33例阴茎癌的外科治疗分析

目的:探讨阴茎癌合理的外科治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析2008年1月~2012年12月间收治的33例阴茎癌患者的临床资料:鳞状细胞癌患者31例,疣状癌患者2例。5例行阴茎局部病变切除术,26例行阴茎部分切除术,2例行阴茎全切加会阴部尿道造口术。行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术20例,其中7例行双侧改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,10例行一侧改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术+对侧改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,3例行髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术+对侧改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术。结果:33例患者定期随访1~5年,平均随访31个月,1年生存率为93.9%(31/33),2年为87.9%(29/33),5年为72.7%(24/33)。本组6例T1G2期以上阴茎癌患者行预防性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,术后随访生存率为83%(5/6);而另有14例未行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,术后随访死亡7例,生存率为50%(7/14)。在33例阴茎癌患者中,9例可扪及单侧或双侧腹股沟淋巴结,行双侧淋巴结活检,有6例为阳性,阳性率高达66.7%(6/9);但有3例阴性患者随访过程中出现腹股沟淋巴结转移,假阴性率为13%(3/23)。有7例伴髂、腹股沟淋巴结转移,随访期间7例患者全部死亡,结论:对阴茎癌患者,合理地选择手术方式切除肿瘤,并合适地选择行腹股沟淋巴结清扫的时机和方式,采用一定的手术技巧,可明显提高患者生存率并减少并发症。     

阴茎疣状癌的临床诊断和治疗

目的 探讨阴茎疣状癌的诊断和治疗. 方法 回顾性分析6例阴茎疣状癌患者的诊治资料.患者平均年龄45岁.肿瘤均为菜花状、外生型,最大径2～6 cm,局限于阴茎头4例,侵犯至冠状沟近侧2例.3例在术前经病理活检确诊,另3例为术后病检证实.2例肿瘤侵犯冠状沟近侧者和2例位于阴茎头肿瘤较大者行阴茎部分切除术,1例局限于阴茎头与冠状沟之间者给予包皮环切术,1例局限于阴茎头者行肿瘤局部切除术. 结果 病理检查见肿瘤细胞分化好,标本切缘均阴性.6例术后随访2～4年,无肿瘤复发或转移. 结论 6例阴茎疣状癌以局部侵袭性生长为主,未发生区域性淋巴结转移或远处转移,选择手术方式合理,预后良好.     

包皮环切术后微波治疗致阴茎坏死9例报告

目的:探讨包皮环切术后微波治疗致阴茎坏死发生机制及处理原则。方法:回顾2006年5月至2011年11月9例包皮环切术后微波治疗致阴茎坏死临床资料。患者为男性,年龄20~39岁(中位年龄26岁),均在其他医院以包皮过长或包茎接受环切术,手术结束时未有阴茎缺血表现。术后1 h至3 d开始实施应用非接触式微波治疗。术后1~10 d出现阴茎坏死,伴感染4例。经换药等保守治疗无效,术后3~30 d来我院。9例中5例为干性坏疽,4例为湿性坏疽。6例为阴茎部分坏死,行阴茎部分切除术,其中1例于术后3个月接受阴茎延长术;其他5例未接受再手术。3例为全阴茎坏死,其中1例伴阴囊皮肤坏死;均在阴茎全切后3个月行阴茎再造术,其中2例行腹壁下深动脉穿支皮瓣(DIEP法)及自体第12肋阴茎支撑物植入;1例行髂腹股沟岛状皮瓣、阴囊皮管尿道成形术。结果:本组患者术后随访2~8年,均可站立排尿,排尿畅。1例于阴茎部分切除术后阴茎残留部3 cm,术后由3个月接受阴茎延长,阴茎长度延长至7 cm;5例未接受阴茎延长术,阴茎残端3~5 cm,其中4例有勃起功能,2例可进行性生活。3例行阴茎全切阴茎再造术,阴茎定型长度为(11.7±1.3)cm,周径(11.4±2.1)cm,外形接近正常阴茎。皮肤感觉恢复良好,阴茎头部两点分辨觉为5~12 mm,平均7 mm;采用DIEP法阴茎再造2例勃起硬度3级功能,能满足性生活部分要求;另1例阴茎勃起功能2级,未能进行性生活。结论:包皮环切术后微波治疗可导致阴茎坏死,后果严重,应高度重视。阴茎坏死发生后,应尽早清创术,根据病变程度及患者需求,可选择性行阴茎延长术或阴茎再造术。     

