Red pulp of the spleen in hereditary elliptocytosis

Summary Electron microscopic study of the spleen of an adult with hereditary elliptocytosis demonstrated features of erythrocyte pooling in the splenic cords with decreased red cells in transit through the basement membrane slits between the sinus littoral cells and decreased erythrocytes in splenic sinuses. Cordal reticulum cells, macrophages, and platelets were prominent. Light microscopy demonstrated relatively empty sinuses, and electron microscopy confirmed that the sinuses contained variable numbers of intact red cells. The morphology of the splenic red pulp in hereditary elliptocytosis was found to simulate that seen in hereditary spherocytosis but to a lesser degree.     

Saturation transfer in human red blood cells with normal and unstable hemoglobin

Saturation transfer phenomena from irradiated protein protons to observed water protons in packed human red blood cells (RBCs) with normal or unstable hemoglobin (Hb), i.e. Hb Yokohama and Hb Koeln, were studied using intermolecular cross-relaxation rates [CR; 1/T(IS)(H(2)O)], action spectra [[1-(I(infinity)/I(0))] vs f(2) (ppm), where I(0) and I(infinity) are the longitudinal magnetization of observed water protons before and after long-time f(2)-irradiation, respectively], CR spectra [CR vs f(2) (ppm)] and CR ratio vs f(2) (ppm) with f(2)-irradiation from -100 to 100 ppm at gammaH(2)/2pi of 69 or 250 Hz. RBCs (Hb Yokohama) exhibited many large Heinz bodies and strongly impaired filterability, while RBCs (Hb Koeln) showed few microscopically typical Heinz bodies and virtually normal filterability. However, increases in CR values for RBCs (Hb Koeln) and RBCs (Hb Yokohama), monitored by f(2)-irradiation below approximately -6 and above approximately 14 ppm, clearly indicated marked increases in association or aggregation of unstable Hb in RBCs compared with those in normal RBCs. CR values, monitored between approximately 0 and approximately 10 ppm, were related to not only association or aggregation of unstable Hb but also amounts of water in RBCs. Aggregation or association of unstable Hb exhibited greater effects on CR values compared with those of methemoglobin formation.     

Immunohistological study of the red pulp in the human spleen

By means of anti-cartilage antisera, on using immunofluorescent technique, special spongy structures were detected in the red pulp of the human spleen, occurring around arterial capillaries and at their terminals. At some sites, these formations were closely attached to the walls of sinus, suggesting a direct connection between the arterial and venous system. Exceptionally they were found to be attached to the wall of the veins in the red pulp. In the majority of instances, anti-cartilage antisera distinctly visualized also fibrillar and membranous adventitial structures around small arterial branches, which were more or less connected with the spongy structures of pulp cords. In several-month-old infants the spongy structures occupied relatively large areas of pulp cords, and exceptionally also the entire segment of the pulp cord, whereas at advanced age, these structures were very small. Yet they invariably contained structures of sheathed capillaries. These spongy arterial terminals seem to represent specifically formed parts of pulp cords, constituting a particularly specialized part of the vascular system of the human spleen.     

Fibronectin decrease in liver cirrhosis is related to spleen size

Summary We found a significantly lower plasma fibronectin concentration in cirrhotic patients than in controls, a significant inverse relationship between fibronectin and spleen size, but no correlation between fibronectin and hepatic blood flow, prothrombin time, or serum albumin. We suggest that the increased degradation in the enlarged spleen is more relevant than the decreased synthesis in reducing plasma fibronectin levels during liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension.Abbreviations FDP Fibrinogen degradation products - FN Fibronectin - LSD larger spleen diameter - HBF hepatic blood flow - PT prothrombin time - SA serum albumin concentration     

Three-colour fluorescence immunohistochemistry reveals the diversity of cells staining for macrophage markers in murine spleen and liver

Macrophages have traditionally been identified in murine tissues using a small range of markers, typically F4/80, CD68 and CD11b. However many studies have suggested that substantial heterogeneity exists in macrophage populations, and no single marker, nor even pair of markers, can necessarily identify all the populations. Further, many of the key monoclonal antibodies have been raised in the same species, making it difficult to combine them in histochemical studies. Here we have optimised a triple colour immunofluorescent staining protocol, utilising an anti-FITC technique, to allow antibodies to macrophage markers to be used simultaneously. We highlight the substantial heterogeneity of cells in both normal liver and spleen that stain for F4/80, CD68, CD11b, and CD11c. Using diet-induced steatohepatitis as a model of liver inflammation, we show that CD11b is expressed by newly migrating macrophage precursors, but is an unreliable marker for macrophage precursors when used alone because it is also expressed by migrating neutrophils. In healthy livers CD11c expression is a unique feature of a population of cells immediately surrounding the sinusoids. However, during hepatic inflammation CD11c can also be co-expressed by other cells, including both infiltrating cells and F4/80⁺ cells within the liver parenchyma. While no one marker alone is sufficient to account for all macrophage populations, we confirm that F4/80 marks the majority of the tissue-resident macrophages in both the liver and the spleen, although F4/80⁻ populations that are positive for CD68, CD11b, or CD11c also exist. Distinguishing between tissue macrophages and dendritic cells with these markers remains problematic.     

