Association between age and clinical characteristics of renal cell carcinoma in adult patients

AIM: To study the association between age and clinical characteristics of renal cell carcinoma in adult patients. METHODS: Three hundred and ten patients with renal cell carcinoma were classified into three groups: or=60 years group. The clinical characteristics of the three groups were compared to define the association. RESULTS: The male/female ratio was 1.3/1, 2.0/1, 3.3/1 in the three groups, respectively, and a significant difference appeared when comparing the or=60 years group (P=0.010). The respective percentage of incidental renal cell carcinoma was 27.9%, 43.2%, 31.2%, and it was significantly higher in the 41-59 years group than the >or=60 years group (P=0.047). The incidence of poorly differentiated renal cell carcinoma decreased with age increasing (11.6% vs 5.2% vs 2.7%), and there was significant difference between the or=60 years group (P=0.038). In the 相似文献   

妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症规范激素替代治疗后的妊娠结局

目的分析妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)或亚临床甲减者经过激素替代治疗的妊娠结局。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2011年9月在本院妇产科分娩的单胎妊娠合并临床甲减(64例)或亚临床甲减(65例)共129例(病例组)患者,均在我院产科和内分泌科定期随诊,其中121例患者孕期甲功控制在正常范围。选取同期正规产检并分娩的无甲状腺疾病合并症产妇2,355例作为对照。比较病例组与对照组的一般情况和妊娠结局,并进一步分析病例组中甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TG-Ab)和抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPO-Ab)对妊娠结局的影响。结果(1)临床甲减组妊娠期高血压疾病(子痫前期+妊娠期高血压)的发病率(7.7%)高于对照组(2.3%,P<0.05),新生儿结局(新生儿孕周及出生体重)及其它妊娠并发症[胎心率不可靠(nonassuring fetal heart rate)、妊娠期糖尿病、羊水过少、胎膜早破、新生儿窒息、早产等并发症]的发生率在三组间没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。(2)病例组中,99例患者进行了抗体的检查,TPO-Ab阳性率为48.5%,TG-Ab的阳性率为40.4%,抗体异常与无异常的患者、新生儿结局及妊娠合并症发生率均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论本研究纳入病例中,除妊娠期高血压疾病的发生率在临床甲减的孕妇组中有升高以外,孕期临床甲减或亚临床甲减患者经过激素替代治疗控制甲功在正常范围内,妊娠不良结局的发生率较对照组无明显增加,也没有观察到甲状腺自身抗体对妊娠结局的不良影响。     

Sex hormone modulation of serum TSH levels

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of estrogen and testosterone on baseline and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in rats. Seven groups of 20 rats each were studied: intact males (group I), intact females (group II), castrated males (group III), castrated females (group IV), castrated males with testosterone replacement (group V), castrated females with testosterone supplement (group VI), and intact females with testosterone supplement (group VII). Two weeks after initiation of these hormone treatments, blood samples for TSH levels were obtained before and 10 minutes after TRH injection. Testosterone levels were also determined to verify hormone release. The results of these studies indicated that (1) testosterone has a primary, stimulatory role in the control of TSH concentration in that it causes elevation of both baseline and TRH-stimulated TSH levels, (2) endogenous estrogens have no such direct effect on TSH levels, and (3) in the presence of testosterone, endogenous estrogens partially inhibit the TSH-elevating effect of the androgen. As TSH stimulation is considered requisite for thyroid carcinogenesis, the different effects of testosterone and estrogen on TSH levels, demonstrated in this study, may in part explain differences in incidence and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma observed between the sexes in both rats and human beings.     

