巴丹、易卫杀在大鼠胃匀浆中生物转化的研究

建立了胃匀浆中巴丹、易卫杀的ＧＣ－ＦＰＤ测定方法，并用此方法观察了巴丹、易卫杀在大鼠胃匀浆中的转化。添加巴丹的胃匀浆样品，经Ｎａ２Ｓ溶液转化生成沙蚕毒素，其回收率为１０３．１％［ｎ＝４，ＲＳＤ（％）＝０．７３］；添加易卫杀的胃匀浆样品，其回收率为１００．５％［ｎ＝４，ＲＳＤ（％）＝０．５４］。在大鼠胃匀浆中分别添加巴丹、易卫杀后，１ｍｉｎ时，分别有４９．７％和２８．８％的巴丹、易卫杀转化成沙蚕毒素；至１０ｍｉｎ时，加入的巴丹及易卫杀大部分转化生成沙蚕毒素。结果显示，巴丹和易卫杀在大鼠体内极易转化成沙蚕毒素。     

沙蚕毒素类农药在大鼠体内最终代谢产物的研究

报道了沙蚕毒素类农药──巴丹、易卫杀经口灌胃后，在大鼠体内代谢最终产物的研究。采用高效薄层色谱法（ＨＰＴＬＣ）及气相色谱－质谱法（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）分析大鼠尿中代谢物。两种鼠尿样品的ＴＬＣ图上均呈现七个斑点，与杀虫双及沙蚕毒素最终代谢物Ｒｆ值一致。ＧＣ－ＭＳ的分析结果与杀虫双及沙蚕毒素的鼠尿代谢物轮廓相符。结果提示巴丹、易卫杀和杀虫双在大鼠体内代谢的途径有共同特征，即经口灌胃后，在体内首先转化成沙蚕毒素，继而按沙蚕毒素的形式进行代谢。     

杀虫双在动物体内的代谢研究 五、杀虫双代谢产物的分离与鉴定

经口灌胃给大鼠杀虫双77mg/kg和沙蚕毒素52mg/kg，分别收集6小时尿，采用层色谱（TLC）和气相色谱－质谱（GC－MS）分离和鉴定尿中主要代谢产物，给予杀虫双的鼠尿，经高效薄层色谱（HPTLC）分析，未检出杀虫双原形物，酶解也未见明显变化，经口给大鼠杀虫双或沙蚕毒素，鼠尿经HPTLC及GC－MS分析结果一致，据此推断，杀虫双和沙蚕毒素在大鼠体内代谢途径相同，杀虫双进入体内迅速转化成沙蚕毒素，继而在硫原子上甲基化和氧化，并在二甲胺部分进行脱甲基和水解。     

杀虫双蓄积毒性的实验研究

杀虫双蓄积毒性的实验研究张文成１张敏１徐瑞成１陈小义１芦青１陈叙龙２杀虫双（Ｄｉｍｅｈｙｐｏ）是沙蚕毒素（Ｎｅｒｅｓｔｏｘｉｎ）类仿生农药中的一种新型杀虫剂，其有效成分分子式为Ｃ５Ｈ１１ＮＯ６Ｓ４Ｎ２，化学名称为２－Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲胺基－１．３－双硫代硫...     

杀虫双在动物体内的代谢研究 三、杀虫双的高效薄层色谱法测定及其在大鼠体内的毒物代谢动力学研究

本文建立了高效薄层色谱测定大鼠血浆中杀虫双和沙蚕毒素的方法。以甲醇处理血浆样品,取上清液于高效硅胶板上点样,用甲醇-乙酸乙酯(5:4)展开,喷以钙黄绿素-氯化钯溶液,以薄层色谱扫描仪定量测定斑点荧光强度。血浆中加入杀虫双和沙蚕毒素,回收率分别为97.3±2.6％(n=5,CV=2.65％)和94.9±3.9％(n=5,CV=3.92％),检测限杀虫双为11.9ng,沙蚕毒素为5ng。大鼠静脉注射杀虫双后,血浆中立即检出沙蚕毒素。根据开放型二室模型数学公式计算杀虫双及沙蚕毒素代谢动力学各参数值。经口灌胃后,各时相血浆样品中均未检出杀虫双原形。除个别一小时血浆样品中检出低浓度沙蚕毒素外,其他样品中也未检出沙蚕毒素。     

