早产母乳免疫物质和蛋白测定

目的：为提高早产儿抗病能力，降低发病率，早产母乳（初乳）的免疫球蛋白及补体含量水平应予以研究。方法：应用单向扩散法和双缩脲法分别３０例早产产妇初乳和３０例足月产产妇初乳中免疫球蛋白ｓＩｇＡ，ＩｇＡ，ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ，抗体Ｃ３，Ｃ４和蛋白含量，结果：１．早产初乳较足月产初乳含有更丰富的免疫球蛋白及补体，有利于提高早产儿的抗病能力；２．早产初乳中月产初乳含量丰富的蛋白，以满足早产儿生长发育需要；３．早产     

武汉市学龄前儿童VA缺乏及其营养状况调查

对武汉市两所幼儿园２～７岁学龄前儿童进行了营养状况调查。膳食调查结果：蛋白质、脂肪及热能摄入量基本正常；视黄醇摄入量明显不足，占我国推荐量标准４４．５％～６５．１％；钙摄入量不足。实验室检测：贫血率１６．９％；血清ＶＡ缺乏率１０．９０％，亚临床缺乏率２１．９６％；血清ＶＡ水平与血红蛋白呈正相关，相关系数ｒ＝０．１５４。     

广西城乡居民的膳食营养状况

本文报告了广西第三次营养调查结果，发现城乡居民膳食营养状况差距增大，城市居民动物性食物充裕，日人均摄入蛋白质８０．６克，达我国ＲＤＡ的１０６．７％，其中优质蛋白占５３．７％；而农村居民膳食蛋白南数昨和质量仍处于较低水平。我区卵童由于长期受营养不良的影响，身高发育较差。城乡居民膳食不平衡突出表现在钙和维生素Ｂ２摄入量明显低于ＲＤＡ标准；此外，城市居民脂肪热能已略超过ＷＨＯ建议的上限。     

老龄患者的营养调查与分析

对象与方法：１９９８年对我院１０６例老年患者进行了营养调查，其中高血压５７例、糖尿病２５例、冠心病６２例，脑动脉供血不足２３例、心肌梗塞４０例。将患者分为两组，第一组（５０～５９岁）男２６例，女１２例，第二组（６０～７９岁）男６０例，女８例。膳食调查采取询问法，连续记录三天的饮食情况，计算出每人每日摄入的营养素。体格检查及生化检查，包括身高（ｃｍ）、体重（ｋｇ）、上臂围（ＡＣ）、肱三头肌皮褶厚度（ＴＳＦ），臂肌围（ＡＭＣ）、血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）、血胆固醇（ＴＣ）、血甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、血糖（ＧＬＵ）、血低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）。结果：膳食调查显示两组热能平均摄入量分别为７．７６ＭＪ（１８５４ｋｃａｌ），７．３０ＭＪ（１７４４ｋｃａｌ），均低于中国营养学会ＲＤＡ；蛋白质平均摄入量分别为６４．８ｇ与６０．２ｇ，略低于ＲＤＡ；其中动物蛋白、豆类蛋白与植物蛋白所占比例分别为７８．２％、６．４８％、１５％；与８２．７％、１０．１％、７．１４％，豆类与植物蛋白摄入偏低。动物脂肪摄入量分别为３１．２ｇ，３０．１ｇ，占脂肪摄入量的７２．２％与７４％，摄入偏高。其他两组分别为：钙仅占ＲＤＡ的６２．９％与６４．３％；铁仅占ＲＤＡ的７６?     

大学生膳食营养状况的调查研究

目的：了解大学生膳食营养状况，为指导大学生合理膳食提供理论依据。方法：采用分层整群抽样，分年级随机抽取班级，对所抽取班级学生全部进行调查。结果：大学生营养素及热能摄入量除铁以外均低于供给量标准。热能的食物来源分布合理，营养素来源以及碳水化合物所占比例偏多；蛋白质来源以运动性食品与豆类食品摄入量偏低；早餐的营养素和热能摄入量均明显不足。大学生营养不良率为18.62％，肥胖率为23.97％。结论：大学生营养状况较差，膳食结构不合理。应全面增加各种营养摄入量，合理搭配食物，以提高营养水平。     

