Down's syndrome in South Australia.

In a survey of Down's syndrome in South Australia, 921 persons, both living and deceased, were identified; 717 individuals with the disorder were living in South Australia. Cytogenetic confirmation of the diagnosis had been made in 774 cases. From 1955 to 1977, the over-all incidence of Down's syndrome at birth was found to be 1.175/1000 live births. The incidence of Down's syndrome was significantly lower over the last five years of this period than for the first 18 years; thus it appears that the incidence of Down's syndrome in South Australia is falling. Analysis of maternal age changes with time has not revealed any changes to the maternal age-specific rates for Down's syndrome, although the rate for mothers aged 25 years or younger appears to be falling. The proportion of Down's syndrome babies born to women aged 35 years or more has decreased from 65.7% for those born before 1950 to 30.4% for those born from 1975 to 1977; similarly, the median maternal age has fallen from 37.12 years to 28.25 years. Regression analyses of maternal age rates for Down's syndrome by single years have produced figures suitable for genetic counselling. A plea is made that Down's syndrome should become a notifiable condition.     

Surveillance for AIDS in a central African city. Kinshasa, Zaire

Surveillance for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Kinshasa, Zaire, was initiated in July 1984, using a modified version of the case definition developed by the Centers for Disease Control. During the first eight months, 332 patients met all clinical and laboratory criteria; surveillance information was available for 295 (89%) of these patients. Of the sera tested from these patients, 99% had antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot procedures. The male-female case ratio was 1:1.1; the mean age of patients was 33.6 years (median, 32 years; range, 1.5 to 64 years); and men were significantly older than women (mean, 37.4 vs 30.0 years). The estimated incidence rate for adults in Kinshasa is 380 cases per 1 million people per year. Peak age-specific incidence rates for men and women occurred among the 30- to 39-year age group, although the rate for men in this age group was 24% higher than the rate for women (786 vs 601 per 1 million). A reasonable estimate of the current annual incidence of AIDS is 550 to 1,000 cases per 1 million people. Surveillance of AIDS in Zaire provides important information on transmission patterns and rates in Africa.     

Down syndrome: clinical profile from India

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to study demographic features, clinical features, and karyotype analyses of patients with Down syndrome (DS). Our study design was a retrospective analysis, while the study was conducted in the Genetic Clinic of a tertiary-care teaching hospital. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of cases referred to the Genetic Clinic was performed. Case proformas of the patients presenting with phenotypic features of DS were analyzed. The following information was recorded from the proformas: age at presentation; sex; maternal age; craniofacial and other physical features; presence and type of congenital heart disease; gastrointestinal abnormalities, and results of cytogenetic evaluation. Clinical features in neonates with DS were separately analyzed. RESULTS: Analysis included cases of DS presenting over a period of 7.5 years; a total of 524 patients were studied (303 males and 221 females; M:F ratio 1.37:1). Average age at presentation was 19.4 months (range: 1 day-26 years). Average maternal age at birth of the affected child was 26.8 years (range: 16-45 years). Craniofacial features noted in >50% of the cases included mongoloid slant (83.9%), ear abnormalities (66.9%), epicanthic folds (56.9%), and flat facial profile (50.9%). A total of 76.3% cases had hypotonia. Characteristic limb and dermatoglyphic anomalies were seen in less than one half of cases. These included sandle sign (46.2%), unilateral or bilateral simian crease (33.2%), clinodactyly (36.1%), and brachydactyly (11.1%). Ophthalmologic abnormalities included hypertelorism (33.9%), nystagmus (3.2%), Brushfield spots (3.2%), squint (2.7%), and cataracts (1.9%). Congenital heart disease was clinically diagnosed in 96 cases (18.3%). The nature of the cardiac defect was ascertained by color Doppler examination and/or 2D-echocardiography in 58 cases. The most common cardiac anomalies were ventricular septal defect (25.8%), tetralogy of Fallot (15.5%), and atrial septal defect (12.1%). Gastrointestinal anomalies were noted in seven cases and included three cases with imperforate anus, two with Hirschsprung disease, and one each with duodenal atresia and Morgagni hernia. Results of cytogenetic abnormalities were available in 42.2%. Free trisomy (non-dysjunction) was present in 95%, 3.2% had translocation, and 1.8% were mosaics. In neonates, common features noted were mongoloid slant, ear abnormalities, flat facial profile, hypotonia, sandle sign, and clinodactyly+/-brachydactyly. CONCLUSIONS: All characteristic craniofacial and physical features of DS need not be present in every case. Major features noted in the present study were mongoloid slant, ear abnormalities, epicanthic folds, flat facies, and hypotonia. Congenital heart disease was present in 18.3% of cases, with ventricular septal defect being the most common type of defect. Non-dysjunction was the most common cause of the chromosomal anomaly.     

Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis--a current audit. A review of 2000 cases of prenatal cytogenetic diagnoses after amniocentesis, and comparisons with early experience

An audit of 2000 cases of prenatal cytogenetic diagnoses is presented. This comprises two consecutive series of 1000 cases (1974-1980 and 1980-1983). Chromosomal studies were performed after mid-trimester amniocentesis. For both series detailed results of the reasons for referral and the outcome of laboratory studies and pregnancy follow-up (in 95% of cases) are presented. In current practice 75% of prenatal cytogenetic diagnoses were for advanced maternal age. Ten per cent of tests were undertaken because of a family history of Down's syndrome. The detection rate of chromosomal abnormality in prenatal cytogenetic diagnoses was 2.06%. Two per cent of amniotic cell cultures failed to grow, necessitating a repeat amniocentesis. The rate of culture failure due to undefinable causes was 0.55%. Fetal loss after amniocentesis for prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis at 16 weeks' gestation has halved since 1980, with a current miscarriage rate of 0.6% within four weeks of the procedure. One maternal death (as a result of amniotic fluid embolism) and one case of amnionitis occurred in the first series of 1000 consecutive cases (up to 1980), but no such complication has occurred since. Secular trends in the indications for referral, laboratory complications, clinical outcome and diagnostic patterns are presented.     

Ectopic pregnancies in upstate New York

Data on ectopic pregnancies reported to the New York State Department of Health for upstate residents for the years 1971 through 1979 were analyzed by maternal age, race, and gravidity. Trends in the rate of ectopic pregnancies were also examined for this time period. The rate of ectopic pregnancies per 1,000 conceptions increased with increasing maternal age and was higher for nonwhite women compared with white women. There was a slight increase in the rate of ectopic pregnancies with increasing gravidity, but this was due in part to the interaction of age with gravidity. The rate of ectopic pregnancies per 1,000 conceptions increased by 217% from 1971 to 1979. This trend differed within subgroups of maternal age, race, and gravidity. The percentage of increase was greater for women 30 years of age or older compared with women 30 years of age or younger, greater for white women compared with nonwhite women, and greater for women with three or more previous pregnancies compared with women with fewer previous pregnancies.     

Chromosome Abnormalities in Patients with Syndactyly

Chromosome studies on 105 patients with syndactyly included two trisomy-21 mongols, a chromatin-positive boy with 47, XXY, a chromatin-negative short girl with 45,X0 and a boy with a familial D/D translocation. Chromosome patterns were normal in the other cases which included three patients with acrocephalosyndactyly and one patient with oro-facial-digital syndrome.

The incidence of chromosome abnormalies was greater than expected since syndactyly of the fingers is uncommon in the chromosome disorders.

This incidence may be related to the increased maternal age (mean: 29.4 years) of the syndactyly group compared to maternal age (mean: 26.64 years) of the control group although, paradoxically, four mothers of the five patients with chromosome abnormalities were young.

     

Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis: medical and social implications. Indications, acceptance by doctors and patients, impact and cost: a 10-year review

Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis has been in widespread use for a decade, and access to it has been determined by medical attitudes towards what constitutes "high risk", and by pragmatic questions about the logistics of delivering a new diagnostic test to as many couples as costs will allow. The most common indication - advanced maternal age - has led to different access criteria in various parts of Australia. Factors such as socioeconomic status, education, and religion affect the acceptance of prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis from the point of view both of patients and of the doctors who care for them. Cost-benefit analyses conducted elsewhere indicate that, in purely monetary terms, it is probable that prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis is cost-effective if offered to all couples in which the woman is over the age of 32 years. An assessment of the impact of prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis on the birth incidence of major chromosomal abnormalities, particularly Down's syndrome, indicates that the maximum reduction which might be achieved in current practice is 30%.     

