and among the greatest poverty. Men (N=464) and women (N=531) living in impoverished adjacent communities distinguished by race (e.g., indigenous African and Coloured) completed anonymous surveys of perceptions of 10 poverty-related community stressors and measures of HIV risk-related behaviors. Indigenous African and Coloured communities differed in their perceptions of stressors, with Africans consistently viewing the 10 community stressors as more serious problems. In addition, perceived seriousness of lacking basic living resources was related to higher risk for HIV among Africans. Perceived community stress was also related to alcohol and drug use, but substance use did not mediate the association between perceived community stress and HIV risks. In the Coloured community, perceived community stressors were related to drug use, but percived community stressors were not associated with HIV risks. These findings extend the findings of previous research to show that povertyrelated stressors are associated with HIV transmission risks in some poverty-stricken communities and that these associations are not mediated by substance use.     

Masculinity and HIV disclosure among heterosexual South African men: implications for HIV/AIDS intervention

Relationships and constructions of masculinity are central to understanding the process of male HIV disclosure, which is an important step towards accessing HIV-related services. Data from in-depth interviews and focus-group discussions with 23 HIV-positive, self-identified heterosexual, Black South African men were used to explore the disclosure process and how this process was negotiated in the context of constructions of masculinity. Of these men, 20 had disclosed to one or more persons, with partners and siblings being the preferred confidants. Disclosure was dependent on the acceptance of HIV status, perceived support and healthy relationships with others, HIV counselling and participation in educational and training activities. Non-disclosure was explained as a result of stigma, fear of rejection, discrimination, a lack of healthy relationships with others and lack of access to suitable disclosure strategies. Negative perceptions of HIV and hegemonic conceptions of masculinity hindered men from disclosing and seeking health services. Many men, however, managed to renegotiate their masculine identities to become responsible, knowledgeable HIV-positive individuals, protecting their families and becoming community educators. Findings suggest the need to consider gendered, contextual, skills-building/income-generating and guided interventions to promote male HIV disclosure and service uptake.     

四川省未婚校外青少年艾滋病知识现状调查

目的了解四川省9县未婚校外青少年艾滋病相关的知识现状及需求。方法采用横断面设计、固定样本方便抽样法进行抽样,调查员面对面问卷调查方式开展现场调查。结果共调查1180名15—24岁的未婚校外青少年,运用国家艾滋病防治督导与评估框架指标评价艾滋病知识知晓率为69．3％（818／1180）,不同年龄组、不同民族和不同文化程度的校外青少年艾滋病知识知晓率不同,差别有统计学意义（X2=28．81,P〈0．01;x。=53．28,P〈0．01;x。=50．82,P〈0．01）,其中20岁以下年龄组、少数民族和初中以下文化程度的校外青少年艾滋病知识知晓率相对较低。校外青少年艾滋病知识主要来源于电视（81．9％）、报刊书籍（43．6％）和网络（63．1％）;希望获得艾滋病知识的3个主要途径,分别是电视（72．4％）、网络（53．3％）和宣传材料（29．4％）。结论某省校外青少年对于艾滋病知识有一定了解,但差别较大,应针对校外青少年的特点及需求,加强对校外青少年的艾滋病防治知识宣传教育。     

学校预防艾滋病教育对大学生知识态度及性行为的影响

目的探讨学校预防艾滋病教育对大学生预防艾滋病知识、态度及性行为的影响,为学校开展预防艾滋病教育提供科学依据.方法于2003年9月对辽宁省1所普通高校在校大学生353名进行自填式、不记名问卷调查.结果有36.3%的学生在学校(从小学到大学)曾听过预防艾滋病方面的课或讲座.与没有听过课的学生比较,听过课学生的预防艾滋病基本知识和对艾滋病病毒感染者不歧视态度得分明显较高.婚前性交行为,听过课与没听过课的学生比较,差异无显著性.总的看来,相当部分的被调查大学生仍缺少基本的预防艾滋病知识.结论学校预防艾滋病教育可提高学生预防艾滋病知识水平,促进对艾滋病病毒感染者不歧视态度的形成,且未导致学生性交行为的增加.在中学和大学,应迅速普及预防艾滋病教育.