西北某卫校学员营养调查

１９９５年分别于冬、夏两季对某卫校学员进行了膳食营养调查。结果表明，食物结构以谷类和蔬莱为主，动物和豆类食品很少。优质蛋白冬季占总蛋白摄入的２８．０％，夏季占１９．３％，未达到规定的３０％～５０％。每人每日热能摄入冬季为１１．６ＭＪ，夏季为１１．０ＭＪ，每人每日热能消耗冬季为１０．０ＭＪ，夏季为９．２ＭＪ，摄入大于消耗。说明热能能满足需要；但视黄醇、核黄素、钙和磷摄入量不足。     

驻某城区三个高炮连队营养调查

本文报告了驻城区某高炮部队三个连队伙食单位的营养调查结果。城区部队在不允许养猪种菜，食品来源全靠标准伙食费购买的情况下，每人每日摄入热能１３．０７９ＭＪ（３１２６ｋｃａｌ），消耗热量为１４．０００ＭＪ（３３４６ｋｃａｌ），维生素Ａ、核黄素和抗坏血酸摄入偏低，致使其缺乏病发生率较高，分别为６３．３％、２６．７％和５０．０％；优质蛋白占总蛋白摄入量的３０％左右。战士体肌瘦弱者占３６．７％。现行伙食费标     

仪征化纤地区中年女性营养状况调查

采用7日询问法,对仪征化纤地区107名中年女性进行了膳食调查，并测其身高、体重、血红蛋白、红细胞数及红细胞压积。结果表明：热能、钙和锌的摄入量较低，分别占RDA的82．2％、49．0％、67．5％；早餐热能偏低；脂肪供热偏高，蛋白质来源较好，优势蛋白质占49．5％；BMI显示肥胖占22．4％。     

婴幼儿热能摄入量及其影响因素39例分析

目的：了解在家庭自然环境下婴幼儿的热能摄入量，探索影响婴幼儿热能摄入量的影响因素。方法：采和入户观察的方法，观察1天中婴幼儿食物的选择，制备和摄入行为，测量婴幼儿1天中摄入的所有食物种类，数量和时间。结果：90．0％的婴幼儿全天的热能摄量低于WHO热能标准，84．6％的婴幼儿热能摄入量低于Butte-Torun热量标准，患病组婴幼儿热能摄入量低于非患病组（P＜0．05）；婴幼儿的喂养行为评分与标化热能之间有相关关系，相关系数为0．6579（P＜0．01）。结论：当地婴幼儿热摄入量严重不足，患病，喂养次数，食物结构，喂养行为等影响婴幼儿的热能摄入量。     

我国较贫困地区农村学龄前儿童膳食状况

对１９８５～１９８９年７省较贫困的１８个乡农村儿童膳食调查资料采用平均摄入量、临界值及概率法进行了总结分析。结果表明，６～２４月龄母乳喂养儿的辅食品种单一，数量不足。断奶儿童各年龄组热能、蛋白质摄入量的平均值分别达ＲＤＡ的９２％～１０４％和７６％～８４％，但以ＲＤＡ为界值，仍有５３％～６２％及７４％～８５％的儿童热能、蛋白质摄入量低，用概率法分析蛋白质、钙、维生素Ａ、Ｂ２、Ｃ及铁摄入不足的人数比例分别是５０％～６０％、９３％～９７％、５１％～８７％、７４％～８６％、５８％～６６％和１２％～４７％。热能、蛋白质摄入量低于ＲＤＡ值儿童的身高、体重明显低于摄入量高于ＲＤＡ值的儿童。     

Obesity, diet, and poverty: trends in the Russian transition to market economy

OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in macronutrient intake, overweight, and obesity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional samples-collected nine times between 1992 and 2000-from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey provide interviewer-administered 24-h diet recalls and measured height and weight, together with detailed information regarding income and expenditures. SETTING: The Russian Federation. SUBJECTS: Women and men, aged 19-55 y. INTERVENTIONS: None. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of working-age Russian adults was stratified by gender and income (per cent of regional poverty level). Secular trends in mean energy and macronutrient intake, as well as prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population are described over the first 8 y of the Russian Federation. RESULTS: Overall, energy intake increased slightly. Fat, as a percentage of energy (E%), decreased from 39.6 to 31.6% and protein, as a per cent of energy, decreased from 14.3 to 12.5%. Overweight (determined by body mass index (BMI) >/=25 kg/m(2)) prevalence remained relatively stable at about 50% and obesity (BMI >/=30 kg/m(2)) prevalence increased from 13.3 to 16.0% of the adult population. Women consumed less energy than men and displayed higher prevalences of overweight and obesity in all time periods. There was an income effect among men in all time periods, with higher-income men consuming more calories, fat, and protein than lower-income men; this effect was not apparent in women except in the proportion of fat and protein intake. CONCLUSIONS: The adult Russian population appears to have escaped macronutrient privation during economic reform and has experienced increasing rates of obesity.     