Cytogenetic findings in over 2000 amniocenteses.

Between 1971 and 1981, 58 (2.8%) of 2037 amniocenteses performed in Vancouver revealed chromosome abnormalities, 25 of which were trisomy 21. Of the 58 referrals that yielded abnormalities, 37 (63.8%) were for a maternal age of 38 years or more. The rates of detection of such abnormalities for single-year intervals of maternal age beyond 35 years were comparable to those calculated from pooled data obtained in multicentre studies in the United States, Canada and Europe.     

Prognostic analysis of refractory anaemia in adult myelodysplastic syndromes

Background Patients with myelodysplastic syndrome （MDS） display a very diverse pattern. In this study, we investigated prognostic factors and survival rate in adult patients with MDS refractory anaemia （MDS-RA） diagnosed according to French-American-British classification and evaluated the International Prognostic Scoring System （tPSS） for Chinese patients. Methods A multi-center study on diagnosis of MDS-RA was conducted to characterize the clinical features of Chinese MDS patients. The morphological criteria for the diagnosis of MDS-RA were first standardized. Clinical data of 307 MDS-RA patients collected from Shanghai, Suzhou and Beijing from 1995 to 2006 were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curve, log rank and Cox regression model. Results The median age of 307 MDS-RA cases was 52 years. The frequency of 2 or 3 lineage cytopenias was 85.6%. Abnormal karyotype occurred in 35.7% of 235 patients. There were 165 cases （70.2%） in the good IPSS cytogenetic subgroup, 44 cases （18.7%） intermediate and 26 cases （11.1%） poor. IPSS showed 20 （8.5%） categorized as low risk, 195 cases （83.0%） as intermediate-Ⅰ risk and 20 cases （8.5%） as intermediate-Ⅱ risk. The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year survival rates were 90.8%, 85.7%, 82.9%, 74.9% and 71.2% respectively. Fifteen cases （4.9%） transformed to acute myeloid leukaemia （median time 15.9 months, range 3-102 months）. Lower white blood cell count （〈1.5×10^9/L）, platelet count （〈30×10^9/L） and cytogenetic abnormalities were independent prognostic factors by multivariate analysis, but age （〉65 years）, IPSS cytogenetic subgroup and IPSS risk subgroup were not independent prognostic factors associated with survival time. Conclusions Chinese patients were younger, and had lower incidence of cytogenetic abnormalities, more severe cytopenias but a more favourable prognosis than Western patients. The major prognostic factors were lower white blood cell count, lower platelet count and fewer abnormal karyotypes. The interna     

低龄与高龄孕妇在孕中期唐氏综合征产前筛查中的筛查效率比较

目的：比较低龄及高龄孕妇在孕中期唐氏综合征产前筛查中的筛查效率。方法整群收集该院2008年1月1日—2014年11月1日间55885例唐氏综合征产前筛查及随访数据,根据孕妇预产期年龄将其分为预产期年龄≥35周岁组以及预产期年龄<35周岁组,比较两组唐氏综合征的发病率,以及对唐氏综合征的检出率、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果高龄孕妇组唐氏综合征的发病率明显高于低龄孕妇组(28.70/万vs 3.14/万),而在唐氏综合征检出率(100% vs 60.00%)、特异度(78.61% vs 93.60%)、阳性预测值(3.70% vs 0.56%)及阴性预测值(100% vs 99.99%),两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高龄孕妇组唐氏综合征的发病率明显高于低龄孕妇组,而在唐氏综合征检出率、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值,两组差异无统计学意义。     