阴茎癌22例报告

包茎及包皮过长是阴茎癌发生的主要高危因素,几乎所有的阴茎癌患者都具有包茎或包皮过长,包皮环切术是治疗包茎和包皮过长的简便易行的方法,但在国内几乎没有真正意义上的预防性包皮切除,而是反复感染、有溃疡或性生活不便等才考虑行包皮切除.但在临床上,我们发现因包皮反复炎症后而进行的包皮环切并不能完全防止阴茎癌的发生.1996年～2002年我们治疗了22例包皮环切术后阴茎癌患者,现报告如下.     

激光治疗阴茎癌

作者用钕钇铝石榴有(Nd:YAG)激光治疗了16例阴茎鳞痛患者。5例患者为原位癌,9例为T1期肿瘤,2例为T2期肿瘤。患者均拒绝传统的阴茎部分切除术。在激光治疗前,对所有患者均行包皮环切和深部组织活检术。治疗后随访达12～36个月。随访中5例原位癌患者均无肿瘤复发。9例T1期患者中6例(67％)和平均随访26个月时无肿瘤复发。2例T2期患者虽有肿瘤缩小,但未治愈。作者指出,激光治疗阴茎癌的最大优点是可以保留阴茎。     

阴茎疣状癌的诊治

目的探讨阴茎鳞状细胞癌的特殊类型疣状癌的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析8例阴茎疣状癌患者的诊治资料。患者平均年龄46岁。肿瘤均为菜花状、外生型，最大径2—6cm，局限于阴茎头5例，侵犯至冠状沟近侧3例。经活检病理诊断后，3例肿瘤侵犯冠状沟近侧者和1例位于阴茎头肿瘤较大者行阴茎部分切除术，4例局限于阴茎头者行肿瘤局部切除术。结果病理检查见肿瘤细胞分化好，标本切缘均阴性。1例肿瘤局部切除术者术后14个月阴茎残端复发，再行阴茎部分切除术，术后随访9年，无肿瘤复发或转移。其余7例术后随访4～13年，均无肿瘤复发或转移。肿瘤局部切除术者术后性生活较满意。结论阴茎疣状癌的生物学行为以局部侵袭性生长为主，很少发生区域性淋巴结转移或远处转移，采用恰当的治疗方法后患者预后好。     

膀胱根治性切除术后继发尿道癌的临床分析

目的总结膀胱癌行根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌的临床特点,以提高诊治能力。方法回顾性分析2000年至2014年98例膀胱癌行根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌6例的临床资料,其中3例行可控回结肠代膀胱术,1例行原位膀胱术,2例行回肠膀胱术。发生尿道癌时间为术后5~36个月。行尿道膀胱镜检查4例位于后尿道残端,2例位于前尿道,活检证实均为尿道尿路上皮癌,1例CT发现后尿道癌浸润周围组织及盆腔和腹股沟淋巴结的转移。4例行经会阴全尿道切除术,1例行经尿道肿瘤电切术,6例均行化疗或辅助性化疗。结果本组根治性膀胱切除术后尿道癌的发生率为6.1%,手术过程顺利。1例出现切口感染,经治疗后愈合。随访8~60个月,1例出现全身骨转移,1例出现双侧腹股沟淋巴结转移(经淋巴结活检证实),另4例未发现远处转移。结论根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌发生率较低。尿道血性分泌物及肉眼血尿是尿道癌的主要临床表现。尿道膀胱镜检查是诊断尿道癌的重要手段,活检能够明确诊断,利用输尿管镜能提高活检的阳性率。CT和MR能明确肿瘤浸润的深度,并明确有无腹股沟及盆腔淋巴结的转移。全尿道切除术辅助化疗能提高膀胱癌行根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌的生存期。     

