School Nursing in the News

This study investigated the image of school nursing in the American press during 1978 and 1980. Content analysis of newspaper articles yielded specific measurements of the extent to which school nursing is visible via the press, the content of messages disseminated to the public about school nursing issues and two year changes in newspaper treatment of this topic. The mean number of articles published per state was 1.43 in 1978 and 6.30 in 1980. The typical school nurse article appeared in a daily newspaper circulated to less than 10,000 readers. Articles published in 1978 were significantly larger than those published in 1980 and were more likely to focus primarily on the school nursing program rather than on teachers, school boards, funding concerns or other issues. The majority of the articles (77%) devoted some space to describing the services provided by school nurses. Nearly 30% of the articles reported problems with funding for school nursing programs and 21% reported threatened or actual loss of funding for services. Although reports of protests against budget cuts by school nurses, teachers, administrators and parents were found, parents were depicted as the only interest group to succeed in efforts to avert the loss of services. Criticism of school nursing services was found in only 2% of the articles. More than 80% of the articles praised school nursing as a vital force for improving the health of American school children. It was concluded that school nursing has not yet attained a position on the public agenda as an important community issue despite the fact that the quality and level of school health services are increasingly threatened in the current budget-cutting climate.     

Education in health on REBEn's pages in the period from 1995 to 2005

During our graduation, we live deeply many practical of education in health that motivated us to carry through this study. The objectives are to describe practical educative developed by nurses; identify the people, the place and describe the results gotten with the educative practical. Study of the systemize bibliographical type. The information had been collected through the election and analysis, of articles on education in health, published in the Brazilian Magazine of Nursing (REBEn), in the period of 1995 to 2005. After the analysis, 38 articles had been selected and grouped. We could observe that the educative practical happen more frequently at the hospital, the used strategies have been very creative, they enclose users of all ages and the nurses are the ones that more develop educative practices.     

An analysis of menopause in the popular press

With the increased interest in menopause, it is imperative that midlife women be given reliable information. An analysis of the lay literature on menopause over the past ten years in the United States was conducted in order to determine the content of the articles, their source, and their credibility. Most articles were found to blend opinion with fact, and many of the authors of these articles did not have any stated qualifications in midlife women's health. Physicians, particularly those espousing the medicalization of menopause, were the most often quoted experts, and few nurses or other health care workers were cited as experts. It is suggested that nurses become more involved in health education for midlife women.     

Donne e uomini,autori e vittime di mobbing in Italia: una revisione della letteratura

«Women and men, authors and victims of workplace bullying in Italy: a literature review».Introduction:It is known in literature that women are frequently victims of murder, sexual assault and stalking. It is interesting to investigate the gender characterization when workplace bullying occurs.Objectives:To investigate the phenomenon of workplace bullying and to understand if there are any relevant data about the gender aspects of workplace bullying by reviewing the literature in Italy.Methods:Review of articles on a sample of Italian workers. The research question followed the P.E.C.O. model and the article selection is based on PRISMA statement. Fourteen research strings were applied on: Pubmed, Microsoft Academic e Science Direct. A total of 32 articles were selected.Results:There are few studies in which gender differences on workplace bullying and crimes related are analysed, in some cases it is considered in the research but not in the results section (n=6 articles). In the studies selected women are predominantly victims (n=10 articles), the aggressors instead are usually men (n=2 articles). The attacks suffered by women are frequently discriminations due to family management, children and gender related issues (n=6 articles). Men have the major consequences on mental health if compared to women (n=7 articles).Conclusions:Gender is relevant in the characterization of workplace bullying. There is a need for further investigation focusing on gender differences between perpetrators and victims of workplace bullying offences. A unique evaluation protocol is necessary for evaluating workplace bullying, the crimes linked to it and gender differences, to obtain a more accurate comparability of data.Key words: Workplace bullying, women, men, gender differences, aggressors, victims, crimes     

A reading of the recent socialized scientific production of REBEn

The article results in a first approach to the state-of-the-art research in nursing in Brazil. It is part of a research that will analyze other two indexed periodicals. It is based on 250 summaries and footnotes of Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem REBEn (Brazilian Periodical of Nursing) in the last five years, beginning in 1997. The information was segmented and distributed into tables. Our tentative conclusion is that there was a predominance of research articles with certain homogeneity on the themes covered, a tendency toward collective production, predominance of the public universities in the production of knowledge, as well as public organs in the financing of the studies. In our evaluation, REBEn has become an important means of socialization of knowledge production in nursing.     

