腹腔镜胆囊切除术在急性胆囊炎中的应用

目的评价急性胆囊炎中应用腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的方法和疗效. 方法回顾分析1998年8月～2003年8月LC治疗急性胆囊炎201例. 结果本组均于入院24 h内行LC.完成LC 192例(95.52%),中转开腹9例.手术时间40～150 min,平均85 min.随访2～12个月,无并发症. 结论急性胆囊炎中应用LC难度大、变异多,但只要严格掌握手术适应证和手术技巧,在基层医院开展LC是可行的.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

The application of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap. C) for acute cholecystitis (AC) remains controversial from the viewpoint of its higher rate of morbidity, and conversion to open surgery, in spite of the worldwide acceptance of Lap. C as the gold standard for the treatment of patients with symptomatic gallbladder diseases. The conversion rate has been reported to decrease with experience. Local and overall complication rates were shown to correlate with the time delay between the onset of acute symptoms and the operation. Although percutaneous gallbladder drainage (PGBD) has been reported to be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of AC, it should be limited to high-risk groups such as elderly or critically ill patients. Early cholecystectomy within 4 days from the onset is strongly recommended to minimize surgical complications and to increase the chance of a successful laparoscopic approach. Received: April 29, 2002 / Accepted: May 30, 2002 Offprint requests to: S. Kitano     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎临床体会

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的手术及操作要点。方法：回顾分析我院2000年3月-2009年8月行LC治疗的1260例急性胆囊炎并胆囊结石病例。结果：顺利完成LC1220例,中转开腹胆囊切除术40例,无术中大出血、肝外胆管损伤而中转开腹的病例。无术后胆汁漏、腹腔内出血等严重并发症发生。所有患者随访3月～1年,无胆管狭窄等相关并发症发生。结论：LC治疗急性胆囊炎安全可行,术者必须充分了解LC操作要点和熟练掌握操作技术。     

老年急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的总结老年急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）经验。方法回顾性分析279例LC临床资料，其中急性结石性胆囊炎263例，单纯胆囊腺瘤8例，单纯胆囊息肉样病变5例，无明显原因3例。结果LC手术成功率87．5％（244／279），中转开腹手术35例，无严重并发症，无手术死亡。结论老年人常合并其他脏器疾病，LC围手术期危险性增高，应严格掌握手术适应证，正确处理合并症，术中放宽中转开腹指征是预防和减少并发症的关键。     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术158例报告

目的探讨急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术时降低并发症发生率的措施. 方法回顾性分析2001年9月～2003年12月急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术158例临床资料. 结果除7例中转开腹(Mirizzi综合征1例,胆囊癌变2例,胆囊十二指肠瘘1例,三角区"冰冻样"粘连2例,胆总管结石1例)以外,其余151例在腹腔镜下完成.1例术后胆漏再次手术探查.10例术中胆道造影成功,显示胆总管结石3例,其中2例联合术中内镜括约肌切开取石,1例中转开腹行胆总管切开取石T管引流. 结论急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术只要适当选择病例,以安全为原则,仔细操作,联合术中造影,即可降低中转开腹率及并发症的发生率.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎168例

目的 总结急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的经验体会。方法 2002年1月～2006年12月168例急性胆囊炎行LC。CO2气体建立气腹,常规四孔法。结果 159例成功完成LC,9例因胆囊粘连致密易出血中转开腹,其中1例Mirizzi综合征Ⅱ型。28例温氏孔放置引流管。168例随访3～60个月,平均36.5月,无并发症发生,无死亡病例。结论 严格掌握急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术治疗的指征,规范腹腔镜操作技术,适时中转开腹,合理放置引流,是保证手术成功的关键。     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in elderly patients.

BACKGROUND: Acute cholecystitis is the major complication of biliary lithiasis, for which laparoscopic treatment has been established as the standard therapy. With longer life expectancy, acute cholecystitis has often been seen in elderly patients (>65 years old) and is often accompanied by comorbity and severe complications. We sought to compare the outcome of laparoscopic treatment for acute cholecystitis with special focus on comparison between elderly and nonelderly patients. METHOD: This study was a prospective analysis of 190 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to acute cholecystitis or chronic acute cholecystitis, comparing elderly and nonelderly patients. RESULTS: Of 190 patients, 39 (21%) were elderly (>65 years old) and 151 (79%) were not elderly (< or =65 years), with conversion rates of 10.3% and 6.6% (P=0.49), respectively. The incidence of postoperative complications in elderly and nonelderly patients were the following, respectively: atelectasis 5.1% and 2.0% (P=0.27); respiratory infection 5.1% and 2.7% (P=0.6); bile leakage 5.1% and 2.0% (P=0.27), and intraabdominal abscess 1 case (0.7%) and no incidence (P = 1). CONCLUSION: According to our data, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and efficient procedure for the treatment of acute cholecystitis in patients older than 65 years of age.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术79例临床分析