Studies on proliferation kinetics in liver and spleen during early graft-vs-host reaction in mice.

Autoradiographic and liquid scintillation counting studies were made during the early graft-versus-host-reaction in mice. At the height of GVHR on the 10th day after transplantation, hepatosplenomegaly correlated with the radioactive disintegrations (DPM). This coincided with a high proliferation rate of the blasts that appeared in the spleen, and of the portal infiltrations and Kupffer cells in the liver. Convenient control groups were used to show that these changes are a specific reaction in GVHR.     

细胞因子信号转导抑制因子3在脓毒症小鼠肝脏和脾脏中的表达

目的 探讨细胞因子信号转导抑制因子3(SOCS3)在脓毒症小鼠肝脏和脾脏中的表达情况及其可能的作用机制.方法 采用盲肠结扎并穿刺术(CLP)制作小鼠脓毒症模型.检测肝脏和脾脏组织的SOCS3 mRNA及蛋门表达,采用RT-PCR检测组织中SOCS3 mRNA的相对含量,用免疫印迹方法测定组织中SOCS3相对蛋白含量.用SPSS统计软件对上述指标间的变化关系进行分析.结果 脓毒症手术后SOCS3在肝脏内基因和蛋白表达量有升高趋势,但与对照组比较筹异无统计学意义(P>0.05).SOCS3在脾脏内的基因和蛋白表达在术后2 h迅速升高.至12 h达峰值.在肝脏和脾脏中SOCS3的基因表达和蛋白表达均正相关(r=0.353、0.731,P均<0.05).结论 CLP导致的脓毒症可以诱导SOCS3在小鼠肝脏和脾脏中表达增多,提示SOCS3在脓毒症后的免疫变化中有重要作用.     

假密环菌多糖Y-HW抗ConA诱导小鼠实验性肝损伤的形态学研究

目的 验证假密环菌多糖Y-HW的护肝作用.方法 应用光镜和电镜技术对假密环菌多糖Y-HW对ConA诱导的小鼠实验性肝损伤的拮抗作用进行形态学观察.结果ConA诱导的肝损伤模型组超微结构表现为肝细胞肿胀,脂肪变性;胞浆疏松和粗面内质网脱颗粒;线粒体数目增多且呈现出明显肿胀和嵴少,而预先用假密环菌多糖组超微结构表现:肝细胞的上述各种变性坏死明显减轻,肝细胞除少数线粒体轻度肿胀外,粗面内质网接近正常未见脂肪变性.结论 假密环菌多糖Y-HW对ConA引起的肝损伤有拮抗作用,为临床筛选护肝药物提供了形态依据.     

Effect of stress induced by expsoure to short and long term foot shock on liver,spleen and kidney in aged mice

Introduction

Stress affects the central nervous system leading indirectly to modulation of the activity of steroid, catecholamine and opioid systems. It also affects behaviour, immune system, cardiovascular responses and gastrointestinal tract. In response to stress, a cascade of neurohumoral events chiefly at the level of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, is triggered, the result of which is the termination of stress reaction leading to normalization.During Induction of stress hormone epinephrine concentration increases many times in the body.

An ultrastructural study of the liver in erythropoietic protoporphyria

An ultrastructural investigation of the liver was performed in two patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. There were many protoporphyrin crystals in the hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, epithelia of bile ducts, and sinusoidal endothelial cells and also free within sinusoids. In hepatocytes, these deposits were composed of granular amorphous materials and numerous slender, straight, or slightly curved needle-like crystals aligned in radial orientation. They were randomly distributed in the cytoplasm and completely replaced other cytoplasmic structures. Some crystals lay free in the cytoplasm and others were surrounded by a single membrane. In the bile canaliculi, severe alterations could be observed. Some of the bile canaliculi were filled with amorphous, noncrystalline pigments, and lumina were enlarged with loss of micro-villi. In addition, despite the absence of protoporphyrin deposits, there were many dilated bile canaliculi. The microfilamentous network around such dilated bile canaliculi was no longer evident, suggesting the depolymerization of actin filaments, which could lead to bile excretory disturbances. The bile duct epithelia showed focal apical membrane bleb formation. The functional or structural alterations of the sinusoidal endothelial cells by the protoporphyrin crystals might lead to the hepatic disturbances. These ultrastructural findings of the liver might contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of complicated liver disease in erythropoietic protoporphyria.     

