人工股骨头置换与DHS、锁定钢板内固定治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效分析

目的 分析人工股骨头置换与DHS、锁定钢板3种方法治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效差异.方法 选取老年股骨粗隆间骨折60例,随机采用DHS、锁定钢板、人工股骨头置换,对三组患者的手术时间,出血量,输血量,住院时间,术后负重时间,术后骨折愈合时间及术后半年髋关节功能进行比较.结果 所有患者随访12～60个月,平均35个月.关节置换组住院时间、手术时间和术后负重时间最短,出血量及输血量最多,术后6个月Harris评分最高,与DHS组及锁定钢板组比较差异有统计学意义.结论 DHS适合稳定EvansⅢ型股骨粗隆间骨折,锁定钢板可应用于不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折,人工股骨头置换较DHS、锁定钢板具有操作简单、创伤小、卧床时间短、并发症少、效果好的优点.     

人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的手术学指标及骨密度、髋关节功能变化观察

目的 比较股骨近端锁定加压钢板与人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法 我院2015年1月～2018年6月收治股骨粗隆间骨折老年病人78例,按手术方式分为两组,对照组46例,采用股骨近端锁定加压钢板治疗,观察组32例,采用人工股骨头置换术治疗,比较两组病人手术指标、骨密度和Harris髋关节功能评分。结果 观察组病人手术时间和切口长度均短于对照组,术中出血量多于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组术后恢复相关指标均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组优良率(90.63%)高于对照组(60.86%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后两组病人骨密度和Harris髋关节功能评分均上升,治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗后观察组两指标上升水平优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折比股骨近端锁定加压钢板疗效更为显著。     

人工股骨头置换术联合尺骨鹰嘴锁定钢板重建股骨大粗隆治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折

目的 探讨老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折人工股骨头置换术中采用尺骨鹰嘴锁定钢板重建股骨大粗隆的方法及其临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2018-05-2020-01采用人工股骨头置换术治疗的15例老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折,术中联合尺骨鹰嘴锁定钢板重建股骨大粗隆,沿股外侧肌后外侧缘与臀大肌股骨嵴附丽处间隙切开,显露股骨,复位股骨大...     

不同手术方法治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折疗效分析

目的比较动力髋螺钉(DHS)、解剖型锁定钛板(LCP)内固定和加长柄双极人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。方法 454例老年股骨粗隆间骨折采用DHS内固定182例,LCP内固定201例,人工股骨头置换71例。结果 DHS、LCP、人工股骨头置换组手术时间相当,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);内固定组(DHS、LCP组)术中出血量、卧床时间相当,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术中出血量少于人工股骨头置换组,卧床时间明显长于人工股骨头置换组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访Harris评分优良率DHS组明显低于LCP、人工股骨头置换组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 LCP是治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折比较理想的内固定方式,人工股骨头置换术也是一种正确的选择,但适用于75岁以上不稳定且合并重度骨质疏松骨折。     

PFNA、PF-LCP和人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的比较分析

目的比较股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)、股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板(PF-LCP)和人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。方法 48例老年股骨粗隆间骨折分别采用PFNA内固定19例、PF-LCP内固定15例和人工股骨头置换术治疗14例,并就平均手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量及术后髋关节功能Harris评分优良率进行比较。结果 PFNA组平均手术时间、术中出血量明显少于PF-LCP组和人工股骨头置换组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组术后切口引流量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PFNA组和人工股骨头置换组术后Harris评分优良率明显优于PF-LCP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 PFNA内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折具有创伤小、出血少、内固定牢固、术后髋关节功能恢复满意等优点,是疗效较好的治疗方法。     

人工股骨头置换术与髓内钉内固定治疗老年骨质疏松性不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的比较

目的比较人工股骨头置换术与股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗合并骨质疏松老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-01—2018-01诊治的88例老年骨质疏松性不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折,44例采用人工股骨头置换术治疗(股骨头置换组),44例采用股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗(髓内钉固定组)。结果 88例术后均获得至少12个月随访。股骨头置换组术后至开始下床时间、住院时间均较髓内钉固定组短,术后1周、1个月髋关节功能Harris评分高于髓内钉固定组,住院期间并发症发生率明显低于髓内钉固定组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但2组术后3、12个月髋关节功能Harris评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论若合并骨质疏松的老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折患者具有人工股骨头置换术适应证,可根据患者的实际情况优先选用,使患者快速恢复髋关节功能。     

