农村小学生父母养育方式与社交焦虑的关系

目的：探讨农村小学生父母养育方式与社交焦虑的关系。方法：采用父母养育方式评价量表和儿童社交焦虑量表对江西省176名小学生施测。结果：（1）随着年级升高，小学生父母养育方式量表各维度得分逐步下降（F=8．61—25．64，P〈0．001），社交焦虑量表的害怕否定评价（F=4．34，P〈0．01）、社交回避及苦恼（F=9．42，P〈0．001）也均随年级升高而下降；（2）父母养育方式与农村小学生的社交焦虑呈正相关（r=0．17—0．37，P〈0．05-〈0．001）；（3）父亲养育方式、母亲养育方式分别解释了社交回避及苦恼总方差的8．3％、3．6％，解释害怕否定评价总方差的10．4％和0．9％。结论：农村小学生的父母养育方式与其社交焦虑有一定关系。     

航空公司配餐部员工自尊与社交回避及苦恼

目的调查分析民航配餐部员工自尊和社交回避及苦恼的现状，为配餐部门管理者提供参考依据。方法采用自尊量表（SES）和社交回避及苦恼量表（SADS）对在配餐部X-作满1年以上的员工进行问卷调查。结果207名员工自尊得分显著低于成人常模（t=-2．935，P〈0．01），来自城市的员工自尊水平显著高于来自农村和城镇的员工（t=5．2，P〈0．01）；207名员工社交回避及苦恼总分显著低于理论均值（t=8．926，P〈0．001），在婚员工社交回避及苦恼得分显著高于不在婚员工（t=3．95，P〈0．05）；员工自尊得分与社交回避及苦恼各因子呈显著负相关（P〈0．01）。结论配餐部员工的自尊水平较低，社交回避及苦恼处于中等偏下水平；员工的自尊水平受户口所在地影响，社交回避及苦恼受婚姻状况影响。     

运用反应时探究小学生情绪认知发展特点

目的：探究小学儿童情绪认知的发展特点。方法：采用计算机实验方法和反应时评价指标，运用80对情绪词汇推测小学儿童对四个不同类别情绪（基本积极情绪、基本消极情绪、积极自我意识情绪、消极自我意识情绪）的认知发展差异，以及对引发情绪的原因、情绪的外在行为反应、情绪的后继调节三个维度的认知发展差异。结果：小学儿童对引发情绪的原因、外在行为反应、后继调节三个维度的反应时差异有统计学意义（1289．5、1164．6、1295．7，F=13．535，P〈0．001），且三个维度认知反应时2年级学生均长于4、6年级（P〈0．01），对四个不同类别情绪认知的反应时差异无显著性（1237．1、1269．8、1222．8、1305．2，F=1．520，P=0．220），四个类别的情绪认知反应时2年级均长于4、6年级（P〈0．01）。结论：儿童对情绪行为认知的加工速度最快，对消极自我意识认知的发展相对较慢，且均在2—4年级间发展迅速。     

大学生竞争意识与父母养育方式相关研究

目的：探索大学生竞争意识与父母养育方式的关系。方法：采用父母养育方式评价量表和大学生竞争心理量表对292名大学生进行研究。结果：男生在竞争策略、动机、倾向和竞争内容上的得分都显著高于女生（P〈0．05～0．001）；年级在竞争意识各个因子和总分都有显著性差异（P〈0．05～0．001）；文科与理科学生的竞争倾向明显高于其他专业的（P〈0．05）；成长于城市的大学生的竞争策略得分明显高于乡镇和农村的（P〈0．05），但前者竞争动机明显低于后者（P〈0．05）；除了父亲情感温暖、理解与母亲情感温暖、理解以外，父母养育方式其他因子均与竞争意识有显著性相关（P〈0．05-0．001）；回归分析发现，父亲偏爱被试、母亲惩罚严厉、父亲惩罚严厉与父亲过分干涉等因素对竞争意识做出显著预测（P〈0．05-0．001），它们共同解释了18.3％的竞争意识变异。结论：大学生竞争意识各维度存在性别、年级等显著差异：父母养育方式对大学生竞争意识产生相关影响。     

大三学生认知风格对情绪的影响

目的：探讨大三学生认知风格与情绪的关系。方法：使用认知方式图形测验、抑郁形容词检查表、状态焦虑问卷和诱导失败测验对选出的100名大三学生进行实验分组测查；场独立性组（男25人，女25人）和场依存性组（男25人、女25人）各50名。结果：（1）失败后，场独立组和场依存组抑郁和焦虑评分均高于失败前（抑郁：10．5±2．9／9．4±2．5，P=0．003；13．3±4．1／7．9±3．7，P〈0．001；焦虑：36．7±5．8／33．3±5．5，P〈0．001；43．9±8．9／37．9±9．6，P〈0．001）。（2）失败前，两组抑郁、焦虑得分差异均无显著性（P=0．193、0．125），但失败后，场依存组抑郁和焦虑评分均高于场独立组（抑郁：13．3±4．1／10．5±2．9，P=0．038；焦虑：43．9±8．9／36．7±5．8，P=0．014）。（3）认知风格与抑郁、焦虑呈中度负相关（r=-0．42、-0．58，P〈0．001）。结论：认知风格与状态情绪密切相关，但与特质情绪的关系还需进一步的研究探讨。     