杀虫双在动物体内的代谢研究 四、杀虫双的气相色谱法测定及其在兔体内的毒物代谢动力学研究

本文建立了血浆中杀虫双及沙蚕毒素的GC-FPD测定方法。检测限(沙蚕毒素)为0.5ng。血浆中加入杀虫双和沙蚕毒素,回收率均在90％以上。兔静脉注射杀虫双30秒后,血浆中即可检出沙蚕毒素。杀虫双和沙蚕毒素在兔体内代谢动力学按二室拟合,求出各参数值。经口灌胃试验,血浆中未检出杀虫双和沙蚕毒素。     

杀虫双在动物体内的代谢研究——三、杀虫双的高效薄层色谱法测定及其在大鼠体内的毒物代谢动力学研究

本文建立了高效薄层色谱测定大鼠血浆中杀虫双和沙蚕毒素的方法。以甲醇处理血浆样品,取上清液于高效硅胶板上点样,用甲醇-乙酸乙酯(5:4)展开,喷以钙黄绿素-氯化钯溶液,以薄层色谱扫描仪定量测定斑点荧光强度。血浆中加入杀虫双和沙蚕毒素,回收率分别为97.3±2.6%(n=5,CV=2.65%)和94.9±3.9%(n=5,CV=3.92%),检测限杀虫双为11.9ng,沙蚕毒素为5ng。大鼠静脉注射杀虫双后,血浆中立即检出沙蚕毒素。根据开放型二室模型数学公式计算杀虫双及沙蚕毒素代谢动力学各参数值。经口灌胃后,各时相血浆样品中均未检出杀虫双原形。除个别一小时血浆样品中检出低浓度沙蚕毒素外,其他样品中也未检出沙蚕毒素。     

杀虫双中毒死者血液、胃及肝中原型物及其代谢物分析

采用高效薄层色谱法（ＨＰＴＬＣ）、ＯＶ－１７填充柱和ＯＶ－１０１毛细管柱火焰光度检测器－气相色谱法（ＦＰＤ－ＧＣ）以及气相色谱－质谱法（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）对３例杀虫双中毒死者的血、胃及肝样品进行分析。在血、胃及肝样品中未检出杀虫双，均检出沙蚕毒素。在血样品中还检出了比沙蚕毒素更大的色谱峰，在胃样品中也检出了此色谱峰，但峰面积较小，肝样品未见此相应的色谱峰。经实验推断此化合物为杀虫双的另一代谢产物二甲基沙蚕毒素。     

经口灌胃杀虫双在大鼠体内代谢动力学研究

建立了全血中沙蚕毒素含量测定方法。沙蚕毒素回收率为80.0％～95.0％，平均为85.3％（n=8），相对标准差为5.69％。经大鼠灌胃杀虫双50mg／kg后，测定不同时相全血中沙蚕毒素含量。根据杀虫双在吸收前转化的模式，新编制了计算程序。经口灌胃后大鼠全血中沙蚕毒素浓度-时间曲线符合开放型二室模型。其浓度与时间关系如下：C=-6223.42e~(-5.35t)+35.28e~(-2.67t)+1.411e~(-0.35t)+6186.73e~(-5.37t)     

杀虫双在动物体内的代谢研究 四、杀虫双的气相色谱法测定及其在兔体内的毒物代谢动力学研究

本文建立了血浆中杀虫双及沙蚕毒素的GC-FPD测定方法。检测限(沙蚕毒素)为0.5ng。血浆中加入杀虫双和沙蚕毒素,回收率均在90%以上。兔静脉注射杀虫双30秒后,血浆中即可检出沙蚕毒素。杀虫双和沙蚕毒素在兔体内代谢动力学按二室拟合,求出各参数值。经口灌胃试验,血浆中未检出杀虫双和沙蚕毒素。     