PFNA内固定与人工股骨头置换术治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的比较

目的比较股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)与人工股骨头置换术治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2012-02—2015-06手术治疗的142例老年股骨粗隆间骨折,采用PFNA内固定治疗75例(PFNA组),采用人工股骨头置换术治疗67例(置换组)。结果 142例均获得了18个月的随访。与PFNA组比较,置换组术后至下床时间更短,术后1周疼痛VAS评分更低,术后1、3个月髋关节功能Harris评分更高,但切口更长,术中出血量更多,术后并发症发生率更高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PFNA组与置换组手术时间、住院时间、术后6个月髋关节功能Harris评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PFNA内固定治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折具有切口小、术中出血少及术后并发症发生率低等优点,但术后髋关节功能恢复更慢;人工股骨头置换术治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折具有术后下床时间早、疼痛缓解快、早期髋关节功能良好等优点,但手术创伤大、术后并发症较多。     

股骨近端锁定钢板、PFNA和人工髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效比较

目的比较采用股骨近端锁定加压钢板(PFLCP)、股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)、人工髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法 90例老年股骨粗隆间骨折采用PFLCP内固定治疗29例(PFLCP组),PFNA内固定治疗30例(PFNA组),人工髋关节置换术31例(关节置换组)。结果 PFNA组在切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量方面明显优于PFLCP组和关节置换组。PFLCP、PFNA、关节置换3组末次随访时Harris评分优良率分别为82.7%、90.0%、90.1%,差异无统计学意义。结论对于EvansⅠ~Ⅲ型股骨粗隆间骨折可采用PFLCP或PFNA内固定治疗;对于EvansⅣ、Ⅴ型股骨粗隆间骨折可采用PFNA内固定;80岁以上合并严重骨质疏松症、肾功能不全等疾病者可选用人工髋关节置换术。     

股骨粗隆重建加长柄人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨股骨粗隆重建加人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折的临床疗效.方法 采用股骨粗隆重建、加长柄人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折63例.结果 51例获得随访,骨折愈合良好,髋关节功能按Harris标准评定,优良率88.2%.结论 对老年患者伴骨质疏松性股骨粗隆间粉碎性不稳定骨折采用该术式,能达到早...     

人工股骨头置换术与内固定治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效比较

目的比较人工股骨头置换术与内固定治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-10—2013-10诊治的52例老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折,采用人工股骨头置换术治疗26例(髋置换组),采用内固定治疗26例(内固定组)。结果 52例均获得32~43(36.25±0.26)个月随访。髋置换组手术时间较内固定组长,且术中出血量较多,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。髋置换组术后3个月VAS评分明显低于内固定组,而术后12、24个月内固定组VAS评分低于髋置换组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。髋置换组术后3个月Harris评分明显高于内固定组,而术后24个月内固定组Harris评分明显高于髋置换组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折人工股骨头置换术后早期能够获得更好的髋关节功能,但是采用内固定治疗能够保证远期的疗效。     

杭州健康女性定量骨超声测定原发性骨质疏松

目的 评价杭州健康女性骨超声速度(SOS)值随增龄减少和骨质疏松患病率，建立杭州地区女性骨超声速度值参考数据库。方法 定量超声法测定1208例杭州地区健康女性桡骨远端(RAD)，第3指骨近节(PLX)，第V跖骨(MTR)和胫骨中段(TIB)的超声速度值。结果 RAD、PLX、MTR和TIBSOS峰值(Peak of SOS)均出现在40-45岁，TJB的SOS峰值出现在35—40岁，此后随年龄增长而下降。绝经后妇女在绝经后早期和晚期各有1个SOS快速减少期，前见于桡骨近端，平均年减少率为2．4％，后见于胫骨中段，平均年减少率为1．8％。各部位骨SOS累积减少率随年龄增长而增加，到85岁4部位累积减少为13％-18％。60岁以后骨质疏松性症(OP)检出率为45％-70％，OP检出率以桡骨远端最高，60-70岁平均为67％，第3指骨近端次之约50％，胫骨中段最低为36％；75岁以后分别为70％，65％和45％。结论 全身各部位骨超声速度值到达峰值的年龄不同，峰值也各有差异。绝经后妇女骨超声速度值随年龄增加减少较快，应予激素和补钙治疗，桡骨远端为本地区SOS检测和OP检出的敏感部位。     