Dietary recommendations for people with diabetes: an update for the 1990s Nutrition Subcommittee of the British Diabetic Association's Professional Advisory Committee

The broad principles of the 1982 British Diabetic Association recommendations remain valid. For the overweight, reduction in energy intake remains the most important aim.
Carbohydrate should make up about 50–55% of the dietary energy intake, the majority of this coming from complex sources. preferably foods naturally high in dietary fibre or hydrolysis resistant starch. Up to 25 g of added sucrose may be allowed, provided it is part of a diet low in fat, high in fibre and that it substitutes for an isocaloric amount of fat or a high, glycaemic index food or other nutritive sweeteners. Some high carbohydrate diets have been shown to worsen glucose control and serum lipid abnormalities. Some previous recommendations for fibre intake have proved unrealistically high and of limited value. A modest increase to 30 g/d, concentrating on soluble fibre is recommended.
Reduction of fat intake to 30–35% of energy intake remains an important goal which should help to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes and aid weight loss. Of this, only 10% of total energy should be saturated, 10% polyunsaturated and 10–15% may be mono-unsaturated fat. The latter has been shown to provide a useful alternative energy source which may have beneficial effects on glucose control and serum lipids. Cholesterol intake should not exceed 300 mg/day.
Protein should comprise about 10–15% of energy intake. Reduction in protein intake and associated nutrients may help to slow down progression of nephropathy. Limitation of salt intake to 6 g/d is recommended Reduction in fat intake may be relatively more important in Type 2 diabetic patients, whereas limitation in protein intake more so in Type 1 diabetes.     

Energy, macronutrient and fatty acid intake of French elderly community dwellers and association with socio-demographic characteristics: data from the Bordeaux sample of the Three-City Study

Few data are available regarding dietary habits of the elderly, in particular about fatty acid consumption, whereas these are major risk or protective factors of several age-related diseases. The aim of the present study was to characterise the dietary intake of a French elderly population in terms of energy, macronutrients and fatty acids based on their socio-demographic characteristics. The study population (age range 67.7-94.9 years) consisted of 1786 subjects from Bordeaux (France), included in the Three-City cohort. Dietary assessment was performed by a 24 h recall, allowing the estimation of energy, protein, carbohydrate, total fat, SFA, MUFA and PUFA intakes. Socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, marital status, educational level and income), practice of sports and BMI were registered. Total energy intake (EI) was lower in women and in older participants ( > or = 85 years) but higher in single subjects. Higher EI was associated with higher income, but not with educational level. Mean contribution of macronutrients to EI (protein 18%, carbohydrate 46% and total fat 31%) was higher in women than men, except for alcohol. The oldest individuals consumed less protein and more mono- and disaccharides. Excess saturated fat intake (43% of total fat), associated with a relative deficit in MUFA consumption (36% of total fat), was observed. The mean 18:2n-6:18:3n-3 ratio was 9.9 and decreased with higher educational level. The present results suggest that being female, older age, being widowed and low income level could be considered as risk factors of inadequate dietary intake.     

Low-carbohydrate-high-protein diet and long-term survival in a general population cohort

OBJECTIVE: We have evaluated the effects on mortality of habitual low carbohydrate-high-protein diets that are thought to contribute to weight control. DESIGN: Cohort investigation. SETTING: Adult Greek population. SUBJECTS METHODS: Follow-up was performed from 1993 to 2003 in the context of the Greek component of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition. Participants were 22 944 healthy adults, whose diet was assessed through a validated questionnaire. Participants were distributed by increasing deciles according to protein intake or carbohydrate intake, as well as by an additive score generated by increasing decile intake of protein and decreasing decile intake of carbohydrates. Proportional hazards regression was used to assess the relation between high protein, high carbohydrate and the low carbohydrate-high protein score on the one hand and mortality on the other. RESULTS: During 113 230 persons years of follow-up, there were 455 deaths. In models with energy adjustment, higher intake of carbohydrates was associated with significant reduction of total mortality, whereas higher intake of protein was associated with nonsignificant increase of total mortality (per decile, mortality ratios 0.94 with 95% CI 0.89 -0.99, and 1.02 with 95% CI 0.98 -1.07 respectively). Even more predictive of higher mortality were high values of the additive low carbohydrate-high protein score (per 5 units, mortality ratio 1.22 with 95% CI 1.09 -to 1.36). Positive associations of this score were noted with respect to both cardiovascular and cancer mortality. CONCLUSION: Prolonged consumption of diets low in carbohydrates and high in protein is associated with an increase in total mortality.     