阴茎癌51例诊治体会

目的探讨阴茎癌有效合理的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析51例阴茎癌患者的临床资料，其中鳞状细胞癌44例，鳞状上皮乳头状瘤恶变7例。均行手术治疗，其中行单纯肿瘤切除＋包皮环切术2例，阴茎部分切除术36例，阴茎全切＋尿道会阴部造口术13例，行双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术11例。结果41例获得随访，行阴茎部分切除术者2年和5年生存率分别为83．3％和76．7％，行阴茎全切除术者2年和5年生存率分别为72．7％和63．6％。结论阴茎癌早期诊断并予以手术为主的治疗对于改善患者预后十分重要，证实有淋巴结转移者应积极行髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术。     

病灶局部广泛切除术在阴茎癌原发肿瘤治疗中的初步结果

目的 探讨阴茎癌病灶局部广泛切除术在阴茎癌原发肿瘤治疗中的价值.方法 阴茎癌患者33例.患者平均年龄46.8(24～70)岁.其中肿瘤位于包皮的10例,位于阴茎头的21例,位于阴茎根部的2例;原发肿瘤分期T1及以下的30例,其他分期3例;包皮广泛切除及补充切除8例、阴茎肿瘤局部广泛切除术18例,包皮环切术+阴茎肿瘤局部广泛切除术6例,保留阴茎的阴茎头部分切除术1例.结果 33例手术均顺利完成,术后随访3～55个月,平均22个月.术后局部复发率15.1%(5/33),平均复发时间6(2～14)个月.性功能恢复满意率93.9%(31/33),排尿功能恢复满意率100%.结论 根据适应证选择阴茎癌病灶局部广泛切除术治疗阴茎癌安全有效,术后局部复发率低.患者术后性功能和排尿功能恢复良好,生活质量满意.局部复发的机制尚需进一步研究.     

58例阴茎鳞状细胞癌治疗的临床分析

目的:提高阴茎鳞状细胞癌的治疗水平,寻求鳞状细胞癌合理有效的治疗方法。方法:回顾分析58例病理活检证实阴茎鳞状细胞癌治疗的临床资料。结果:按照Jackson分期,Ⅰ期25例,Ⅱ期18例,Ⅲ期11例,Ⅳ期4例。53例行手术治疗;行阴茎肿瘤局部切除及阴茎癌部分切除43例;阴茎全切除并尿道会阴部造口术及髂腹股沟淋巴清扫术10例(腹股沟淋巴结均阳性,髂淋巴结阳性1例)。术前新辅助治疗(热疗加化疗)联合术后化疗37例,仅术后化疗12例,单纯手术治疗4例;5例未手术治疗患者行化疗和/或放疗。48例随访2~5年,4例行阴茎部分切除者2年内复发,4例2年内死亡,7例2~5年内死亡,2年生存率为91.7%,5年生存率为77.1%,10例失访或随访期未满2~5年。结论:外科手术治疗、术前新辅助治疗联合术后化疗是目前治疗阴茎鳞状细胞癌的有效方法,淋巴结的清扫根据临床分级具体处理,手术联合术前新辅助治疗及术后化、放疗是否可减少复发及提高生存率,还需进一步研究。     

Multi-institutional long-term experience with conservative surgery for invasive penile carcinoma