Importance of echocardiography in prognosis of surgical outcomes in cholecystitis in elderly patients

The authors propose to use more often echocardiography (EchoCG) in examination of elderly (over 60 years) of age patients with cholecystitis that permits to increase surgical activity to 92.4%. Left ventricular ejection fraction is the most informative. When this fraction is lower than 45% surgery must be recommended on vital indications only. EchoCG was used in 155 patients with cholecystitis, 131 of them were operated. 2 (1.52%) patients died due to acute cardio-vascular insufficiency and pulmonary artery thromboembolism.     

脊髓胶质细胞在小鼠骨癌痛形成中的作用

Objective To evaluate the role of gliocyte in the spinal cord in the development of bone cancer pain (BCP) in mice. Methods Forty male C3H/He mice aged 8-10 weeks weighing 18-22 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation (group S) , group II BCP, group Ⅲ PBS and group IV minocyline (group M) . In group BCP, PBS and M, bone cancer pain was produced by injection of NCTC2472 fibrosarcoma cell suspension (2 x 105 cells) 10 μl into medullary cavity of calcaneus bone, while in group S, PBS solution 10 μl was injected instead of cancer cell suspension. In group PBS and M, PBS 5 μl and minocyline 5 μl (dissolved to 0.2 mmol/L in PBS)_were given IT immediately before cancer cell inoculation once a day for 11 consecutive days respectively. Mechanical pain threshold was measured at 1 d before cancer cell inoculation, and at 0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. Cold pain threshold was measured at 3, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. The animals were killed after measurement of pain threshold and L4-6, segment of spinal cord was removed for determination of GFAP and CD11b expression by Western blot. Results Compared with group S, mechanical pain threshold was significantly increased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation in group BCP and PBS, and at 3 and S d after cancer cell inoculation in group M, and cold pain threshold was significantly increased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was up-regulated in group BCP, PBS and M ( P < 0.05) . Compared with group BCP, mechanical pain threshold was significantly decreased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, cold pain threshold was significantly decreased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was down-regulated in group M ( P <0.05) . ConclusionThe activiton of gliocyte in the spinal cord is involved in the development of bone cancer pian in mice.     

脊髓胶质细胞在小鼠骨癌痛形成中的作用

Objective To evaluate the role of gliocyte in the spinal cord in the development of bone cancer pain (BCP) in mice. Methods Forty male C3H/He mice aged 8-10 weeks weighing 18-22 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation (group S) , group II BCP, group Ⅲ PBS and group IV minocyline (group M) . In group BCP, PBS and M, bone cancer pain was produced by injection of NCTC2472 fibrosarcoma cell suspension (2 x 105 cells) 10 μl into medullary cavity of calcaneus bone, while in group S, PBS solution 10 μl was injected instead of cancer cell suspension. In group PBS and M, PBS 5 μl and minocyline 5 μl (dissolved to 0.2 mmol/L in PBS)_were given IT immediately before cancer cell inoculation once a day for 11 consecutive days respectively. Mechanical pain threshold was measured at 1 d before cancer cell inoculation, and at 0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. Cold pain threshold was measured at 3, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. The animals were killed after measurement of pain threshold and L4-6, segment of spinal cord was removed for determination of GFAP and CD11b expression by Western blot. Results Compared with group S, mechanical pain threshold was significantly increased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation in group BCP and PBS, and at 3 and S d after cancer cell inoculation in group M, and cold pain threshold was significantly increased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was up-regulated in group BCP, PBS and M ( P < 0.05) . Compared with group BCP, mechanical pain threshold was significantly decreased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, cold pain threshold was significantly decreased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was down-regulated in group M ( P <0.05) . ConclusionThe activiton of gliocyte in the spinal cord is involved in the development of bone cancer pian in mice.     