目的总结腹腔镜下处理急性胆囊炎的临床经验. 方法回顾性分析2002年9月～2003年8月79例腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗急性胆囊炎(acute cholecystitis,AC)的临床资料. 结果 75例术中胆道造影成功,显示胆总管结石6例,其中4例行LC联合术中内镜括约肌切开取石,2例中转开腹行胆总管切开取石T管引流.单纯胆囊结石73例,70例LC成功,3例因炎症粘连明显而中转开腹.全组无严重并发症发生. 结论绝大多数急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术安全可行.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a safe approach for management of acute cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is increasingly being used as an appropriate early treatment in patients with cholecystitis. This study evaluated the safety, effectiveness, and complications of LC in all cases of acute cholecystitis. METHODS: A retrospective study involved the patients who underwent LC for acute cholecystitis within 72 hours of admission. The preoperative diagnosis was based on clinical, laboratory, and echographic examinations, while the final diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination of the excised gallbladder. RESULTS: We identified 184 patients with acute cholecystitis. Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) was not performed. Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed in 62 patients (33.7%), and postoperative ERCP in 13 patients (7.1%). Conversion to open cholecystectomy was necessary in 19 patients (10.3%); 16 patients for severe inflammation and adhesions and 3 patients because of uncontrolled bleeding. The mean operative time was 68 minutes. No deaths occurred. The overall complication rate was 6% with 3 postoperative bile leakages and 2 nonbilious subhepatic collections. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.8 days. CONCLUSIONS: LC is a safe, effective procedure for the early management of patients with acute cholecystitis. LC can be safely performed without routine IOC when ERCP is performed preoperatively on the basis of specific indications. Meticulous dissection and good exposure of Calot's triangle may prevent bile duct injuries.     

Predicting conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safely performed in patients with acute cholecystitis. However, the rate of conversion to open cholecystectomy remains higher when compared with patients with chronic cholecystitis. Preoperative clinical or laboratory parameters that could predict the need for conversion may assist the surgeon in preoperative or intraoperative decision making. This could have cost-saving implications. METHODS: A retrospective review of 46 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis was performed. Records were assessed for preoperative clinical, laboratory and radiographic parameters on admission. Temperature and laboratory parameters were also recorded prior to surgery after an initial period of hospitalization that included intravenous antibiotics. The effect of admission and preoperative parameters as well as the trend in these parameters prior to surgery upon the rate of conversion to open cholecystectomy was assessed. RESULTS: Ten patients (22%) required conversion to open cholecystectomy. Conversion was required more often in males (43%) when compared with females (4%) (p=0.003). Conversion rate was 30% in patients with increased wall thickness by ultrasound compared with 12% for patients without wall thickening (p=ns). No admission or preoperative laboratory values predicted conversion. The trend in the patient's temperature (p=0.0003) and serum LDH value (p=0.043) predicted the need for conversion to open surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative prediction of the need for open cholecystectomy remains elusive. Male patients and patients with rising temperature and LDH levels while on intravenous antibiotics require conversion at increased frequency. However, the benefits of laparoscopic cholecystectomy warrant an attempt at laparoscopic removal in most patients with acute cholecystitis.     

Laparoscopic surgery in very acute cholecystitis.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in empyematous or gangrenous cholecystitis. During the period from August 1998 to April 2000, we operated laparoscopically on 64 patients, without any selection, in which we established, preoperatively or intraoperatively, the diagnosis of empyematous or gangrenous cholecystitis using clinical criteria (fever, leukocytosis, persistent pain, abdominal tenderness or guarding), echographic findings and intraoperative or pathological aspects of the gallbladder. The operations were performed by experienced surgeons skillful in advanced laparoscopic procedure. We concluded successfully 59 operations. The five conversions were due to dense adhesions because of previous gastric surgery in 3 cases, to the lack of recognizing the anatomy of the biliary tree in one case and to a choledoco-duodenal fistula in the last case. No mortality and a very low morbidity with a short hospital stay, were noted in our study. We consider patients with very acute cholecystitis to be candidates for a laparoscopic approach.     