PURPOSE: Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis occurs on the glans, prepuce, glans and prepuce, coronal sulcus and shaft. Penile squamous cell carcinoma subsequently invades local structures, corpora cavernosa and the urethra, and metastasizes to the inguinal lymph nodes. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis usually requires total or partial penectomy. We studied the effect of primary tumor resections tailored to the anatomical extent of the cancer with preservation of uninvolved structures in select patients with invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 patients between 39 and 82 years old were treated with unconventional conservative surgical excision of the primary penile lesion. More than 130 patients were excluded from the study because they were treated with partial or total penectomy, Mohs' surgery or more extensive surgery. The 30 patients underwent preoperative biopsy with careful mapping of the extent of the disease. Patient age, tumor extent and grade, operative details, outcome and length of followup were analyzed. RESULTS: Tumor size ranged from 1.5 to 8 cm. in diameter. Tumors were well differentiated in 19 patients, moderately differentiated in 5 and poorly differentiated in 6. A total of 17 patients underwent ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy, 12 of whom had pathologically positive lymph nodes. Inguinal radiation was used in 2 patients. Chemotherapy was given to 7 patients with extensive inguinal lymphadenopathy and to 2 of 5 with pathologically positive lymph nodes. Followup ranged from 12 to 360 months. A total of 21 patients had no evidence of disease at last followup. Tumor resection with no sacrifice of function was performed in 2 patients in whom 3 small recurrences developed. One patient with numerous tumors had 2 small recurrences, which were completely excised with no further recurrence. Of the 7 patients with advanced lymphadenopathy 5 and of 5 patients with pathologically positive lymph nodes at presentation 1 died of the cancer but had no local recurrence in the penis. CONCLUSIONS: In a minority of patients with anatomically suitable penile cancer conservative surgical techniques are safe and provide equal tumor control compared to conventional resections. The anatomical situation and tumor characteristics should dictate the choice of treatment for the primary penile lesion. Inguinal lymph nodes should be managed by appropriately established guidelines but should not influence the extent of primary penile lesion resection.     

阴茎疣状癌误诊分析

目的探讨阴茎鳞状细胞癌的特殊类型疣状癌误诊的原因和治疗方法。方法回顾分析9例阴茎疣状癌患者的诊治资料,患者平均年龄49岁,肿瘤呈菜花样生长。瘤体病现活检6例误诊。4例患者肿瘤局限于阴茎头者行肿瘤局部切除术,其余5例均行阴茎部分切除术。结果病理检查见肿瘤细胞分化良好,手术标本切缘未见肿瘤细胞。病理诊断均为“高分化鳞状细胞癌”。随访2-6年,平均3．8年,无1例肿瘤复发或转移。结论阴茎疣状癌细胞分化好,组织活检易误诊。由于其生物学行为以局部侵袭性生长为主,手术治疗预后好。     

Outcome of penile cancer in circumcised men

PURPOSE: We previously reported on a group of patients with post-circumcision carcinoma of the penis. We now study the long-term outcome of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the available charts of 22 patients presenting between October 1979 and May 2000. RESULTS: Of 22 patients 18 underwent ritual circumcision with extensive scar development. Median age at diagnosis was 62.4 years. The penile lesion was dorsal and proximally located in 15 patients. Median delay before diagnosis was 12 months. Clinically 14 patients had stage T1-T2 disease, with 13 having no lymph node involvement and none with distant metastasis, 8 patients had stage T3-T4 disease. A total of 15 patients were treated surgically with total penectomy (10) or conservative local excision (5), inguinal lymph node dissection (9) and subsequent penile reconstruction (3). Pathological staging in 15 patients revealed 10 patients with stage T1 and in 8 patients with lymph node dissection none had nodal metastasis. Histopathological classification was 20 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 sarcoma and 1 verrucous carcinoma. Six patients refused surgery and 1 was referred for palliation. Median followup was 14.5 months and median survival was 14.5 months. The 3-year survival was 42% for stage T1-T2 and 13% for T3-T4 (p = 0.0052). Median survival for the surgical group was 34 months whereas for nonsurgical group was 3 months (p = 0.0016). Recurrence-free survival in the surgical group was 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Penile carcinoma in circumcised men is a distinct disease commonly following nonclassic vigorous circumcision. Delayed diagnosis and deferring surgical treatment are associated with increased mortality.     

