三叉神经痛伽玛刀治疗（附30例分析）

介绍伽玛刀治疗三叉神经痛３０例。方法：采用１．５ＴＭＢ影像。Ｇａｍｍａ－Ｐｌａｎ定位和治疗计划，γ－刀治疗。治疗靶点在三叉神经感觉根桥脑进入区，用４ｍｍ准真器，最大剂量７２－８０Ｇｙ，５０％等剂量线限定靶点，颅底肿瘤１２－１５Ｇｙ治疗。结果：随访３－２４个月。疼痛１００％缓解占６０％，疼痛缓解〉９０％占２３．３％，疼痛缓解〉５０％占６．３３％，总有效率８９．７％，２例无效，１例５个月后复发。无效和     

三叉神经痛的伽玛刀治疗

目的　探讨伽玛刀治疗三叉神经痛（ＴＮ） 的方法和疗效。方法　采用１－５ Ｔ ＭＲ 影像、ＧａｍｍａＰｌａｎ 定位和治疗计划,Ｌｅｋｓｅｌｌ 伽玛刀（γ刀） 治疗７５ 例ＴＮ,其中６５ 例非肿瘤性ＴＮ,治疗靶点在三叉神经感觉根入桥脑区,单个４ ｍｍ 准直器,中心剂量７０～９０ Ｇｙ,５０ ％ 等剂量线限定靶点;１０ 例颅底肿瘤性三叉神经痛以肿瘤为照射靶区,中心剂量２０ ～３０ Ｇｙ,周边剂量１０ ～１５ Ｇｙ。结果　随访３ ～３８ 个月,全组疗效优者占５７－３％ ,良占３０－７ ％ ,有效占５－３％ ,总有效率９３－３％ ,非肿瘤性ＴＮ总有效率９２－３ ％ 。４ 例于５ ～１７ 个月疼痛复发。全组病人无任何并发症,无死亡。结论　伽玛刀是治疗三叉神经痛安全和有效的治疗方法。     

三叉神经痛伽玛刀放射外科治疗（附43例分析）

目的：评价伽玛刀（γ－刀）放射外科治疗三叉神经痛（TN）43例治疗结果。方法：采用1．5TD磁共振成像（MRI）、GammaPlan治疗计划系统,Leksellγ－刀治疗34例非肿瘤性TN,治疗靶点在三叉神经感觉根桥脑进入区,单个4mm准直器,最大剂量72－90Gy,50％等计量线限定靶点;9例颅底肿瘤的症状性三叉神经痛边缘剂量12－15Gy。结果：随访3－28个月,平均随访期14．8个月,疼痛100％缓解占69．8％,疼痛缓解＞80％占18．6％,疼痛缓解＞50％占46％,总有效率93％,非肿瘤性TN总有效率90l％。缓解疼痛＜50％3例（7．0％）。3例疼痛缓解后分别在5、9和17个月复发。无效和复发病人经再次治疗后疼痛有效缓解。全组病人无任何并发症,无死亡。结论：γ－刀是治疗三叉神经痛安全和有效的治疗方法。     

脑转移瘤的立体定向放射手术：附272例临床报告

目的探讨立体定向放射手术（伽玛刀）治疗脑转移瘤的临床疗效。方法对２７２例脑转移瘤病人,用１．５Ｔｅｓｌａ磁共振仪和Ｇａｍｍａ－Ｐｌａｎ计算机联网定位,Ｌｅｋｓｅｌｌ伽玛刀实施放射手术,其中单发１５６例,多发１１６例;男１８１例,女９１例,年龄１８－８６岁,平均５８岁。肿瘤直径３．５－５０．１ｍｍ;周边剂量１０－３５Ｇｙ,平均１８．８Ｇｙ,中心剂量２７－７０Ｇｙ,平均４６Ｇｙ;靶点数１－１１个,平均     

松果体区肿瘤的伽玛刀治疗

使用立体定向伽玛刀治疗松果体区肿瘤３３例，肿瘤直径（Ｘ＋Ｙ＋Ｚ／３）１０．０～４５．５ｍｍ；平均２３．５ｍｍ；体积０．４～３５．４ｃｍ３，平均１２．１ｃｍ３；肿瘤边缘剂量１４～２０Ｇｙ，平均１５．２±１．７Ｇｙ；中心剂量２５．０～４２．８Ｇｙ，平均３７．３±６．９Ｇｙ；影像定位仪为１．５ＴＭＲ。随访３～１２个月。初步结果表明：病人的临床症状体证明显好转，９个月后肿瘤生长控制率，即治疗有效率为９６．２％，显效率９２．３％，无严重并发症发生。提示γ－刀可作为松果体区肿瘤的有效治疗方法。     