Early minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: Recently, techniques using fine-caliber instruments (2 or 3 mm in diameter) for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, called minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy (MLC), were reported to be superior to conventional LC (CLC, using 5 mm instruments) in postoperative course and cosmetic outcome. However, the use of MLC to date has been largely restricted to uncomplicated situations. Since CLC has been proved to be a safe and efficient technique for acute cholecystitis especially if conducted early, this study tests the feasibility and safety of MLC for acute cholecystitis. METHODS: Sixty-nine consecutive patients with acute cholecystitis were prospectively randomized to minilaparoscopic (n = 38) or conventional laparoscopic (n = 31) cholecystectomy, and the operations were conducted within 2 days of admission whenever possible. Despite different operative techniques, both groups of patients received identical preoperative preparation, evaluation and postoperative care. The two groups were compared for patient characteristics, results of laboratory tests, predictive score for LC difficulties, operative time, operative complications, hospitalization days and need for meperidine injection for wound pain. RESULTS: The conversion rate was 7.9% (3 of 38) for the MLC group and 6.5% (2 of 31) for the CLC group. Nine patients in the MLC group and 7 in the CLC group had concomitant choledocholithiasis and underwent endoscopic stone retrieval before operation. The age, sex, predictive score for LC difficulties, preoperative leukocyte count, length of hospital stay and requirement of intramuscular meperidine injections were similar for both groups of patients, while, the operative times were marginally longer in the MLC group (113.8 +/- 30.8 versus 98.2 +/- 33.2 minutes, P = 0.056). No major complications occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis by MLC are as good as those of CLC if the operation is performed early, with obvious smaller incisions and minimal complications. MLC is a safe and effective procedure for patients with acute cholecystitis, and has an acceptable low conversion rate.     

Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: a prospective randomized trial

Background: The role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis is not yet clearly established. The aim of this prospective randomized study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis and to compare the results with delayed cholecystectomy.Methods: Between January 2001 and November 2002, 40 patients with a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis were assigned randomly to early laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 24 h of admission (early group, n = 20) or to initial conservative treatment followed by delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 6 to 12 weeks later (delayed group, n = 20).Results: There was no significant difference in the conversion rates (early, 25% vs delayed, 25%), operating times (early, 104 min vs delayed, 93 min), postoperative analgesia requirements (early, 5.3 days vs delayed, 4.8 days), or postoperative complications (early, 15% vs delayed, 20%). However, the early group had significantly more blood loss (228 vs 114 ml) and shorter hospital stay (4.1 vs 10.1 days).Conclusions: Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis is safe and feasible, offering the additional benefit of a shorter hospital stay. It should be offered to patients with acute cholecystitis, provided the surgery is performed within 72 to 96 h of the onset of symptoms.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术93例体会

目的总结腹腔镜下处理急性胆囊炎的临床经验。方法回顾性分析2003年5月-2005年5月93例急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜手术治疗的临床资料，其中15例术前确诊胆总管结石而先行内镜逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography，ERCP）联合内镜括约肌切开（endoscopic sphincterotomy，EST）取石，6例疑似胆道结石者行术中胆道造影。均于48h内完成LC。结果91例（97．8％）手术成功，2例（2．2％）中转开腹。手术时间35—160min，平均65min。术后胆囊管残端漏3例（3．2％），胆道残余结石3例（3．2％），经开腹手术结合ERCP、EST、鼻胆管引流（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage，ENBD）治愈，全组无医源性损伤。结论选择性应用ERCP和EST，腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎是安全可行的，但中转开腹及并发症的发生率高。     

老年患者急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术与开腹式胆囊切除术的疗效比较

【摘要】〓目的〓比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)与开腹式胆囊切除术(OC)治疗老年患者急性胆囊炎的安全性和有效性。方法〓选择从2007年1月至2012年12月收治的年龄超过70岁急性胆囊炎患者76例,分别采用LC(34例)与OC(42例)治疗。观察两组的手术时间、术中失血、术后住院时间和术后并发症。结果〓两组患者手术均顺利完成胆囊切除术,且LC组无中转开腹的病例。LC组的手术时间为95.2±19.7 min,OC组的手术时间为86.8±21.2 min,两者差异无统计学意义;LC组术中失血>500 mL的有2例(5.9%),OC组术中失血>500 mL的有8例(19.0%)(P<0.05);LC组的术后住院时间明显少于OC组(P<0.01)。总共有24例患者在术后出现了并发症(31.6%),其中LC组的术后并发症明显少于OC组(P<0.05)。结论〓急性胆囊炎老年患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗能缩短术后住院时间和减少术后并发症发生率。     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with empyematous cholecystitis: an outcome analysis

Background  

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), the procedure of choice for elective cholelithiasis, is now also used in the management of acute cholecystitis. Empyema of the gallbladder is unexpectedly encountered in a proportion of these patients. This paper describes our experience with LC in the treatment of patients with empyema of the gallbladder.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术最佳手时机的选择