阴茎假血管瘤型鳞状细胞癌的临床病理观察及人乳头瘤病毒的检测

目的:提高对阴茎假血管瘤型鳞状细胞癌(PASCC)的认识。方法:报告1例阴茎PASCC患者的临床资料,结合相关文献复习讨论。患者男性,47岁。临床表现为包皮菜花状肿物5.0cm×5.0cm×4.0cm,表面糜烂、出血伴脓性恶臭分泌物,双侧腹股沟淋巴结肿大。CT检查未发现腹部、盆腔肿大淋巴结,胸片未见异常。结果:经活检病理诊断后,行阴茎部分切除、双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术(T2N2M0),辅以盆腔放疗。术后2个月,因阴茎皮瓣坏死(伴局部复发)行阴茎全部切除术。首次术后11个月,患者因盆腔、肺部广泛转移死亡。光镜下见棘细胞显著松解,肿瘤主要由排列呈血管样的腔隙状、网状结构的梭形细胞和局灶的鳞状细胞癌细胞组成,二者之间存在移行过渡。电镜下见肿瘤细胞胞质内存在张力原纤维和桥粒结构。腹股沟淋巴结仅见普通型高分化鳞状细胞癌细胞(左3/9,右2/10)。复发肿瘤的结构和形态与原发肿瘤相似。免疫组化染色示肿瘤细胞CK(AE1/AE3)、34βE12、Vimentin均为阳性,EMA呈灶性或片状(+);CD31、CD34、FⅧAg、HMB45、SMA、Desmin、CEA均为阴性。HPV分型原位杂交HPVpan、HPV6B/11、HPV16/18、HPV31/33均为阴性。结论:阴茎PASCC是一种罕见的特殊鳞状细胞癌,预后不良。确诊需依赖组织病理学、免疫组化和电镜检查。早就诊、早诊断和及时恰当的治疗是关键。     

Pseudohyperplastic squamous cell carcinoma of the penis associated with lichen sclerosus. An extremely well-differentiated, nonverruciform neoplasm that preferentially affects the foreskin and is frequently misdiagnosed: a report of 10 cases of a distinctive clinicopathologic entity

We present 10 cases of well-differentiated, squamous cell carcinoma of the penis with pseudohyperplastic features. At presentation, the median age was 69 years. Seven of the tumors were multicentric, and the majority preferentially involved the foreskin inner mucosal surface. Grossly the tumors were typically flat or slightly elevated, white and granular, and measured approximately 2 cm. Characteristic histologic features included keratinizing nests of squamous cells with minimal atypia surrounded by a reactive fibrous stroma. In biopsies or individual areas of resected specimens, the differential diagnosis with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia was difficult but when samples of adequate size were available, obvious evidence of infiltration was present. The adjacent squamous epithelium typically showed changes that are known to be associated with squamous cell carcinoma ranging from squamous hyperplasia to low-grade, and in a few cases high-grade, squamous intraepithelial lesions. Well-developed lichen sclerosus was seen in all cases. Patients were treated by circumcision or partial penectomy. With the exception of 1 patient who developed a glans recurrence 2 years after initial circumcision, follow-up after the initial surgical procedure has been uneventful. The majority of penile carcinomas with the high degree of differentiation seen in these cases are in the category of the verruciform tumors, either the verrucous or papillary carcinoma, not otherwise-specified subtypes. Experience with the cases reported in this series indicates that a subset of nonverruciform, often multicentric, tumors with a high degree of differentiation and pseudohyperplastic features occur and preferentially involve the foreskin. Because it was present in all cases, lichen sclerosus may play a precancerous role.     

Surgical therapy of penis carcinoma

Primary therapy of penile cancer (carcinoma in situ/T1 tumors) consists of circumcision, microsurgical excision, application of 5-fluorouracil cream, radiation, or laser treatment. In cases of larger T1 tumors or T2 and distal T3 tumors, partial penectomy with a 2-cm margin of clearance is mandatory. Secondary therapy includes inguinal lymphadenectomy 4-6 weeks after primary treatment and antibiotic prophylaxis. Independent prognostic factors for the presence of lymph node metastases are T stage and grading. Only patients with noninvasive G1 or G2 tumors and nonpalpable inguinal lymph nodes are candidates for surveillance with careful follow-up. Inguinal lymphadenectomy is performed in a radical or modified (Catalona) manner. Sentinel biopsy (Cabanas) may regain importance with the use of gamma probes. Complication rates of inguinal lymphadenectomy correlate to the extent of the procedure and must be weighed against the possibility of cure with lymphadenectomy. In cases of inguinal lymph node metastasis, removal of the iliac lymph nodes (one- or two-step procedure) is necessary.     

Sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: a clinical and pathological study of 5 cases

PURPOSE: We analyzed clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features in 5 cases of sarcomatoid or spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical and pathological files of all patients with penile carcinoma treated at our hospital between 1956 and 2002 were reviewed. Cases diagnosed as sarcomatoid squamous cell cancer were selected. RESULTS: Five of 341 patients (1.4%) had sarcomatoid penile carcinoma. Tumor stage was T2N0 in 2 patients, T2N2 in 2 and T4N3 in 1. In all patients partial or total penectomy was eventually performed. Three patients underwent bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy. Four of 5 patients had distant metastatic disease and died within 1 year after diagnosis. One patient had exclusive hematogenous spread without lymph node involvement. Foci of distant metastatic tumor sites were the lung, skin, bone, pericardium and pleura. In 4 patients the diagnosis was based on the expression of keratin filaments in a predominantly spindle cell penile tumor or by the identification of carcinomatous and sarcomatoid areas on hematoxylin and eosin stained slides of the primary tumor. In 1 case a squamous component in a lymph node metastasis rendered the keratin negative spindle cell primary tumor sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is a subtype of squamous cell carcinoma with a poor prognosis often associated with wide hematogeneous spread. It is a rare malignancy that is often difficult to diagnose, requiring additional immunohistochemical stains.     

阴茎疣状癌的诊治(附4例报告)

目的:探讨阴茎疣状癌的诊断和治疗方法。方法:分析4例阴茎疣状癌患者的临床、病理资料。结果:患者年龄42~76(平均52)岁。肿瘤均呈菜花状、外生型生长,最大直径1.4~5.8 cm。2例病变局限于阴茎头,另2例肿瘤侵犯至冠状沟(其中1例合并梅毒感染)。1例肿瘤局限于阴茎头且瘤体较小者(直径1.4 cm)行阴茎头切除术;1例肿瘤局限于阴茎头且瘤体较大者及2例肿瘤侵犯至冠状沟者均行阴茎部分切除术(其中1例合并梅毒感染者经苄星青霉素治疗后再手术)。4例患者肿瘤标本病理显示肿瘤细胞分化好,切缘均呈阴性。标本切片均显示上皮呈乳头瘤状结构并过度角化,肿瘤细胞于基底部呈球茎状推进式生长。周围间质见淋巴细胞浸润。术后随访3~7年,平均4.6年,肿瘤均无复发。合并梅毒感染者术后复查快速血浆反应素试验转为阴性,梅毒螺旋体颗粒凝集试验仍呈阳性。结论:阴茎疣状癌表现为局部侵袭性生长,很少有淋巴结或远处转移者。治疗方法采用阴茎头切除或阴茎部分切除术,患者预后较好。     

髂腹股沟淋巴清扫对阴茎癌的治疗意义(附63例报告)

目的 探讨腹股沟淋巴结活检脑髂腹肌沟淋巴清扫在阴茎癌治疗中的作用.方法 报告1982年1月１９９７年７月收治的６３例陈茎癌的临床资料,在节切除阴茎原发病灶同时行无选择性双侧腹股沟淋巴结活检,并对淋巴结活检阳性者行双侧髂腹股沟淋巴清扫术。结果 １１例（１５侧）淋巴结活检阳性,１例假阴性。淋巴清扫后,原活检阴性侧髂腹股沟未见淋巴转移,阳性侧有１例,存在Ｃｌｏｑｕｅｔ淋巴结转移。结论 在切除阴茎癌肿的同时应作双