砷与氟对三种环境生物的联合毒性研究

采用斑马鱼、大型水蚤及美丽猛水蚤对水中砷与氟的联合毒性进行了研究。用毒性单位法及相加指数法评价结果，３种生物的联合毒性实验都表明砷与氟在水环境中呈拮抗作用。     

强效杀生剂水生毒理学毒性评价研究

目的研究中央空调循环冷却水中杀生剂的生态安全性,探讨其毒性评价方法。方法采用大型水蚤急性毒性试验、卤虫无节幼体急性毒性试验和斜生栅藻生长抑制试验对强效杀生剂的生态毒性进行评价,用直线内插法计算EC50值及LC50值。结果强效杀生剂对大型水蚤的半数致死浓度24、48、96 h LC50分别为0.004 4、0.001 2及0.000 8 mg/L,半数影响浓度24、48、96 h EC50分别为0.002 7、0.001 3、0.000 8 mg/L。强效杀生剂对卤虫无节幼体的半数致死浓度24、48、96 h LC50分别为0.096、0.048、0.032 mg/L。强效杀生剂对斜生栅藻的半数影响浓度24、48和96 h EC50分别为57、28及1.62 mg/L。结论强效杀生剂对大型水蚤和斜生栅藻有较强的毒性,因此对水环境中的生物具有较强的生态毒性,应该加强对其使用的管理。     

水体沉积物毒性的评价方法

主要介绍了在水体沉积物毒性评价时常用的3种方法：生物毒性试验、毒性鉴别评价程序（TIE）和沉积物环境质量基准（SQGs）。生物毒性试验较化学分析方法考虑了污染物的生物可利用性,但是未能阐明产生毒性的具体污染物;TIE将常规的化学方法和生物毒性试验相结合,对产生毒性的具体污染物进行逐步鉴定,为制定相应的污染物浓度控制标准提供了依据;SQGs可以快速准确地对污染物的毒性作出判定,然而各种建立方法得到的基准间的差异影响了它的利用价值,需建立更为广泛、可靠的SQGs。将化学分析、毒性试验和现场生物调查结合是今后对沉积物中持久性有机污染物进行毒性评价和复合污染研究的发展方向。     

大型水蚤生物测试技术在监测蔬菜中农药残留的应用研究

两种蔬菜经大型水蚤生物测试结果表明，均有不同程度的农药残留，其中青菜汁的毒性大于空心菜汁，与实际施用农药情况相一致。本次实验初步证明，此生物测试法完全适用于蔬菜的农药残留监测。     

水生生物在评价微生物水质改良剂的生态毒性中的应用

目的 探讨微生物型水质改良剂对斑马鱼和大型溞的急性毒性,为其安全使用提供依据.方法 将斑马鱼、大型溞分别暴露于不同浓度的水质改良剂稀释液中48 h,用概率单位图解法计算受试物对两种生物24 h、48 h的半数致死浓度(LC50).结果 受试物对斑马鱼24、48 h的LC50分别为15.66％和9.85％,对大型溞24、48 h的LC50分别为6.30％和3.13％.结论 微生物水质改良剂对斑马鱼及大型溞的急性毒性作用较小,但对其慢性毒性仍需进行研究.     

重庆市城镇河流沉积物重金属污染的潜在生物毒性评价

目的 了解重庆市区城镇河流水体沉积物重金属的污染状况并评价其潜在生物毒性.方法于2006年12月,在重庆市区的河流(包括长江和嘉陵江)设置3个断面(两江汇合前的长江珊瑚坝断面与嘉陵江观音桥断面、两江汇合后的广阳坝断面),在每个采样断面采集0～10 cm与10～20 cm沉积物样品,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr元素的含量,分别采用地积累指数法(Igeo)和沉积物质量基准法(SQG)对沉积物重金属的污染状况和潜在生物毒性进行评价.结果 沉积物中Cu的Igeo值大多在2.4～3.0之间,达中度到偏重度污染,沉积物中Cu的潜在生物毒性远远大于其余3种重金属元素,沉积物中Pb、Zn、Cr基本处于清洁级;Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr与Fe均未显示出正相关,表明这些重金属元素主要来源于人为污染源.结论 本次调查的重庆市城镇河流沉积物中Cu的污染程度和潜在生物毒性最大,而沉积物中Pb、Zn、Cr基本上不存在潜在生物毒性.     

肼与苯肼对卤虫Artemia Salina的毒性研究

采用卤虫对肼与苯肼的毒性作用进行了测定,结果表明苯肼的毒性明显大于肼.肼24hLC_(50)值为0.167mg/L(0.153～0.180mg/L),48hLC_(50)值为0.088mg/L(0.068～0.120mg/L),苯肼24hLC_(50)值和48hLC_(50)值分别为0.041mg/L(0.039～0.042mg/L),及0.015mg/L(0.0114～0.0202mg/L),结果表明卤虫生物测试技术在海水监测中是一个敏感、快速和廉价的方法.     