26 803例中期妊娠妇女血清筛查胎儿染色体异常的结果分析

目的 评价江苏省以人群为基础的中期妊娠母血清筛查胎儿染色体异常的效率。方法 采用分层抽样和整群抽样相结合的多阶段抽样方法,在江苏省苏南、苏中、苏北地区以乡（镇）或街道为单位,抽取95个项目点,抽样时间为1年。项目点所有妊娠15-20周的妇女接受母血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）、人绒毛膜促性腺激素游离β亚单位（f-βHCG）检测,同时B超确定孕龄,在孕妇体重校正的基础上,计算胎儿染色体异常的风险值。对高风险者,在知情同意的基础上进行确诊检查。随访所有活产儿至出生后的0．5～4岁。结果 95个项目点1年中共有妊娠妇女27313名,参与产前筛查者26803例,占同期总妊娠妇女的98％。孕妇平均年龄25．1岁,≥35岁者占1．7％。母血清筛查为唐氏综合征高风险者1244例、爱德华综合征高风险者105例,筛查阳性率分别占筛查人群的5％、0．4％。最终妊娠结局显示染色体异常胎儿及婴幼儿共20例,其中唐氏综合征9例、爱德华综合征5例,其他染色体异常6例。本组中期妊娠母血清AFP、f-βHCG联合筛查唐氏综合征的检出率为56％（5／9）,爱德华综合征检出率80％（4／5）。结论 在严格质量控制的基础上,妊娠中期母血清AFP、f-βHCG二联筛查胎儿染色体异常有较高的检出率,但良好的筛查成本效益比与目标出生缺陷的人群发病率有关。     

江苏省启东地区1973至2002年肝癌发病率长期趋势的评价

目的评价江苏省启东肝癌高发现场30年肝癌发病率的长期趋势.方法采用启东1973至2002年肿瘤登记报告资料,计算肝癌粗发病率、世界人口调整率（WASR）、35～64岁截缩调整率、0～74岁累积发病率、变化百分比（PC）及年度变化百分比（APC）,并作时期、年龄和队列发病率比较分析。结果启东肝癌30年平均粗发病率为59．28／10万,其中男为91．65／10万,女为27．64／10万,男女发病率性别比例为3．32：1WASR为58．71／10万,其中男为93．32／10万,女为26．46／10万。35～64岁肝癌截缩调整率为143．61／10万,0～74岁累积发病率为6．07％？粗发病率的PC为＋30．90％,APC为＋1．58％;调整率的PC为＋12．33％,APC为＋0．41％。资料显示后15年肝癌总体发病率上升,但35岁以F年龄组发病率有显著的下降。时期趋势分析也显示35岁以下各年龄组发病率均已下降;出生队列分析则显示1963年以后出生队列发病率的下降趋势。结论启东肝癌高发现场30年粗发病率总体呈上升趋势,可能与中老年人口的增加有关;但现场多年的防治工作,已对青年人的肝癌发病率产生影响,并出现下降趋势。     

羊膜腔穿刺羊水细胞染色体检查用于高龄孕妇胎儿畸形预见性诊断分析

目的：探讨高龄孕妇进行孕中期羊膜腔穿刺羊水细胞培养染色体核型分析,提高对胎儿畸形的预见性诊断分析结果。方法随机选取该院2013年1月―2015年12月收治的714例高龄孕妇给予羊膜腔穿刺前的检查及超声诊断,行羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水的孕妇,进行羊水细胞培养,制备染色体标本,分析高龄孕妇羊水胎儿细胞的染色体核型和胎儿染色体异常情况。结果该研究选取的714例高龄孕妇中染色体异常的分类有21三体综合征、18三体综合征、性染色体异常和其它的染色体异常。有23例高龄孕妇的染色体出现异常,检出率为3.22%;714例高龄孕妇中35~39岁占450例,发现胎儿染色体异常例数9例,检出率为2..00%为最低;44~46岁高龄孕妇占31例,发现胎儿染色体异常例数为3例,检出率为9.68%为最高。结论在产前对高龄孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺羊水细胞染色体培养可以有效的检测胎儿的染色体异常情况,有效的对高龄孕妇分娩畸形胎儿进行预见性的诊断,明显降低新生儿的缺陷率。     