旋转式伽玛刀治疗15例原发性三叉神经痛的疗效观察

目的 观察旋转式伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效。方法 采用Leksell G型立体定向仪，SIEMENS 1．5T MRI定位，Gamma-TPS2.1规划系统，国产OUR－RGS／A型旋转式伽玛刀治疗15例原发性三叉神经痛患者。定位靶点为三叉神经感觉根，用4mm准直器，1－2个等中心治疗，中心剂量70－90Gy。结果 出现明显疼痛缓解平均为术后2个月，疼痛缓解程度超过90％的9例（60％），疼痛缓解在50％－90％的4例（26．6％），1例稍见好转（6．7％），1例无效（6．7％），有效病例随访5－14个月未见复发，全辣病人均未出现其它阀发症。结论 应用旋转式伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛安全，有效。     

伽玛刀治疗颅内疾病3094例临床报告

目的： 探讨立体定向放射手术（伽玛刀） 对颅内疾病的疗效。方法： 用１．５Ｔｅｓｌａ 磁共振仪和γ－ ｐｌａｎ 计算机联网定位, γ－ ｐｌａｎ４．０ 版剂量规划系统作治疗方案设计, 剂量规划, 对３０９４ 例不同类型的颅内疾病包括肿瘤、血管畸形及功能性疾病等实施立体定向放射外科治疗, 病种达２０ 余种,年龄１．１～８６ 岁,周边剂量９～７５Ｇｙ,中心剂量１８～１５０Ｇｙ,等剂量曲线３０％ ～９０％ ,靶点数１～１２ 个。结果： 随访１０～４７ 个月, 统计结果表明： 伽玛刀疗效是确切的。对脑动静脉畸形, 随防一年半以上, 完全闭塞率可达４４．６％ , 体积越小, 周边照射剂量越大, 闭塞率越高。对颅内肿瘤的生长控制率, 良性肿瘤≥８０．０％ , 恶性肿瘤≥６６．７％ ,对功能性疾病的治疗有效率, 帕金森病为８５．２％ , 三叉神经痛为７６．９％ 。结论： 伽玛刀是治疗颅内疾病又一种可选择方法。治疗技术良好, 指征掌握严格, 可提高疗效, 降低并发症。     

伽玛刀在松果体区肿瘤治疗中的应用

的探讨伽玛刀对松果体区肿瘤治疗的有效性。方法２５例共３１个病灶,治疗前肿瘤平均体积为５４ｃｍ３（００９２～２９３ｃｍ３）;ＫＰＳ平均为７９２３分（５０～１００分）;射点数１～８个（平均４２个）;周边剂量１０～２２５Ｇｙ（平均１４８６Ｇｙ）;周边剂量曲线３０％～９０％（平均４３９％）;中心剂量１４４４～５６２５Ｇｙ（平均３６１８Ｇｙ）。结果１９个月内有１４例获得随访,平均随访期为５５个月,治疗后平均肿瘤体积缩小至４４ｃｍ３（０～２６７ｃｍ３）。治疗后肿瘤体积缩小者临床症状有明显好转或改善,ＫＰＳ平均为８６９２分（５０～１００分）。结论定位诊断明确的松果体区占位病变,如果其体积在伽玛刀治疗的允许范围内,首选伽玛刀治疗是明智的,可获得良好的预后。     

旋转式伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的初步研究

目的：探讨原发性三叉神经痛的旋转式伽玛刀治疗方法并分析其结果。方法：选择难治性原发性三叉神经痛患者45例，应用1．5TMR定位，以OUR－XGD治疗规划系统(r-TPS）作治疗规划，OUR－XGD旋转式伽玛刀进行治疗，治疗靶点三叉神经根入脑桥段，4mm准直器，1－2个等中心点，中心剂量75Gy,90Gy,100Gy三组，50％等剂量曲线覆盖靶点，脑干边缘剂量11．2-15.0Gy。结果：本组37例获随访，为期4－49个月。疼痛完全消失22例，明显缓解10例，轻度缓解3例，无效2例，复发4例，显效率86．5％，有效率94．6％，复发率10．8％，结论：复发症状较治疗前为轻，并发面部轻度麻木2例，面部麻木＋眼干涩感1例，张口稍困难1例，无死亡。结论：作为三叉神经痛的疗法，旋转式伽玛刀可以治疗各种类型的原发性三叉神经痛，且具有安全，高效和无创的优点，可作为长期药物治疗无效者的首选外科手段，75－80Gy是安全有效的治疗剂量，增大剂量至90Gy或更大可缩短平均起效时间，剂量达90Gy及以上时有效率可能升高但发生并发症的可能性也较大。     

伽玛刀治疗颅内疾病

目的：探讨γ－刀对颅内疾病的疗效。方法：对１５０８例不同类型的颅内疾病用Ｌｅｋｓｅｌ伽玛刀实施治疗，病种达１７余种。年龄跨度１．０８～８５岁。处方剂量９～１５０Ｇｙ。结果：随访１１～３２个月，疗效是确切的。统计所随访的病例，ＡＶＭ有效率达９０．９８％，良性脑肿瘤有效率为７７．２７％～１００％，恶性肿瘤为７０．５０％～１００％，功能性疾病其有效率为６６．６７％～８８．８７％。结论：伽玛刀放射外科治疗简便、安全，是治疗颅内疾病的又一有效手段，只要掌握指征适当，治疗剂量准确，疗效是肯定的     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.