Woman's role in society in the 1980s

American women will face opportunities, challenges, and sizeable hurdles throughout the decade of the 1980s. Political, economic, and international forces will weigh heavily on women in the United States as they attempt to conquer key positions. Women are capable of shaping and transforming society and of helping people live together in relative peace and harmony. But a positive attitude with goal‐directed behavior is essential. Human relatedness, cultural values, and ethical concerns for all cultures in our world must be given thoughtful consideration. Also, women must help men to deal with women's changing role. This overview deals with some of the problems women will face and key areas for accomplishing future goals.     

Counterpoint among personalities of the Brazilian Nursing Congresses and of the Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem from 1977 to 1987

This is a qualitative study, using an exploratory approach, which has as its main aim to analyze and counterpoint central issues and personalities of the Brazilian Nursing Conferences and the editorials of the Brazilian Nursing Journal, from 1977 to 1987. It was analyzed 09 annuals and 24 editorials. The results show that the contents were aligned with the policy of the central ABEn. The leadership of Ana Nery School and USP Nursing School is evident in this period. Male nurses had no expressive participation in the nursing conferences, except those who were members of the PARTICIPACAO movement. We found only one editorial written by a male nurse. We observed changes in the central ABEn policy after 1984 provoked by the PARTICIPACAO movement and, influencing the change of subjects at the conferences, and the editorials of the REBEn.     

The projected supply of registered nurses, 1990

The number of employed registered nurses (RNs) in the United States stood at an all-time high of 1.3 million in 1980. This paper, using life table techniques, develops a population base of all living graduates from data on graduations from basic nursing education programs between 1928 and 1980, and estimates that there are some 1.9 million graduates now living. The number of graduates is projected to rise to some 2.4 million by the end of 1990, of whom 1.7 million will be active in the profession. Factors taken into account include recent increases in admissions, which rose from 79,000 in 1970 to 112,000 in 1980; the extent to which older women are entering the profession; the rapid growth of 2-year associate degree programs, which now account for half of all admissions; and increased labor force participation, with 68 percent of all living graduates in the labor force in 1980, compared to 60 percent in 1970. It is projected that the movement to advanced education among RNs will continue so that, by 1990, the proportion with baccalaureate or higher degrees will have risen from 29 to 36 percent of the employed RNs. By 1990 the largest number of active RNs will be in their 30s. Graduates with diplomas will have a median age of 45; those with associate degrees, 35; and those with baccalaureate or higher degrees, 32 years.     

Coping with infertility in couples: Gender differences

Despite the fact that the incidence of infertility is increasing, health care professionals know very little about gender differences in responses to infertility. This study was designed to (1) explore gender difference in the problems of infertile women and men, (2) compare and contrast how women and men cope with the problems, and (3) explore gender differences in personal and social resources available for coping with infertility. Sixty‐six individuals, 39 females and 27 males, responded to a self‐administered questionnaire. Results of this study confirmed that women and men experience infertility differently. Women had significantly more problems in the areas of self‐esteem, personal life, health care systems, and occupation. There were no gender differences in social support ratings or in access to a confidant. Both women and men used a similar number of problem‐focused coping strategies. Women, however, also employed significantly more emotion‐focused coping strategies than did men. Results of this study suggest directions for nurses and others providing support and counseling for infertile couples.     

线性结构模型及其在现场资料分析中的应用研究

本文从多元线性回归和通径分析方法的一些缺点及现场资料潜变量的分析出发引入线性结构模型,对模型的基本原理给予简单地介绍,阐述了它与传统的一些统计方法的关系。结合实例分析了医学现场资料中一些潜变量之间的关系,得到了较满意的结果,较好地解决了多元线性回归和通径分析方法所不能解决的问题。并指出了线性结构模型在医学中的应用前景。     

Pioneers and laggards – Is the effect of gender equality on health dependent on context?