血清学筛查在高龄孕妇产前诊断中应用价值分析

目的：探讨血清学筛查在高龄孕妇产前诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2012年1月1日-2012年10月31日行胎儿染色体核型分析的高龄孕妇314例,按预产期年龄分为35～39岁组和≥40岁组;按血清学筛查情况分为血清学筛查低危组、血清学筛查高危组和未做血清学筛查组,分析各组胎儿染色体异常率。结果胎儿染色体异常率4．14％（13/314）。≥40岁组胎儿染色体异常率13．21％（7/53）,高于35～39岁组2．30％（6/261）（ P＝0．001）。血清学筛查高危组胎儿染色体异常率7．69％（7/91）,高于血清学筛查低危组0（0/64）（ P＝0．022）。结论对高龄孕妇进行血清学筛查,有助于减少介入性产前诊断率。     

Down's syndrome. Recent trends in the United States

The crude incidence of Down's syndrome (DS) in the United States is currently about 1/1,000 births. Reduction in the proportion of births to women 35 years and older can account for a halving of the estimated percentage of DS births to this age group and a drop in the estimated crude incidence of DS from 1.33/1,000 births in 1960 to 0.99/1,000 births in 1978. Epidemiologic studies suggest that among women 35 years and older, the risk of having a child with DS has not changed. With the present distribution of maternal ages, prenatal diagnosis among women 35 years and older can result in no more than a 20% decrease in the crude incidence of DS. With continued use of prenatal diagnosis among older gravidas, upward of 80% of DS births will occur to younger mothers.     

Maternal phenylketonuria: a continuing problem.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the number of women of childbearing age in New South Wales whose children are at risk of the maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) syndrome (intellectual disability, microcephaly, congenital malformations). SETTING: New South Wales, 1996. DESIGN: Comparison of number of women with PKU aged 15-44 years on the NSW PKU database (observed number) with expected number derived from population data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Observed and expected numbers of women with PKU (defined as blood phenylalanine levels > or = 400 mumol/L, and phenylalanine-restricted diet recommended) by age; number with no clinical contact with the PKU service in previous year; outcomes of pregnancies in women with PKU (January 1994 to July 1996). RESULTS: 110 women aged 15-44 years with PKU were listed on the database. The expected number was 145 (95% confidence interval, 122-171). The difference was greatest in the 30-44 years age group (born before comprehensive newborn screening), with only 55% of the expected number listed. Sixteen women who had been diagnosed with PKU at birth were not having regular follow-up, while 18 women had been diagnosed only after investigation of abnormalities in their children. Of 28 pregnancies managed by the NSW PKU service, 19 were considered unaffected by the maternal PKU syndrome and five affected (another three did not reach term; one outcome was unknown). Of 46 unmanaged pregnancies, all were affected. CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need for better follow-up of women with PKU and for education of health professionals about the MPKU syndrome, its recognition, the risks of untreated pregnancy and the benefits of dietary treatment.     

Neonatal outcome in planned v unplanned out-of-hospital births in Kentucky

We conducted a survey of 1,064 out-of-hospital Kentucky births during 1981 to 1983 in order to classify each by planning status (planned or unplanned to occur out of hospital) and attendant. Among the 809 births for which we obtained information, 575 (71.1%) were planned. We examined birth outcome by low birth weight (LBW) and neonatal mortality (NM). Compared with planned births, unplanned births were associated with increased risk of LBW (odds ratio = 6.6; 95% confidence limits [CL], 3.9 to 11.2, adjusted for maternal age). Furthermore, after adjusting for maternal age and parity, LBW births occurred at less than expected frequency among planned births (observed to expected [O:E] ratio = 0.48; 95% CL, 0.29 to 0.73), but at greater than expected frequency among unplanned births (O:E ratio = 2.9; 95% CL, 2.2 to 3.8). A similar, but nonsignificant, trend was seen for NM and NM was much greater in the unplanned group (72.7 per 1,000 live births) than in the planned group (3.5 per 1,000).     