甲状腺素片补充治疗对慢性肾脏疾病患者甲状腺激素水平的影响研究

目的 探讨小剂量甲状腺素补充治疗对慢性肾脏疾病患者的甲状腺激素水平、营养不良及左心功能的影响.方法 湖南省人民医院2013年2月至2015年2月间收治的慢性肾脏疾病患者210例,A组为eGFR＜ 15mL ·(min·1.73m2)-1的患者(n=70),B组为15＜ eGFR＜30mL·(min·1.73m2)-1的患者(n=70),C组为30 ＜eGFR ＜60mL·(min·1.73m2)-1的未透析患者(n=70).选择同期本院体检的正常人群为正常对照组(D组,n =70).收集4组患者血液、生化临床资料,检测游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3)、游离甲状腺素(freethyroxine,FT4)、促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)、C反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)、左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)及左心室质量指数(Left ventricular mass index,LVMI),并计算主观综合性营养评估法(subjective global assessment of nutritional act,SGA)等指标.每组根据甲状腺激素水平分为正常组Ⅰ、异常组Ⅱ,观察各组间各指标差异,再给予异常组小剂量甲状腺激素干预后观察各项指标改变.结果 A、B、C组FT3均显著低于D组(P＜0.05),低T3综合征的发生率随eGFR下降而升高;正常组Ⅰ与异常组Ⅱ相比,ALB、CRP、SGA、LVEF、LVMI比较有显著差异(P＜0.05);异常组的FT3与eGFR、SGA、ALB、LVEF呈显著正相关(r=0.912,P＜0.001;r =0.721,P＜0.001;r =0.810,P＜0.001;r=0.903,P＜0.001);FT3与CRP、LVMI呈负相关(r=-0.981,P＜0.001;r=-0.442,P＜0.001);异常亚组给予小剂量甲状腺素治疗后FT3及LVEF较治疗前明显改善(P＜0.05),治疗后eGFR水平只有C2组患者有提高(P＜0.05).结论 甲状腺素水平下降与肾功能严重程度相关,以血清FT3水平降低为主;低水平FT3与营养、左心功能有显著相关性;予以小剂量的甲状腺激素治疗后的低T3及亚临床甲减者的左心收缩功能有提高,中度肾功能损伤的患者eGFR有提高.     

The prevalence of renal cell carcinoma: A nation-wide survey in Japan in 1997

BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to investigate the incidence of renal cell carcinoma by sex, age group and different regions in Japan. METHODS: The survey was conducted from the beginning of January 1997 to the end of December 1997. A total of 1306 Institutions in all 47 prefectures throughout Japan were requested to register cases. RESULTS: There were 6358 persons with renal cell carcinoma, consisting of 4372 men and 1986 women. The age-specific incidence rates showed a peak in the age group of 65-70 years in both men and women. The crude incidence rates per 100 000 population for men and women were 7.1 and 3.1, respectively, and age-standardized incidence rates per 100 000 population for men and women were 4.9 and 1.8, respectively. The incidence rates in the Hokkaido region were significantly higher than in other regions (P < 0.05), among which there was no significant difference in incidence rates. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that the incidence rates of renal cell carcinoma in Japan were approximately the same as among Japanese in Los Angeles. The rates were, however, lower than North American and European countries, but higher than China, Central or South American countries and African countries. The reasons for the high incidence of renal cancer in the Hokkaido region are not entirely clear. Further epidemiologic research is required.     

Renal cell carcinoma: etiology, incidence and epidemiology

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The incidence of renal cell carcinoma has been increasing worldwide. Although the etiology of renal cell carcinoma is largely unknown, recent epidemiological investigations have shed some light on the issue. This article reviews the literature related to etiology, incidence and epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma published between May 1, 2003 and April 30, 2004. RECENT FINDINGS: Accumulating evidence has confirmed the increasing incidence of renal cell carcinoma. A racial disparity has been reported for the first time. Being overweight and obesity were confirmed to be risk factors for renal cell carcinoma. Recreational exercise was shown to reduce the risk, whereas a Western-style diet and smoking increased the risk. Occupational exposure may relate to the development of renal cell carcinoma; however, no definite carcinogens have so far been identified. A susceptibility to develop renal cell carcinoma may also exist in relation to the gene polymorphisms of detoxifying enzymes including glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450. SUMMARY: Although high-risk groups for renal cell carcinoma have been identified, a large portion of renal cell carcinoma still has an unknown etiology. Life-style modifications might reduce renal cell carcinoma risks. Further studies are thus needed to explore the etiology of renal cell carcinoma in terms of gene-environment interactions.     