目的 探讨急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的手术时机.方法 回顾性分析我院2005年1月～2013年1月间,402例急性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的病例资料;按发病到施行手术时间分为4组：72h内为A组（262例）,72h ～ 96h为B组（28例）,96h ～1周为C组（72例）,1周～2周为D组（40例）;通过比较4组间手术时间、出血量、术后住院时间、总住院时间、中转率和并发症发生率的差异,分析最佳手术时机.统计学采用单因素方差分析、LSD-t检验分析、Pearson Chi-Square检验或连续校正或Fisher确切概率.结果 成功施行LC340例,中转开腹62例;发生并发症20例.A、B、C、D组手术时间分别为（40.2±10.3）、（44.1 ±11.7）、（75.4±12.4）、（112±11.9） min,A、B组无统计学差异（P=0.331）,与C、D组有统计学差异（P=0.000）;出血量分别为（21.8 ±10.4）、（22.7±10.8）、（55.6±13.2）、（108.9±21.5）ml,A、B组无统计学差异（P=0.423）,与C、D组有统计学差异（P=0.000）;术后住院时间分别为（4.1±1.3）、（4.4±1.6）、（4.8±2.1）、（4.8±2.3）d,无统计学差异（P=0.873）;总住院时间分别为（7.1±1.4）、（7.5±1.9）、（11.2±1.9）、（16.7 ±2.1）d,A、B组无统计学差异（P =0.416）,与C、D组有统计学差异（P=0.000）;中转率分别为15.3％、17.9％、15.3％、15.0％,无统计学差异（P=0.987）;并发症发生率3.1％、7.1％、6.9％、12.5％,无统计学差异（P=0.261）.结论 急性胆囊炎发病96h内施行LC为最佳时机,手术时间及总住院时间较短,出血量较少.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术108例临床体会

目的:总结腹腔镜下处理急性胆囊炎的临床经验。方法:回顾性分析2003年1月-2005年12月108例腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗急性胆囊炎(acute cholecystitis,AC)的临床资料。结果:102例LC成功,6例因炎症粘严重而中转开腹,全组无严重并发症发生。结论:绝大多数急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术安全可行。     

Delayed laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis with severe fibrotic adhesions

Background  Conversion rate to open surgery is higher for patients with acute cholecystitis than in those without acute cholecystitis. We attempted to develop a laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy to decrease this conversion rate. Methods  From 2000 to 2005, laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis was performed in 60 patients (22 women, 38 men). Patients were divided into two groups: group A (2000 to 2002, n = 22) and group B (2003 to 2005, n = 38). When significant difficulty was encountered dissecting the gallbladder from its bed, we incised the gallbladder wall leaving the posterior wall and cauterizing the remnant mucosa (subtotal cholecystectomy, SC-1). When dissection of the gall bladder neck and triangle of Calot was difficult, the neck of the gallbladder was sutured despite clipping (SC-2). Results  Mean duration from onset of symptoms to operation was 55.3 ± 52.0 days. SC-1 was performed in 8 patients in group A and 18 patients in group B. SC-2 was performed in three patients in Group B. Conversion rate was 18.1% (4/22) in group A and 0% (0/38) in group B, compared to 0.4% (1/221) for patients without acute cholecystitis. No complications were associated with ablated gallbladder mucosa. Conclusion  Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy offers safe and effective treatment for acute cholecystitis. The conversion rate in group B is decreased by avoiding hazardous dissection of the cystic duct.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

From October 1991 to March 1994, 35 patients (20 men and 15 women) with acute cholecystitis (AC) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). They ranged in age from 17 to 82 years (mean, 51.7 years). Nine of the 35 patients (25.7%) had either percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) or percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder aspiration (PTGBA) performed preoperatively. The mean operative time was 183.7 min. Four of the 35 patients (11.4%) required conversion to open laparotomy. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 11.2 days and postoperative morbidity rate was 2.9%. There were no major complications and no deaths. In this retrospective study, we divided the patients into three groups according to the surgical timing of LC in relation to onset. Two of the three groups had LC performed more than 7 days after onset; these groups were termed, collectively, the delayed LC group. The group that had LC performed within 7 days of onset we termed the early LC group. The early LC group had a shorter operative time, less blood loss, and a shorter postoperative hospital stay than the delayed LC group, but the differences were not significant. Nevertheless, we suggest that early LC for AC should be employed for patients who are in a stable condition and who have no preoperative associated medical problems. In the delayed LC group, there were no significant differences in findings between patients who received or did not receive either PTGBD or PTGBA. PTGBD and PTGBA are useful procedures for the relief of acute severe symptoms in patients whose condition is refractory to treatments such as i.v. antibiotic infusion and no oral feeding. We conclude that a laparoscopic procedure for patients with AC, when performed by experienced surgeons, is safe, technically feasible, and useful.