斜视及斜视手术对儿童心理的影响

目的探讨斜视儿童和健康儿童心理状况的差异,以及手术对斜视儿童心理状况改善的作用。方法采用自尊量表、儿童社交焦虑量袁和儿童孤独量表对术前120名斜视儿童,术后48名斜视儿童和对照组120名健康儿童分别做调查问卷。结果①和对照组相比,手术前斜视儿童存在明显的心理问题（P〈0．001）;②术后斜视儿童心理状况改善明显（P〈0．001）。结论斜视给儿童带来了严重的心理问题,斜视儿童普遍存在社交焦虑、孤独和低自尊。手术可有效改善斜视儿童的心理状况。     

贫困大学生心身健康与自尊、人际关系、成就动机的相关

目的：探讨贫困大学生的心身健康问题，为贫困大学生心理健康教育提供理论依据。方法：测验法探讨西安地区三所高校242名贫困生及392名非贫困生的心身健康与自尊、人际关系困扰、成就动机及其相关关系。结果：贫困大学生呼吸系统、皮肤、神经系统等八项心身症状得分及CMI总分（P〈0．01）、CMI心理项目分值（P〈0．05）显著高于非贫困生，自尊得分显著低于非贫困生（P〈O．01），人际关系困扰、成就动机得分显著高于非贫困生（P〈0．001，P〈0．05）。贫困生心身症状总分、心理项目分值与自尊、成就动机分值显著负相关，与人际关系困扰分值显著正相关。结论：贫困生心身健康水平低于非贫困生，并与其自尊水平、成就动机水平显著正相关，与其人际困扰显著负相关。     

教养方式与社交焦虑的关系：自我接纳的中介作用

目的：考察教养方式和社交焦虑的关系及自我接纳的中介作用。方法：采用自我接纳（ SAQ）教养方式问卷（s－EMBU－C）和社交焦虑问卷（IAS）对288名大学生进行施测。结果：①父母情感温暖（r 父＝－0．18，P＜0．01；r母＝－0．12，P＜0．05）、母亲过度保护（r＝0．16，P＜0．01）及自我接纳（r＝0．47，P＜0．001）与社交焦虑显著相关；②父母情感温暖对社交焦虑有负向预测作用，母亲过度保护对社交焦虑有正向预测作用；③自我接纳在3种教养方式和社交焦虑之间起着完全中介作用。结论：父母情感温暖、母亲过度保护及自我接纳能够预测社交焦虑，但前两者是通过后者自我接纳影响社交焦虑。     

冠心病患者行为特征与情绪的相关性研究

目的：研究冠心病患者的行为特征与情绪问题的相关性，为冠心病患者的心理下预提供依据。方法：对81例冠心病患者和59例健康对照组进行A型行为问卷和综合医院焦虑抑郁情绪问卷调查。结果：冠心病患者A型行为和焦虑情绪的发生率明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．05），A型行为与焦虑情绪呈显著的正相关（r=0．269，P=0．001），而与抑郁情绪无显著相关（r=0．095．P=0．399）。结论：冠心病患者的行为特征与焦虑情绪有明湿的相关性。     

儿童焦虑障碍症状与父母养育方式的关系

目的：探讨儿童焦虑障碍症状与父母养育方式的关系。方法：采用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表（SCARED）和父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）对329名4～6年级小学生（男生175名。女生154名）进行调查。以SCARED筛查阳性（SCARED总分≥23分）的学生为焦虑组，其余为非焦虑组。结果：在329名小学生中。SCARED筛查阳性的有59例。占总人数的17．9％，其中男23人，女36人；焦虑组双亲的“惩罚严厉”、“过分干涉“、“拒绝否认”、“过度保护”因子得分均明显高于非焦虑组，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01），而“情感温暖、理解”和”偏爱被试”因子得分两组间尤显著性差异（P〉0．05）：父母“惩罚严厉”、“过分干涉”、“过度保护”、“拒绝否认”因子均与焦虑症状评分存在显著正相关（P〈0．01）：多元逐步同归分析显示．“惩罚严厉”、“拒绝否认”、“过度保护”三个因子进入了回归方程，是儿童焦虑情绪的预测因素。结论：在儿童中焦虑情绪存在较普遍，儿童焦虑障碍症状与其父母养育方式关系密切。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.