Basal and postprandial substrate oxidation rates in obese women receiving two test meals with different protein content

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Fuel utilisation and storage in lean and obese subjects seem to be differently affected by the macronutrient distribution intake. The aim of this intervention study was to explore the extent to which the fat mass status and the macronutrient composition of an acute dietary intake influence substrate oxidation rates. METHODS: Fuel utilisation in 26 women, 14 obese (BMI = 37.1 +/- 1.1 kg/m2) and 12 lean (BMI = 20.6 +/- 0.5 kg/m2) was measured over 6 h to compare the metabolic effect of a single balanced protein (HC) meal and a high protein (HP) single meal, which were designed to supply similar energy contents (1672 kJ). The macronutrient composition as a percentage of energy of the HC meal was 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein and 30% fat, while the HP meal contained 40% carbohydrate, 30% protein and 30% fat. Nutrient oxidation rates and energy expenditure were calculated by indirect calorimetry (hood system), whereas exogenous amino acid oxidation was estimated from the 13C isotopic enrichment of breath after oral administration of L[1-13C]leucine. RESULTS: Fasting lipid oxidation was higher in the obese than in the lean women (P < 0.05), and it was significantly correlated with body fatness (P < 0.01). A single HP meal consumption produced higher postprandial fat oxidation as compared with HC meal intake (P < 0.02), in both obese and lean subjects, with no apparent changes in glucose oxidation rates. Furthermore, postprandial fat utilisation after the test meal intake was higher in obese than in the lean women (P < 0.01). The time course of 13CO2 in breath followed a similar pattern in both dietary groups, although a non-statistically significant higher trend in protein and 13C-leucine oxidation was found in the HP group. CONCLUSIONS: Net lipid oxidation depends on both short-term dietary composition intake and fat body mass, being significantly higher after a relatively high protein meal as compared to a balanced diet intake and in obese women as compared to lean controls.     

Enteral feeding in burn hypermetabolism: nutritional and metabolic effects of different levels of calorie and protein intake

Enteral nutrition was provided by continuous pump-controlled gastrostomy tube feeding for 14 days in 97 guinea pigs bearing a 30% full thickness burn. Seven defined combinations of caloric and protein intake were studied. With a caloric intake of 175 kcal/kg/day, equaling the measured energy expenditure, the animals receiving 10% of calories as protein had a significantly greater postburn weight loss (p less than 0.05) and muscle mass depletion (p less than 0.05), and a significantly lower muscle nitrogen concentration (p less than 0.05), serum albumin level (p less than 0.01) and liver nitrogen content (p less than 0.01). With the same caloric intake but with more than 20% of calories as protein, the weight loss and the muscle wasting were reduced, but not abolished, and the serum albumin level and liver nitrogen content were normalized. Also with the diets containing 200 kcal/kg/day the muscle tissue depletion could not be abolished. However, with this caloric intake, the animals given 20% of calories as protein had a lower weight loss and a higher serum albumin level (p less than 0.01), but also a greater fat infiltration of the liver (p less than 0.01). At both levels of caloric intake, the nitrogen balance correlated significantly with the level of nitrogen intake but did not correlate with the changes of body weight. The incidence of diarrhea was lowest in animals fed 20% protein calories at a caloric intake of 175 kcal/kg/day. All things considered, the best metabolic and nutritional results were obtained with diets containing 20 to 30% of calories as protein and providing a caloric intake that paralleled the measured energy expenditure.     

Carbohydrate intake is associated with diet quality and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in U.S. adults: NHANES III

OBJECTIVES: To determine if carbohydrate intake, as a % of energy, was related to diet quality and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults in a cross-sectional and population-based study in the U.S. METHODS: Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994) were utilized. The nationally representative sample of the U.S. population (3,754 men, 4,074 women, ages 25 to 64 years) was divided into quintiles of carbohydrate intake (% of energy), which was examined in relation to risk factors for CVD: systolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and concentrations of serum triglyceride, serum total and HDL cholesterol and plasma glucose. RESULTS: When covariates (age, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol intake and total energy intake) were adjusted in multivariate analyses, carbohydrate intakes (% of energy) were inversely associated with BMI and serum total cholesterol concentration in men and BMI in women and positively associated with serum triglyceride concentration in women. When total sugar intake (% of energy) was further controlled as a step to understand the quality of carbohydrate, carbohydrate intakes (% of energy) was a stronger predictor of BMI and plasma glucose in men and BMI in women. A high carbohydrate diet (>57.4% of energy in men and >59.1% of energy in women) was associated with a low serum HDL-cholesterol concentration in men and high serum triglyceride in women. CONCLUSION: Moderately high carbohydrate (50% to 55% of energy) diets were associated with low CVD risks with favorable lipid profiles.     