Two cases of hyperthyroidism induced by interferon-alpha therapy for renal cell carcinoma

Autoimmune thyroid disease is the result of a common side-effect of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) used to treat viral hepatitis C; but there have been few reports on thyroid disorders induced by IFN-a that was used to treat renal cell carcinoma. IFN-alpha therapy was conducted on two male patients, 75 and 44 years old, after radical nephrectomy. Six and five months, respectively, after this therapy, they complained of weight loss. Laboratory evaluation revealed hyperthyroidism; the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level fell below normal; and the serum free T3 and T4 levels increased above normal values. Two months after the termination of IFN-alpha therapy, their thyroid hormone levels returned to normal without the help of antithyroid agents. In observational studies, thyroid dysfunction has been reported in 0.6 to 30% of the patients who had been treated with IFN-alpha. Careful observation is necessary to watch for the possible development of thyroid disorder during IFN-alpha therapy for renal cell carcinoma.     

不同甲状腺癌切除术治疗甲状腺癌患者的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨甲状腺癌切除术对甲状腺癌患者炎症指标分析.方法 将2019年1月至2021年9月在宣城市仁杰医院治疗的30例甲状腺癌患者根据手术方式分为两组,对照组使用甲状腺患侧叶切除+对侧次全切除术,观察组使用甲状腺患侧叶切除术.对比两组患者各项手术指标、并发症发生率、甲状腺激素指标、甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid ...     

siRNA沉默VEGF基因对肾癌细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

目的：探讨siRNA干扰血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）基因对人肾细胞癌细胞株（ACHN）细胞增殖与凋亡的影响.方法：化学合成针对VEGF的小干扰RNA,通过脂质体转染至ACHN中,利用Western印迹法检测细胞内VEGF的表达,采用台盼蓝拒染法测定细胞生长曲线,用MTT比色分析法检测细胞增殖抑制率（IR）,用TUNEL方法检测细胞凋亡率（AR）.结果：生长曲线提示,与空白对照组及阴性对照组相比,siRNA1组、siRNA2组ACHN细胞的生长明显减慢 在24 h、48 h、72 h,siRNA1的增殖抑制率为10.6%、18.0%、27.1%,siRNA2增殖抑制率为18.9%、32.7%、40.3%,均高于空白对照组及阴性对照组（P〈0.05） siRNA1组的细胞凋亡率为10.7%、15.2%、20.3%,siRNA2组的细胞凋亡率为17.3%、26.2%、37.4%,均高于空白对照组及阴性对照组（P〈0.05） siRNA1组、siRNA2组VEGF蛋白表达水平明显低于空白对照组及阴性对照组,其中siRNA2对ACHN细胞的IR、AR和VEGF蛋白表达的抑制作用均显著高于siRNA1组（P〈0.05）.结论：VEGF在肾癌的发生发展中起着重要作用,化学合成的VEGF-siRNA能特异性抑制肾细胞癌ACHN细胞株中VEGF的表达,抑制细胞生长增殖,促进细胞凋亡.对于VEGF基因高表达的肾细胞癌患者,针对VEGF的RNAi技术有望成为肾细胞癌新的基因治疗手段.     

Two cases of thyroid metastases from renal cell carcinoma]

The identification and diagnosis of thyroid metastases from renal cell carcinoma are rare in living patients in spite of more frequent incidence during autopsy. We reported two cases of thyroid metastases from renal cell carcinoma. In both cases, histological examination revealed metastasis from renal cell carcinoma and negative immunohistological stain for thyroglobulin ruled out primary thyroid carcinoma.     