Increased mechanical fragility and intravascular lysis of erythrocytes in cats fed a propylene glycol-containing diet

The mechanism responsible for the decreased red blood cell (RBC) lifespan associated with feeding propylene glycol (PG)-containing diets was investigated to understand better how Heinz body-contained RBC are destroyed. Three cats were fed a diet containing 12% PG for 14 days and three other cats served as control. The experimental group developed reticulocytosis and increased Heinz body numbers. Red blood cell membrane immunoglobulih G (IgG) concentration and phagocytosis of RBC by peritoneal macrophages were lower in the PG group compared to the control group suggesting that neither IgG nor non-IgG-mediated phagocytosis was responsible for the RBC destruction. Osmotic fragility, rate of RBC proteolysis and mild mechanical fragility test results were not statistically different from controls. However, when RBC from cats fed PG were exposed to severe mechanical stress, their fragility were increased 2.2–2.8 times. Additionally, haptoglobin concentrations were decreased in the PG group. These data suggest that intravascular lysis may be involved in the pathogenesis of PG-induced RBC destruction.     

单个活态红细胞血红蛋白随pH值变化的显微分光光度分析

本实验利用快速显微多道分光光度技术，在无损、在位、实时的情况下，测定了不同介质pH值下单个活态人红细胞内血红蛋白吸收光谱的变化情况，初步揭示了人红细胞内血红蛋白分子结构、浓度与功能之间的密切关系，并且探讨了介质pH值影响人红细胞功能的分子机制。     

Unusual vascular changes in the red pulp of the spleen accompanying breast carcinoma metastasis

The prevalence of splenic metastasis from carcinomas varies between 2% and 13% in autopsy studies. Most of them are clinically inapparent. We report herein the case of a splenic metastasis revealing breast carcinoma in a 73-year old woman. Splenectomy was performed to correct hypersplenism. Macroscopically, the cut surface of the spleen was uniform and pale. On microscopical examination, the metastatic infiltration involved both red and white pulp as single cells, cords and micro-nodules. Tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). The breast origin of this splenic metastasis was supported by the increase of CA 15-3 level, and by the appearance of axillary lymphadenopathy. In addition, the red pulp sinuses were obliterated by multiple thrombi at different stages of development and the splenic cords were collagenized. These changes could result from an unusual stromal reaction.     

An ultrastructural study of spontaneous and phenobarbitone-induced nodules in the mouse liver.

Male C3H/He mice were given 0 (control) or 85 mg/kg/day phenobarbitone (PB) in the diet. At 40, 60 and 93 weeks, groups of mice were killed and the ultrastructure of spontaneous and PB-induced liver nodules was examined. Treated mice showed typical centrilobular hypertrophy and eosinophilic nodules which may be considered as an end stage lesion. The nodule cells were similar in appearance to those in areas of centrilobular hypertrophy except for the presence of convoluted membranes which are considered to be indicative of proliferation. The incidence of carcinoma was not increased by PB treatment. The carcinomas from control and treated animals differed in their ultrastructure in that increased levels of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) were seen in the carcinomas of the PB animals. The presence of SER proliferation in the carcinomas of PB animals suggests that carcinoma may respond to the enzyme-inducing effects of PB.     

Morphologic and cell kinetic investigations of the spleen after repeated in situ freezing of liver and kidney.

In order to evaluate a possible primary or secondary immunologic response of the spleen after single or repeated in situ freezing of parenchymal organs such as liver and kidney within a four week period, light microscopic and cell kinetic investigations with tritiated thymidine were performed on spleens of non-germfree rats. Sham operations served as controls. The sham operations did not induce any significant morphological or cell kinetic changes in the splenic white pulp. After cryolesions were produced in the liver and kidney, the percentages of activated germinal centers, labeled germinal center cells, and cells in the perifollicular area of the lymphatic mantle and marginal zones increased, with maxima during the first 3 days. The investigations show that the cellular reaction of the spleen starts earlier and is more prominent after repeated in situ freezing than after a single cryolesion. These findings point to an immunologic response of the anamnestic type, and correspond to results after repeated freezing of normal and malignant tissue of the urogenital tract. These cell kinetic results are important in the evaluation of further immunologic studies involving the cryotherapy of malignant tissues.