This study combines data at individual and area level to examine interactions between equality within couples and gender equality in the municipality in which individuals live. The research question is whether the context impacts on the association between gender equality and health. The material consists of data on 37,423 men and 37,616 women in 279 Swedish municipalities, who had their first child in 1978. The couples were classified according to indicators of their level of gender equality in 1980 in the public sphere (occupation and income) and private sphere (child care leave and parental leave) compared to that of their municipality. The health outcome is compensated days from sickness insurance during 1986–1999 with a cut-off at the 85% percentile. Data were analysed using logistic regression with the overall odds as reference. The results concerning gender equality in the private sphere show that among fathers, those who are equal in an equal municipality have lower levels of sick leave than the average while laggards (less equal than their municipality) and modest laggards have higher levels. In the public sphere, pioneers (more equal t han their municipality) fare better than the average while laggards fare worse. For mothers, those who are traditional in their roles in the public sphere are protected from high levels of sick leave, while the reverse is true for those who are equal. Traditional mothers in a traditional municipality have the lowest level of sick leave and pioneers the highest. These results show that there are distinct benefits as well as disadvantages to being a gender pioneer and/or a laggard in comparison to your municipality. The associations are markedly different for men and women.     

Sex, gender and health: developments in scientific research

The feminist movement was involved from its start in the struggle for better healthcare for women. The academic discipline 'Women's studies medical sciences', which developed in the 1980's, supported this struggle. Initial points given special attention in this new discipline were the autonomy of the (female) patient, the importance of the psychosocial context of symptoms and the demedicalisation of women's complaints. The focus of research has now shifted from reproductive health to female health during the entire lifespan. Furthermore, research has developed from female health to gender in relation to health, explicitly including men's health and the social constructions of masculinity. The psychosocial context ofgender-related complaints is of importance. Next, the concept 'gender' was replaced by the concept of'diversity', thus facilitating criticism of the ongoing medical concepts of neutrality and universality. In the future, research should be interdisciplinary, with explicit attention for the differences between men and women and the psychosocial context.     

Registered nurse supply grows faster than projected amid surge in new entrants ages 23-26

The vast preponderance of the nation's registered nurses are women. In the 1980s and 1990 s, a decline in the number of women ages 23-26 who were choosing nursing as a career led to concerns that there would be future nurse shortages unless the trend was reversed. Between 2002 and 2009, however, the number of full-time-equivalent registered nurses ages 23-26 increased by 62 percent. If these young nurses follow the same life-cycle employment patterns as those who preceded them--as they appear to be thus far--then they will be the largest cohort of registered nurses ever observed. Because of this surge in the number of young people entering nursing during the past decade, the nurse workforce is projected to grow faster during the next two decades than previously anticipated. However, it is uncertain whether interest in nursing will continue to grow in the future.     

Nursing education through REBEn: 1990-2001

This paper looks at the scientific production of nursing professionals, on the subject of education in nursing, published in REBEn (BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING) between 1990-2001. It aims at identifying articles on education in nursing and analyzing the levels and sub-themes in 168 articles obtained from 43 magazines. Results showed that undergraduation teaching was the most highlighted theme, followed by education for health and continued education. There was less attention to the theme education (in general), post-graduation and High School Education. The study concluded that, in the last decade, Brazilian nursing has reflected upon curriculum changes, which were conquered by its professionals; valued its educational role through privileging education in health and highlighted continued education due to technological advances.     