应用大型水蚤对几种农药污染饮用水毒性的快速检测

目的 了解采用大型水蚤检测农药污染饮用水的可行性，为建立水质综合毒性评价方法提供依据。方法 采用大型水蚤的急性毒性试验方法检测饮用水的毒性，用SPSS12．0统计分析大型水蚤的LC50.结果 大型水蚤能够灵敏检测饮用水农药污染，在浓度达到微克时，仍然有反应；部分被检测农药的8h LC50与24h和48h结果相近，可以近似用来代替24h和48h的毒性测试结果，缩短毒性测试时间。结论大型水蚤的急性毒性测试方法是一种简便、快速、灵敏和价廉的方法，可以用来对饮用水的部分农药污染进行快速检测。     

三种农药对挠足动物Nitocra的毒性研究

采用国外新推出的实验生物Nitocra spinipes(挠足动物,美丽猛水蚤属Nitocra的一种)对两种拟菊酯类杀虫剂新农药溴氰菊酯及速灭杀丁以及我国现用的农药杀虫脒进行了毒性测定。获得了24、48及96h的半数活动受抑制浓度EC_50值及半数致死浓度LC_50值。其毒性大小顺序:溴氰菊酯>速灭杀丁>杀虫脒。     

Toxicity of estuarine sediments using a full life-cycle bioassay with the marine copepod Robertsonia propinqua

Estuarine sediment contamination is a growing significant ecological issue in New Zealand. Methods of assessing toxicity and ecological impacts in a cost effective way are currently limited. Further to that is a need to develop bioassays that generate data quickly and cost effectively and have ecological relevance to the wider community. A chronic full life-cycle bioassay to assess the toxicity of New Zealand estuarine sediments using the marine harpacticoid copepod Robertsonia propinqua has been investigated. Sediment samples were collected from the Bay of Plenty region and included two polluted and one reference site. Sources of pollutants in the contaminated field sites originated from a variety of sources and generally include nutrients, pesticides and herbicides and the pollutants zinc, copper, lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Conversely, the reference site was exposed to low levels of contaminants due to the relatively undeveloped catchment. Adult male and female copepods were exposed to field collected sediments for 24 days under flow-through conditions at 21 °C and 12 h L:D cycles. Five endpoints were recorded: male and female survival, fecundity (number of gravid females per replicate at the end of the test), clutch size per female, number of eggs per sample and juvenile survival (number of nauplii and copepodites per replicate at the end of the test). Adult mortality was observed in all sediment samples but the number of males, gravid females, clutch size per female and number of eggs produced were not affected by either the contaminated or reference sediment samples. However, the contaminated sediments did reduce reproductive output (i.e. nauplii and copepodite production). Therefore, we conclude that reproductive endpoints provide a good measure of sediment-associated contaminant effects compared with adult R. propinqua survivorship. It may be that a change in focus from chemical thresholds without ecological relevance or lethal dose threshold methods, to more subtle but ecologically significant elements of faunal life, such as reproductive success, are a more sensitive and a long term ecologically informative method.     

环境有机污染物对蚤的毒性研究

随着工农业的发展，有毒有机物的种类和数量不断增多，其对环境的污染程度越来越严重，有关有毒有机污染物的毒性研究显得尤为重要。蚤在水生生态系统食物链中起着重要的联接作用，以蚤为受试对象的毒性试验方法在水生生态系统毒理学研究中有着重要的意义。该文就近年来国内外有关有毒有机物对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的毒性效应、生物指标及毒性影响因子的研究现状及发展趋势作一综述。     

铝离子对大型溞的毒性研究

本研究以大型溞为实验生物对铝离子的毒性进行了观察,研究了铝离子对大型溞的快速监测指标(生存和运动试验)及铝离子对潘的长期效应影响(生长和繁殖试验)。结果表明,铝离子对大型溞具有一定的毒性,铝离子浓度越高对溞影响越大。对大型溞EC_(50)值24、48和96小时分别为5.2mg/L、4.3mg/L和0.65mg/L。LC_(50)值24、48和96小时分别为5.6mg/L、4.6mg/L和0.97mg/L。试验三周后溞的体长对照组、0.001 mg/L和0.01 mg/L的浓度组体长分别为3.5mm、3.2mm和3.0mm。对照组平均繁殖量为112.2个幼溞,0.001mg/L繁殖量为89.5个,0.01mg/L繁殖量为69.3个,两个浓度组分别比对照组的繁殖量减少20.2％和38.2％。本研究为建立溞类的实验方法提供了科学依据。     

Toxicity assessment of sediments from three European river basins using a sediment contact test battery

The toxicity of four polluted sediments and their corresponding reference sediments from three European river basins were investigated using a battery of six sediment contact tests representing three different trophic levels. The tests included were chronic tests with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a sub-chronic test with the midge Chironomus riparius, an early life stage test with the zebra fish Danio rerio, and an acute test with the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. The endpoints, namely survival, growth, reproduction, embryo development and light inhibition, differed between tests. The measured effects were compared to sediment contamination translated into toxic units (TU) on the basis of acute toxicity to Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas, and multi-substance Potentially Affected Fractions of species (msPAF) as an estimate for expected community effects. The test battery could clearly detect toxicity of the polluted sediments with test-specific responses to the different sediments. The msPAF and TU-based toxicity estimations confirmed the results of the biotests by predicting a higher toxic risk for the polluted sediments compared to the corresponding reference sediments, but partly having a different emphasis from the biotests. The results demonstrate differences in the sensitivities of species and emphasize the need for data on multiple species, when estimating the effects of sediment pollution on the benthic community.     

产毒节菱孢培养物对大型溞的毒性研究

本文以国际标准实验生物大型溞做为实验动物研究了节菱孢毒性培养物的毒性。结果表明节菱孢毒性培养物对大型溞的EC_(50)值分别为29.07mg/L(24h);20.57mg/L(48h);7.53mg/L(96h)。LC_(50)值分别为38.07mg/ (24h);24.37mg/L(48h);10.67mg/L(96h)。