脊髓胶质细胞在小鼠骨癌痛形成中的作用

Objective To evaluate the role of gliocyte in the spinal cord in the development of bone cancer pain (BCP) in mice. Methods Forty male C3H/He mice aged 8-10 weeks weighing 18-22 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation (group S) , group II BCP, group Ⅲ PBS and group IV minocyline (group M) . In group BCP, PBS and M, bone cancer pain was produced by injection of NCTC2472 fibrosarcoma cell suspension (2 x 105 cells) 10 μl into medullary cavity of calcaneus bone, while in group S, PBS solution 10 μl was injected instead of cancer cell suspension. In group PBS and M, PBS 5 μl and minocyline 5 μl (dissolved to 0.2 mmol/L in PBS)_were given IT immediately before cancer cell inoculation once a day for 11 consecutive days respectively. Mechanical pain threshold was measured at 1 d before cancer cell inoculation, and at 0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. Cold pain threshold was measured at 3, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. The animals were killed after measurement of pain threshold and L4-6, segment of spinal cord was removed for determination of GFAP and CD11b expression by Western blot. Results Compared with group S, mechanical pain threshold was significantly increased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation in group BCP and PBS, and at 3 and S d after cancer cell inoculation in group M, and cold pain threshold was significantly increased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was up-regulated in group BCP, PBS and M ( P < 0.05) . Compared with group BCP, mechanical pain threshold was significantly decreased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, cold pain threshold was significantly decreased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was down-regulated in group M ( P <0.05) . ConclusionThe activiton of gliocyte in the spinal cord is involved in the development of bone cancer pian in mice.     

脊髓胶质细胞在小鼠骨癌痛形成中的作用

Objective To evaluate the role of gliocyte in the spinal cord in the development of bone cancer pain (BCP) in mice. Methods Forty male C3H/He mice aged 8-10 weeks weighing 18-22 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation (group S) , group II BCP, group Ⅲ PBS and group IV minocyline (group M) . In group BCP, PBS and M, bone cancer pain was produced by injection of NCTC2472 fibrosarcoma cell suspension (2 x 105 cells) 10 μl into medullary cavity of calcaneus bone, while in group S, PBS solution 10 μl was injected instead of cancer cell suspension. In group PBS and M, PBS 5 μl and minocyline 5 μl (dissolved to 0.2 mmol/L in PBS)_were given IT immediately before cancer cell inoculation once a day for 11 consecutive days respectively. Mechanical pain threshold was measured at 1 d before cancer cell inoculation, and at 0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. Cold pain threshold was measured at 3, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. The animals were killed after measurement of pain threshold and L4-6, segment of spinal cord was removed for determination of GFAP and CD11b expression by Western blot. Results Compared with group S, mechanical pain threshold was significantly increased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation in group BCP and PBS, and at 3 and S d after cancer cell inoculation in group M, and cold pain threshold was significantly increased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was up-regulated in group BCP, PBS and M ( P < 0.05) . Compared with group BCP, mechanical pain threshold was significantly decreased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, cold pain threshold was significantly decreased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was down-regulated in group M ( P <0.05) . ConclusionThe activiton of gliocyte in the spinal cord is involved in the development of bone cancer pian in mice.     