Exposure of small mammals,in particular the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus,to pesticide seed treatments

Field exposure of small mammals to fungicide-treated wheat seed was investigated over three weeks following drilling on fields near York, United Kingdom. Seed consumption by small mammals trapped on and immediately adjacent to the drilled fields was quantified by measuring the amount of seed in the stomach. In addition, exposure to one seed-treatment, fluquinconazole, was quantified by measuring residues of the fungicide in the stomach, liver, and intestine. The wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, was the dominant species caught on the fields and the only species found to have consumed measurable quantities of seed. Voles, Microtus agrestis and Clethrionomys glareolus, were caught in small numbers, almost exclusively in the field hedge, and showed no evidence of having consumed seed. Stomach-contents analysis revealed that more than 80% of animals trapped in the hedge adjacent to the field had consumed no wheat seed, whereas 98% had consumed less than 10% (by stomach volume). Ninety percent of animals trapped on the field had consumed seed, although 90% of these animals had less than 20% seed in the stomach. Residues of the fungicide in the stomach, intestine, and liver were lower than would be expected for the amount of seed consumed, possibly because of dehusking of the seeds by mice. The relevance of these findings when assessing exposure (and risk) posed by seed treatments to wild mammals is discussed.     

Digestion and absorption of fish oil by neonatal piglets

In order to establish the digestibility and absorption of fish oil, 18 unsuckled, newborn piglets were tube-fed an amount of fish oil calculated to provide the piglets' maintenance energy needs for 12 h. After fat administration the piglets were either intubated with 25 ml of fat-free milk replacer per h, or fasted. The digesta of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (digesta plus feces) were collected 12 h after fish oil intubation. Disappearance of total extractable fat was 95 +/- 1 and 94 +/- 1% for fed and fasted piglets, respectively. True absorption of the lipid was calculated from the disappearance of eicosapentaenoic acid and was 99% for both fed and fasted piglets. Nearly 50% of the stomach lipid was as diglycerides and free fatty acids, suggesting that hydrolysis of the fish oil was initiated in the stomach. Small intestinal lipid was 63-65% free fatty acids, indicating that the piglet pancreatic lipase was of sufficient activity to hydrolyze fish oil triglyceride. Neonatal piglets appeared to have ample capacity to digest and absorb fish oil, which supports the concept that lipid supplementation could improve the energy status of the newborn piglet.     

Absorption and metabolism of red orange juice anthocyanins in rats

Anthocyanins are natural pigments that could be involved in various health effects. Red oranges are an important dietary source of anthocyanins, including cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy 3-glc) and an acylated derivative, cyanidin 3-(6'-malonyl)-glucoside (Cy 3-malglc). The aim of this study was to evaluate the absorption and metabolism of red orange anthocyanins in rats fed an anthocyanin-enriched diet for 12 d (approximately 2.8 micromol anthocyanins/d). Furthermore, the absorption of these anthocyanins was studied in both the stomach and intestine using in situ models in rats. Anthocyanin metabolites were identified and quantified by HPLC-electrospray ionization tandem MS and HPLC-diode array detection, respectively. The red orange anthocyanins, Cy 3-glc and Cy 3-malglc, as well as their respective methylated derivatives, were recovered in urine after red orange juice intake. The 24 h urinary excretion of total anthocyanins was low (0.081 (SEM 0.009) % of the ingested amount). However, a high proportion (about 20 %) of red orange anthocyanins was absorbed from the stomach. More Cy 3-malglc than Cy 3-glc was absorbed in the intestine. This study thus indicated that red orange juice anthocyanins were rapidly absorbed from both stomach and small intestine, and then excreted in the urine as intact and methylated forms. Moreover, the absorption and metabolism of acylated anthocyanins and non-acylated anthocyanins were similar.