超声刀经胸乳入路腔镜下行甲状腺癌根治术疗效及安全性分析

目的探讨超声刀经胸乳入路腔镜下行甲状腺癌根治术的临床疗效及安全性。方法按就诊顺序编号将我院2012年2月-2014年2月收治的48例甲状腺癌患者分为对照组（24例）和观察组（24例）,其中对照组行传统开放手术治疗,观察组采用超声刀经胸乳入路腔镜下行甲状腺癌根治术治疗,比较两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果两种术式的手术时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;对照组的术中出血量多于观察组,术后引流时间和住院时间长于观察组,并发症发生率也高于观察组,比较差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;术后疼痛评分显示,观察组术后第1天和第3天的疼痛评分均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,两组患者第5天的疼痛评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论采用超声刀经胸乳入路腔镜下行甲状腺癌根治术可缩短术后引流及住院时间,降低并发症发生率,同时对患者的创伤较小,术后疼痛较轻,值得临床借鉴和推广。     

nucleostemin基因在肾癌中的表达及其意义

目的 观察nucleostemin基因在肾癌组织和正常肾组织中的表达,探讨其在肾癌发生中的意义.方法 收集肾癌组织标本62例,透明细胞型50例,颗粒细胞型12例.同时取10例癌旁非癌肾组织和10例非瘤正常肾组织作对照组.应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法,以GAPDH为内参照,检测上述组织nucleostemin基因mRNA的表达,统计学分析实验结果.结果 肾癌组织中,nucleostemin基因47例显示阳性表达,阳性率为75.81%.正常肾组织未见有nucleostemin基因阳性表达.nucleostemin基因在肾癌组织中的阳性表达显著高于正常肾组织(P<0.01).nucleostemin基因在透明细胞癌中阳性表达率为74.00%;颗粒细胞癌阳性表达率为83.33%,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 nucleostemin基因在肾癌组织中呈高表达,而在正常肾组织中无表达;nucleostemin基因的表达可能与病理类型无关.提示nucleostemin基因的表达与肾癌的发生密切相关.     

甲状腺结节合并钙化与甲状腺癌关系的临床研究

目的 探讨甲状腺结节合并钙化与甲状腺癌的关系及其对甲状腺癌高危人群筛选的临床意义.方法 回顾性分析2006年3月至2009年3月行甲状腺手术的1771例患者中甲状腺结节合并不同类型钙化的甲状腺癌发生率.结果 本组病例中恶性肿瘤500例,甲状腺癌的钙化发生率为68.4%,良性疾病中的钙化发生率为27.0%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=259.5,P＜0.05).微钙化诊断甲状腺癌的特异性为89.4%,阳性预测值为66.3%,与其在良性疾病中的差异有统计学意义(χ2=368.6,P＜0.01).年龄＜45岁的甲状腺癌发生率为39.2%,≥45岁的甲状腺癌发生率为22.9%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=51.12,P＜0.05).单发结节的甲状腺癌发生率为31.7%,多发结节为26.4%,两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.766,P＜0.05).B超显示淋巴结肿大最终证实为甲状腺癌转移的比例为26.8%.结论 钙化尤其是微钙化对于诊断甲状腺癌的特异性较高,具有重要的临床意义.甲状腺癌的高危人群包括:甲状腺结节合并微钙化、年龄＜45岁及单发结节.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between thyroid nodules with calcification and thyroid carcinoma and its significance in the screening of thyroid carcinoma in high risk group.Methods The clinical data of 1771 patient undergoing surgery for thyroid nodules from March, 2006 to March, 2009 in Huashan Hospital, Fudan University were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among 1771 patients, 500 were finally identified as having malignant tumors. Incidence of calcification in thyroid carcinoma was 68. 4%, and that in benign thyroid nodules was 27.0% ( χ2 = 259. 5, P ＜ 0. 05 ). The specificity of microcalcification for the diagnosis of carcinoma was 89. 4%, and its positive predictive value was 66. 3% ( χ2 = 368.6, P ＜ 0. 01 ). The incidence of thyroid carcinoma in patients ＜ 45 years was 39.2%, while that in patients ≥ 45 years was 22.9% ( χ2 = 51.12, P ＜ 0. 05 ). The incidence of carcinoma in patients of single thyroid nodule was 31.7% and that in those with multiple nodules was 26. 4% (χ2 =4. 766,P ＜ 0. 05). Metastasis was pathologically diagnosed in 26. 8% of lymph nodes found by preoperative ultrasonography. Conclusions The specificity of thyroid nodule calcification, especially microcalcification is high for the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. High-risk index for carcinoma includes thyroid nodules with microcalcification, ＜ 45 years old and single thyroid nodule.     

Cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma with nonclear cell histology

PURPOSE: To our knowledge the benefit of cytoreductive surgery for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma with nonclear cell histology is unknown. In this retrospective study we report our experience with cytoreductive nephrectomy for nonclear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. We compared the outcomes with those in patients with clear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1991 to 2006, 606 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma underwent cytoreductive nephrectomy and they formed the basis of this report. Of these patients 92 had nonclear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The remaining 514 patients had clear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma and they formed a comparative group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between clinical variables and histology (clear cell vs nonclear cell) on disease specific survival. RESULTS: Compared with patients with clear cell histology those with nonclear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma were younger (p = 0.0001), and more likely to have nodal metastases (p <0.0001) and sarcomatoid features (23% vs 13%, p = 0.026). On multivariate analysis median disease specific survival in patients with nonclear cell histology was significantly worse than that in patients with clear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma (9.7 vs 20.3 months, p = 0.0003) even after adjusting for T stage, grade, performance status, age and sarcomatoid features. Sarcomatoid features were a predictor of poor outcome in cases of clear and nonclear cell histology, although even in the absence of sarcomatoid features nonclear cell histology was associated with worse disease specific survival (p = 0.017). Interestingly although there was a significantly higher incidence of positive nodes in patients with nonclear histology (p <0.0001), this phenotype was not associated with a worse disease specific survival, as it was in those with clear cell histology (p = 0.0001). In fact, patients with node negative disease with nonclear cell histology had the worst prognosis overall in the entire group. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with nonclear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma were younger and had a higher incidence of nodal metastases, a higher incidence of sarcomatoid features and a worse prognosis than those with clear cell histology who underwent cytoreductive surgery.     

Thyroid disorders in hemodialysis patients in an iodine-deficient community

There are various changes in the thyroid gland and its function in chronic renal failure (CRF). These changes include lower levels of circulating thyroid hormone, altered peripheral hormone metabolism, decreased binding to carrier proteins, possible reduction in tissue hormone content, and increased iodine storage in the thyroid gland. The decrease of excretion of urinary iodine in CRF increases serum inorganic iodine level and iodine content of the thyroid, which consequently enlarges the gland. This study is designed to investigate the prevalence of goiter and thyroid dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) in an iodine-deficient community. Eighty-seven (40 females and 47 males) HD patients and 169 (79 females and 90 males) healthy individuals as controls are included. Sex ratios for the patient and control groups are 0.85 and 0.88, respectively. Mean ages for the patient and control groups are 42.94 +/- 11.88 and 40.20 +/- 10.72 years, respectively. Examination of the thyroid gland using ultrasonography along with simultaneous measurement of blood levels of free-T4 (FT4), free-T3 (FT3), and thyrotropin (TSH) are made for every individual. The presence of goiter demonstrable by ultrasonography is found in 32.2% of the uremic patients and in 23.5% of the controls and its prevalence increases with age (P = 0.01). In 32 (36.8%) of the patients and 29 (17.1%) of the controls at least one thyroid nodule is found in ultrasonography. Between patients with or without a nodular goiter the authors could not observe any difference for duration of dialysis and serum levels of TSH, FT4, FT3, calcium, and albumin. In ESRD patients the prevalence of nodular goiter is higher for females (47.5% vs. 27.7%, P = 0.045) and increases with age (P = 0.04). Though incidence of hyperthyroidism is found to be similar for the two groups (1.14% in ESRD patients vs. 1.10% in controls), hypothyroidism is observed in 3.4% of ESRD patients but only 0.6% of controls. This high incidence of hypothyroidism and nodular goiter in ESRD patients shows that screening for thyroid dysfunction and goiter, using appropriate laboratory tests and ultrasonography, should be considered in evaluation of every ESRD patient.     