Serum lipids, apoproteins and nutrient intake in rural Cretan boys consuming high-olive-oil diets

A high intake of olive oil has produced high levels of high-density and low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in short-term dietary trials. To investigate long-term effects of olive oil we have studied the diet and serum lipids of boys in Crete, where a high olive oil consumption is the norm. Seventy-six healthy rural Cretan boys aged 7-9 years were studied. The diet was assessed by a 2-day dietary recall. Blood was collected according to a standardized protocol and sera were analyzed in a rigidly standardized laboratory. The mean daily intake of energy was 11.0 MJ (2629 kcal). The intake of fat (45.0% of energy) and oleic acid (27.2% of energy) was high, and that of saturated fat low (10.0% of energy), reflecting a high consumption of olive oil. The high consumption of olive oil was confirmed by a high proportion of oleic-acid (27.1%) in serum cholesteryl fatty acids. Mean concentration of serum total cholesterol was 4.42 mmol l-1 (171 mg dl-1), of HDL-cholesterol 1.40 mmol l-1 (54 mg dl-1), of serum triglycerides 0.59 mmol l-1 (52 mg dl-1), of apo-AI 1210 mg l-1 and of LDL apo-B 798 mg l-1. The body mass index of the Cretan boys (18.2 kg m-2) was on average 2 kg m-2 higher than that of boys from other countries. Contrary to our expectation, the Cretan boys did not show a more favourable serum lipoprotein pattern than boys from more westernized countries studied previously using the same protocol. Our hypothesis that a typical, olive-oil-rich Cretan diet causes a relatively high HDL- to total cholesterol ratio is not supported by the present findings.     

Protein requirements for endurance athletes

Acute endurance exercise results in the oxidation of several amino acids. The total amount of amino acid oxidation during endurance exercise amounts to only 1-6% of the total energy cost of exercise. The branched chain amino acid, leucine, has been most often studied in relation to endurance exercise. Leucine is oxidized by the enzyme, branched-chain oxo-acid dehydrogenase (BCOAD). BCOAD is relatively inactive at rest ( approximately 4-7%) and is activated at the onset of exercise by dephosphorylation (to about 25%). After a period of endurance exercise training, the activation of BCOAD and amino acid oxidation are attenuated, however the total amount of BCOAD enzyme is up-regulated. A low energy and/or carbohydrate intake will increase amino acid oxidation and total protein requirements. With adequate energy and carbohydrate intake, low to moderate intensity endurance activity has little impact on dietary protein requirements and 1.0 gPRO/kg/d is sufficient. The only situation where dietary protein requirements exceed those for relatively sedentary individuals is in top sport athletes where the maximal requirement is approximately 1.6 gPRO/kg/d. Although most endurance athletes get enough protein to support any increased requirements, those with low energy or carbohydrate intakes may require nutritional advice to optimize dietary protein intake.     

Value of serum transthyretin measurements in the assessment of marginal protein-energy malnutrition in rats

The influence of a wide range of protein and/or energy intakes on the serum level of rat transthyretin was studied. Young and adult rats were fed ad libitum diets containing 18, 9, 6, 4 and 0.5% protein (wt/wt) or were fed a control diet in restricted amounts. The transthyretin level was lower in young rats and was normal or slightly higher in adult rats fed low protein diets than in those fed the 18% protein diet. It was decreased with decreasing energy intake in all energy-restricted rats. Moderate energy restriction in rats fed equivalent amounts of protein also lowered the transthyretin level. Rats with similar body weights and similar protein intakes showed marked differences in serum transthyretin level, depending on the amount of energy consumed. Serum transthyretin changes were discussed in relation to the level of transthyretin in cerebrospinal fluid and to the serum concentration of albumin, transferrin and thyroid hormones. The results show that serum transthyretin is more closely related to the protein and energy intakes than to the protein and energy content of the diet. Our results indicate that serum transthyretin measurement is a reliable marker in the detection of early moderate and severe protein-energy restriction.