股骨颈骨折术后空心钉脱出与中期并发症的关系

[目的]探讨股骨颈骨折空心钉固定术后空心钉脱出与并发症的关系.[方法]对2008年10月～2010年10月间于天津医院创伤骨科行内固定治疗的135例股骨颈骨折患者资料进行回顾性分析.男61例,女74例;年龄18～78岁,平均48.6岁.摔伤83例,车祸45例,其他损伤7例.按股骨颈骨折Garden分型:Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型75例,Ⅳ型51例.随访16～56个月,平均38.2个月.[结果]52例(38.5%)发生股骨颈短缩愈合;9例(6.7%)发生骨折不愈合;20例(14.8%)出现股骨头坏死;42例(31.1%)术后发生空心钉脱出,其中伴短缩愈合24例(46.2%)、不愈合6例(66.7%)、股骨头坏死12例(60%).术后空心钉脱出的发生与骨折Garden分型、骨质疏松Singh指数及骨折复位的Garden指数密切相关;且与骨折短缩愈合、骨折不愈合、股骨头坏死有密切关系.[结论]密切关注股骨颈骨折术后内固定的松动情况,防止空心钉过度脱出将有助于减少术后并发症,提高疗效.     

空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折预后与Pauwels分型及Garden分型相关性研究

目的分析空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折预后与Pauwels分型及Garden分型之间的关系。方法回顾性研究经空心螺钉内固定治疗的新鲜股骨颈骨折162例,分析内固定失败、骨不愈合、股骨头坏死等并发症与患者年龄、性别、Pauwels分型及Garden分型之间的相关性。结果内固定失败23例,骨不愈合11例,股骨头坏死21例,内固定失败、骨不愈合和股骨头坏死发生与患者年龄、性别无相关性,与Pauwels分型及Garden分型均有明显的相关性。随着Pauwels角度的增大及骨折移位程度的增加,内固定失败、骨不愈合及股骨头坏死发生率明显增加。结论空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折并发症发生率较高,并发症发生与股骨颈骨折Pauwels分型及Garden分型结果密切相关。     

闭合复位加压空心螺钉内固定治疗中青年股骨颈骨折的疗效观察

目的 :探讨闭合复位加压空心螺钉内固定在中青年股骨颈骨折治疗的临床疗效。方法 :自2013年6月至2016年12月采用闭合复位加压空心螺钉内固定治疗33例中青年股骨颈骨折,其中男17例,女16例,年龄19~59岁,平均38.5岁;左侧20例,右侧13例;受伤至手术时间为2~5 d,平均3 d。按照Garden分型:Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型11例,Ⅲ型18例,Ⅳ型3例。术后定期随访,复查髋关节X线片,了解骨愈合和股骨头坏死情况,末次随访采用髋关节Harris功能评分进行疗效评价。结果:手术时间30~50 min,术中出血量20~70 ml。33例患者均获得随访,时间8~42个月,平均24个月。末次随访髋关节Harris功能评分:优18例,良10例,中2例,差3例,其中疼痛(40.61±5.08)分,功能(38.94±6.78)分,畸形(3.88±0.69)分,运动范围(3.70±0.64)分,总分(87.12±11.98)分。30例达到骨性愈合,愈合时间4~12个月,平均7.5个月,2例患者出现骨折不愈合(均为GardenⅣ型),1例患者发生股骨头坏死(GardenⅣ型),所有患者未出现术后感染、内固定松动、再骨折等并发症。结论:闭合复位加压空心螺钉内固定治疗中青年股骨颈骨折具有方法简单、创伤小、固定牢靠等优势,骨折愈合率高,股骨头坏死风险低,临床疗效满意。     

股骨颈骨折闭合复位、三枚双头空心加压螺钉内固定术

为探讨股骨颈骨折闭合复位、三枚双头空心加压螺钉内固定术的疗效,39例股骨颈骨折按Garden分型:Ⅱ型6例、Ⅲ型24例、Ⅳ型9例,全部采用闭合复位、三枚双头加压空心螺钉内固定.平均随访时间25(6～42)个月,骨折不连接及股骨头缺血坏死占10.3%,功能恢复优良率89.7%.股骨颈骨折闭合复位内固定的关键是维持良好对位状态下的有效固定,三枚双头加压螺钉固定方法能有效地防止骨折端间的旋转、分离、剪切错位,有利于骨折愈合,并且操作简便,创伤小,是一种较为理想的固定方法.     