Comparison of second-trimester maternal serum free-β-human chorionic gonadotropin and α-fetoprotein between normal singleton and twin pregnancies: a population-based study

Background  The second-trimester maternal serum screening in twin pregnancy is still controversial, as the serum marker levels in twins are not as clear as those in singletons. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the levels of the second-trimester maternal serum free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (free β-HCG) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) in normal twin and singleton pregnancies and to estimate feasible analysis methods for utilizing these markers in second trimester screening for twin pregnancy.
Methods  On the basis of a prospective population-based study of second-trimester maternal serum screening, the concentrations of maternal serum AFP and free β-HCG of 195 normal twin pregnancy and 26 512 singleton controls at gestational weeks 15 to 20 were measured by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in one laboratory. The levels of markers were compared between the twins and singletons using weight-correction and gestational age-specific model.
Results  According to the research protocol, 95 communities were randomly sampled, which covered the whole Jiangsu province, the east of China. A total of 26 803 pregnant women (98%), from the target population accepted prenatal screening for maternal serum AFP, β-HCG detection, and all babies were followed up for at least six months. There were 197 (0.73%) twin pregnancies, of which one case had fetal trisomy 18, and one case with fetal anencephaly. The others were normal twin pregnancy. From a total enrollment of 26 803 women participants, 26 512 women with normal singleton pregnancies were selected as the model controls. The other 291 pregnancies, including trisomy 21, neural tube defect (NTD), trisomy 18, and other fetal abnormalities, were excluded. No significant differences were found in the medians of gestational age-specific maternal serum free β-hCG and AFP in normal twin pregnancy comparing with twice those in model controls with the exception of the medians for free β-hCG during the 16th gestational week (P=0.012).
Conclusion  The weight-correction and gestational age-specific levels of Chinese Han population maternal serum free β-hCG and AFP in normal twins were twice the levels as those in the singleton controls during the 17–19 gestational weeks.

     

孕妇年龄影响胎儿性染色体非整倍体风险

目的: 分析孕妇年龄对胎儿性染色体非整倍体发生风险的影响。方法: 以2014年1月至2018年7月在浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院行羊水染色体核型分析的孕妇为研究对象,分为非高龄组（≤28岁、>28~34岁）和高龄组（>34~ < 38岁和≥38岁）,比较各组间胎儿性染色体非整倍体的发生率。结果: > 34~ < 38岁组胎儿45,X的发生率低于≤28岁组（P < 0.05）;高龄组两个亚组胎儿总的性染色体三体的发生率高于非高龄组的两个亚组（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）;≥38岁组47,XXX发生率高于>28~34岁组（P < 0.05）;高龄两组47,XXY发生率高于非高龄组的两个亚组（P < 0.01）;各组间胎儿47,XYY发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。排除无创产前检测提示性染色体异常高风险孕妇后,高龄组两个亚组胎儿45,X发生率均低于≤28岁组（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）,且>34~ < 38岁组45,X发生率低于>28~34岁组（P < 0.05）;其余结果均与全部孕妇结果一致。结论: 孕妇年龄越大,胎儿45,X发生风险降低,但47,XXX和47,XXY的发生风险升高。     

Determinants of the pressor effect of phenylpropanolamine in healthy subjects

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is frequently used in over-the-counter diet aids and cold medicines, In view of concern about the safety of this sympathomimetic agent, we undertook a double-blind, multicenter clinical trial to determine the factors that influence the pressor effect of short-term oral administration of PPA in healthy individuals. Eight hundred eighty-one healthy individuals in four categories of body weight were randomized to receive placebo capsules three times per day (n = 286), a 75-mg sustained-release PPA hydrochloride preparation once per day (n = 296) followed by two doses of placebo capsules, or a 25-mg immediate-release PPA hydrochloride preparation three times per day (n = 299). The median age of the study population was 28 years, 56% were men, 73% were white, and 47% were in excess of 30% above their ideal body weight. Measurements of pulse rate and supine and standing blood pressure were made 11 times during the day of PPA administration. A statistically significant but clinically unimportant pressor effect for the short-term administration of PPA was observed. The effect occurred in the first 6 hours after administration and was greater in the sustained-release group. Significant independent determinants of the pressor effect of PPA were baseline diastolic blood pressure, baseline body weight, and treatment.