脊髓胶质细胞在小鼠骨癌痛形成中的作用

目的 评价脊髓胶质细胞在小鼠骨癌痛形成中的作用.方法 健康雄性C3H/He小鼠40只,周龄8～10周,体重18～22 g,随机分为4组(n=10):假手术组(S组)、骨癌痛组(B组)、PBS组(P组)和米诺环素组(M组).S组跟骨骨髓腔内注射PBS 10 μl;余3组跟骨骨髓腔内注射含2×105个骨纤维肉瘤细胞的PBS 10 μl制备骨癌痛模型,于造模前即刻开始PBS组鞘内注射PBS 5μl,M组鞘内注射米诺环素(用PBS溶解为0.2 mmol/L)5μl,1次/d,连续11 d.于造模前1 d、造模后即刻、3、5、7、9、11 d时测定机械痛阈;于造模后3、7、9、11 d机械痛阈测定结束后测定冷痛阈.痛阈测定结束后处死小鼠,取脊髓组织,测定神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和CD11b的表达水平.结果 与S组比较,B组和P组造模后3-11 d时、M组造模后3、5 d时机械痛阈升高,B组、P组和M组造模后7～11 d时冷痛阈升高,脊髓CD11b和GFAP表达上调(P<0.05).与B组比较,M组造模后3-11 d时机械痛阈降低,造模后7-11 d时冷痛阈降低,脊髓CD11b和GFAP表达下调(P<0.05).结论 脊髓胶质细胞(星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞)的激活参与了小鼠骨癌痛的形成.     

脊髓胶质细胞在小鼠骨癌痛形成中的作用

Objective To evaluate the role of gliocyte in the spinal cord in the development of bone cancer pain (BCP) in mice. Methods Forty male C3H/He mice aged 8-10 weeks weighing 18-22 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation (group S) , group II BCP, group Ⅲ PBS and group IV minocyline (group M) . In group BCP, PBS and M, bone cancer pain was produced by injection of NCTC2472 fibrosarcoma cell suspension (2 x 105 cells) 10 μl into medullary cavity of calcaneus bone, while in group S, PBS solution 10 μl was injected instead of cancer cell suspension. In group PBS and M, PBS 5 μl and minocyline 5 μl (dissolved to 0.2 mmol/L in PBS)_were given IT immediately before cancer cell inoculation once a day for 11 consecutive days respectively. Mechanical pain threshold was measured at 1 d before cancer cell inoculation, and at 0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. Cold pain threshold was measured at 3, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. The animals were killed after measurement of pain threshold and L4-6, segment of spinal cord was removed for determination of GFAP and CD11b expression by Western blot. Results Compared with group S, mechanical pain threshold was significantly increased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation in group BCP and PBS, and at 3 and S d after cancer cell inoculation in group M, and cold pain threshold was significantly increased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was up-regulated in group BCP, PBS and M ( P < 0.05) . Compared with group BCP, mechanical pain threshold was significantly decreased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, cold pain threshold was significantly decreased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was down-regulated in group M ( P <0.05) . ConclusionThe activiton of gliocyte in the spinal cord is involved in the development of bone cancer pian in mice.     

脊髓胶质细胞在小鼠骨癌痛形成中的作用

Objective To evaluate the role of gliocyte in the spinal cord in the development of bone cancer pain (BCP) in mice. Methods Forty male C3H/He mice aged 8-10 weeks weighing 18-22 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation (group S) , group II BCP, group Ⅲ PBS and group IV minocyline (group M) . In group BCP, PBS and M, bone cancer pain was produced by injection of NCTC2472 fibrosarcoma cell suspension (2 x 105 cells) 10 μl into medullary cavity of calcaneus bone, while in group S, PBS solution 10 μl was injected instead of cancer cell suspension. In group PBS and M, PBS 5 μl and minocyline 5 μl (dissolved to 0.2 mmol/L in PBS)_were given IT immediately before cancer cell inoculation once a day for 11 consecutive days respectively. Mechanical pain threshold was measured at 1 d before cancer cell inoculation, and at 0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. Cold pain threshold was measured at 3, 7, 9 and 11d after cancer cell inoculation. The animals were killed after measurement of pain threshold and L4-6, segment of spinal cord was removed for determination of GFAP and CD11b expression by Western blot. Results Compared with group S, mechanical pain threshold was significantly increased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation in group BCP and PBS, and at 3 and S d after cancer cell inoculation in group M, and cold pain threshold was significantly increased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was up-regulated in group BCP, PBS and M ( P < 0.05) . Compared with group BCP, mechanical pain threshold was significantly decreased at 3-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, cold pain threshold was significantly decreased at 7-11 d after cancer cell inoculation, and expression of CD11b and GFAP was down-regulated in group M ( P <0.05) . ConclusionThe activiton of gliocyte in the spinal cord is involved in the development of bone cancer pian in mice.