High rate of endometrial hyperplasia in renal transplanted women

A high rate of endometrial hyperplasia, an estrogen-dependent premalignant lesion of the endometrium, has been observed among female kidney allograft recipients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of endometrial abnormalities among renal transplanted women with abnormal uterine bleedings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis compared 45 renal transplanted women who underwent dilatation and curettage for abnormal uterine bleeding between January 1999 and September 2004 with 90 consecutive, nontransplanted, control patients who underwent dilatation and curettage for the same reason in 2004. RESULTS: Thirty-one cases (69%) of endometrial hyperplasia and one case (2%) of endometrial cancer were detected among the renal allograft recipients. The majority of transplant patients (28 cases, 62%) developed endometrial hyperplasia without atypia successfully treated with progestagens. There were 29 cases (32%) of hyperplasia without atypia, 2 cases (1%) of atypical hyperplasia, and 4 cases (4%) of endometrial cancer in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Renal transplanted women seem to have an extremely high risk of endometrial hyperplasia. The majority of cases may be successfully treated with progestagens. Immunocompromised renal graft recipients, however, show other risk factors for carcinogenesis. Thus, frequent clinical surveillance should be recommended in this group of patients, also because there is conflicting evidence with regard to the risk of progression to carcinoma among untreated patients.     

Nierentumore in der Schwangerschaft

Cancer is the second most common cause of death in women of childbearing age. However, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a rare tumor in this collective with an incidence far below 5/100,000 cases per year. Therefore, medical experience with respect to diagnostics and therapeutic management of newly diagnosed RCC in pregnant women is scarce and the number of published cases low. However, recent studies indicated that higher estrogen levels and multigravidity could be associated with a higher risk of RCC. The aim of this article is to summarize the clinical experience in treating pregnant women with renal cancer against the background of those cases published in the literature.     

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in medullary thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is associated with the carcinogenesis of numerous neoplasms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of COX-2 in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). METHODS: Tissue specimens of thyroid neoplasms were obtained from 22 patients with MTC and 15 control subjects with nonmalignant thyroid specimens. RESULTS: This immunohistochemical study confirms the presence of COX-2 in a significant number of MTCs. A large area of staining was noted in only 2 patients in the control group (13%) compared with 18 (82%) in the medullary carcinoma group. On a scale of 0 to 3, the average area of positive staining measured 2.35 in the study group and 0.9 in the control group (p < .0001). The average intensity of staining on a scale of 0 to 5 (deep brown) was 2.15 and 0.8 mm, respectively (p < .001). CONCLUSION: COX-2 is expressed significantly in MTC including a larger area of staining and greater intensity than in nonmalignant thyroid tissue. These findings may have important treatment implications for the use of COX-2 inhibitors in patients with MTC.     

Hormonal differences between female kidney transplant recipients and healthy women with the same gynecologic conditions

Background

End-stage renal disease is associated with severe abnormalities in reproductive function. However, the abnormalities are reversed by successful kidney transplantation. The aim of the present study was to compare hormonal levels between recipients with successful kidney transplantations and healthy women with the same gynecologic conditions.

Methods

The study group consisted of 31 women of reproductive age with end-stage renal disease who underwent successful kidney transplantation. The ratio of the control group, composed of healthy woman, to the study group was 3:1 matched for age and symptoms.

Results

Abnormal bleeding (n = 14) and infertility were the most common gynecologic conditions in kidney transplant recipients. The levels of estrogen (E2) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the study group were higher than in the control group, but the levels of progesterone (P4) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were lower in the study group than in the control group. There were no significant differences in prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone between the two groups. The incidence of infertility in patients who receive steroid was higher than those with no steroid use (P = .007).

Conclusions

Compared with healthy age- and symptom-matched women, female kidney transplant recipients have increased levels of E2 and FSH and decreased levels of P4 and LH. These differences in hormone profiles may predispose kidney transplant recipients to increased risk of gynecologic pathologies.