空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折术后股骨头坏死的影响因素分析

目的 探讨空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折术后股骨头坏死的影响因素. 方法 对于2000年1月至2008年9月收治且获得随访的172例新鲜股骨颈骨折采用加压空心螺钉内固定治疗骨折一期获得愈合的患者进行回顾性分析,男107例,女65例;年龄13 ～55岁,平均38.5岁;骨折按照Garden分型:Ⅰ型6例,Ⅱ型40例,Ⅲ型90例,Ⅳ型36例.受伤至手术时间平均为8.3d.根据随访期间患者影像学表现将患者分为股骨头坏死组与股骨头无坏死组,统计股骨头坏死的发生率,并对影响股骨头坏死的各项因素进行logistic回归分析. 结果 172例患者术后获平均54个月(30 ～ 86个月)随访,共有14例发生股骨头坏死,发生率为8.1％;术后48个月髋关节Harris评分平均为85.9分(57～99分).股骨头坏死发生与取出内固定、骨折分型(Ⅲ、Ⅳ型)、年龄、性别(女性)及术后负重时间(＞2个月)显著相关,其中与取出内固定最为相关(P=0.002). 结论 股骨颈骨折愈合后,加压空心螺钉取出可能对股骨头血运产生不利影响,加压空心螺钉取出是股骨头坏死的主要诱发因素.     

顶压撬拨技术在Garden Ⅲ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折闭合复位内固定术中的应用

目的探讨应用顶压、撬拨技术在GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折闭合复位空心钉内固定术中的临床疗效。方法 62例GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折通过顶压、撬拨复位技术以达到满意复位后,行3枚空心钉内固定。结果 62例骨折复位质量按Garden＂对位指数＂评价：Ⅰ级复位41例,Ⅱ级复位21例。随访6~36个月,未发生骨折端移位、内固定失败、股骨头坏死,骨折均愈合。结论顶压、撬拨复位技术在股骨颈骨折闭合复位内固定术中可以达到骨折的良好复位,有利于骨折愈合,可避免后期发生股骨头坏死。     

切开与闭合复位治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的探讨股骨颈骨折采用闭合复位空心钉固定与切开复位空心钉固定的临床效果。方法对2002年7月至2006年1月收治的72例股骨颈骨折患者进行分析。其中随访资料完整的70例中,Garden Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型22例,Ⅳ型38例。平均随访时间28个月。结果70例患者中65例愈合,总愈合率为92.9%,其中闭合复位组39例骨折愈合,3例骨折不愈合,愈合率为92.9%;切开复位组26例骨折愈合,2例骨折不愈合,愈合率为92.9%。8例出现股骨头坏死,坏死率为11.4%。其中采用闭合复位加空心钉固定患者42例,5例出现股骨头坏死,坏死率为11.9%;采用切开复位空心钉固定28例,3例出现股骨头坏死,坏死率为10.7%。结论股骨颈骨折所致股骨头坏死和骨不连的发生与骨折的类型及治疗方法的选择有关。良好的复位加空心钉固定可达理想的治疗效果。股骨颈骨折切开复位内固定与闭合复位内固定术后的股骨头坏死或骨不连的发生率无明显差异,也可能与本研究病例少,随访时间短有关,但骨折的解剖复位和坚强的内固定仍是骨折愈合的关键因素。     

联合偏转角内收型分型与股骨颈骨折内固定术后并发症的相关性研究

目的 探讨联合偏转角内收型（combined deflection angle classification adduction type,CDACADT）分型与股骨颈骨折经空心螺钉内固定术后并发症之间的相关性。方法 回顾分析2018年1月—2021年12月收治且符合选择标准的121例CDAC-ADT股骨颈骨折患者临床资料。男69例,女52例;年龄19～79岁,平均48.1岁。致伤原因：交通事故伤52例,高处坠落伤24例,摔伤45例。受伤至手术时间2～12 d,平均6.0 d。其中CDAC-ADTⅠ型18例、Ⅱ型46例、Ⅲ型57例;Garden分型Ⅱ型6例、Ⅲ型103例、Ⅳ型12例;按骨折线位置分型,头下型26例、经颈型88例、基底型7例。均采用空心螺钉内固定治疗。记录患者并发症（包括内固定失败、骨折不愈合与股骨头坏死）发生情况,并分析并发症与CDAC-ADT分型、Garden分型、骨折线位置之间的相关性。结果 患者均获随访,随访时间8～44个月,平均24.9个月。术后共发生内固定失败10例、骨折不愈合7例、股骨头坏死30例。相关性分析示,患者CDAC-ADT分型与总体并发症发生、内固...     

三枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床评价

目的评价三枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法对56例股骨颈骨折(GardenⅡ型6例、Ⅲ型27例、Ⅳ型23例)采用三枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗。结果51例获得随访，平均随访31．6(18～62)个月，骨折愈合率达96．1％(49／51)，股骨头缺血坏死率27．5％(14／51)；髋关节功能Harris评分：骨折愈合者平均93分，缺血坏死者平均57分。结论三枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折具有良好的生物力学性能，使骨折获得较高的愈合率，但股骨头缺血坏死率仍较高。     

空心加压螺钉内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折

目的探讨空心加压螺钉内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折的方法及疗效。方法对46例新鲜股骨颈骨折患者在C型臂监测下于牵引床上复位后采用加压空心螺钉内固定。结果46例随访8~25个月,骨折愈合40例,不愈合4例,股骨头坏死2例。结论空心加压螺钉内固定术治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折是一种有效、安全、简单、经济的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.