Trends in dietary intake of folate, vitamins B6, and B12 among Japanese adults in two rural communities from 1974 through 2001

BACKGROUND: The 5th edition of the Japanese food composition table enables us to evaluate intakes of folate and vitamins B6 and B12, which are associated with risk of chronic diseases. METHODS: We investigated long-term trends in dietary intake of those nutrients in two rural communities; Ikawa from1974 through 2000, and Kyowa from 1982 through 2001. The 24-hour recall method was adopted. Intake of green tea interviewed from 1994 was used to examine food sources for these nutrients in the latest period, but not to evaluate long-term trends. Reduced intakes of nutrients due to cooking were not taken into account. RESULTS: Age-adjusted mean folate intake increased by 30% in Ikawa between the 1970's and 1980's, and then leveled off to the latest survey, while that in Kyowa did not change throughout the survey periods. The increased folate intake was primarily due to green/yellow vegetables. Mean vitamin B6 intake did not change except that it increased for Ikawa women in the 1980's and decreased for Kyowa men in the latest period. No secular trend was found for mean vitamin B12 intake. The largest source for folate intake was total vegetables (38-58% of total intake) and the second largest source was alcohol/beverages including green tea (11-24%). Fish/shellfish was the largest source for vitamins B6 (16-23%) and B12 (77-84%). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intakes of folate, vitamins B6 and B12 showed no notable long-term trend, except for an increased folate intake between the 1970's and 1980's due to an increased intake of green/yellow vegetables.     

“What’s Sex and Gender Got to Do With It?” A Scoping Review of Sex- and Gender-Based Analysis in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies of Medication Adherence

ObjectivesMedication taking is a complex multidimensional behavior that may be impeded by a range of biological and psychosocial factors, including sex and gender. We aimed to synthesize how sex and gender have been reported and analyzed in pharmacoepidemiologic studies of medication.MethodsWe searched for English-language peer-reviewed articles of observational studies (eg, cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control) that examined medication adherence among adults and included sex or gender in their reporting.ResultsWe included 937 studies among 530 537 287 participants published between the year 1979 and 2021. Most studies were cross-sectional (47%), lasted ≤ 1 year (35%), examined self-reported adherence (53%), did not assess specific adherence problem(s) (40%), and included medications for cardiovascular conditions (24%) or systemic infections (24%). A quarter of studies (25%) used sex and gender interchangeably, more than one third of studies (36%) that reported gender data likely collected data on sex, and < 1% of studies described sex and gender as distinct variables. Studies of cisgender participants more often reported that females/women experienced greater adherence problems often than males/men (31% vs 20%), particularly discontinuation and cost-related nonadherence. Only 21 studies (2%) reported on transgender individuals, and these predominantly examined antiretroviral medications for HIV.ConclusionsOur review revealed substantial conflation of sex and gender in studies of medication adherence and a paucity of research among transgender individuals. Moreover, our synthesis showed sex/gender disparities in medication taking with studies reporting greater medication adherence problems among cisgender women and transgender participants than cisgender men.     

The use of REBEn as source in 2 strict sense programs the city of Rio de Janeiro

This paper is concerned with the use of REBEn (Brazilian Journal of Nursing) in dissertations and theses produced in two public programs in Rio de Janeiro. OBJECTIVES: 1) to investigate the impact of this journal in the production of the knowledge in the field of nursing from 1992 to 2001, and 2) to analyze, comparatively, the use of the journal in theses and dissertations. Document analysis was done, based on bibliographical references. Data were analyzed quantitatively. The study demonstrated that REBEn remains an important publication for the development scientific knowledge in the nursing field. Approximately 50% of the authors cite it in dissertations, and 60% cite it in theses. Literature revision was numerically smaller in dissertations compared to theses. Regarding theses, 1995 was the year in which there were more references from REBEn.     

Ethical and bioethical issues disturbing nursing: REBEn's publications from 1970 to 2000

It was studied the ethical and/or bioethical issues published in the Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem (Brazilian Nursing Journal-REBEn) that disturbed the nursing in the period between 1970 and 2000. Tha aim was to identify in articles published in the REBEn, during the mentioned period, subjects related to the ethics/bioethics. To discuss the theoretical perspectives in which the authors base their arguments. The study was quantitative and qualitative, documentary or bibliographical type. Results: in the last 30 years it had gradual increase in the number of the articles that debates ethical questionings. After 1984 appear the first study, with bioethics connotation, in which the author discourses on the interventions of nursing before the patient in imminent death, with the purpose to verify the relations between the personal and professional values of the nurse. Was Valdria Lunardi who used the bioethics term for the first time in 1998.