Visual disturbances during transurethral resection of the prostate

Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie - We present a case of temporary blindness without mental changes following over-hydration during transurethral resection of...     

Independent plasma levels of sodium and glycine during transurethral resection of the prostate

This study was done to evaluate the potential role of plasma glycine levels as an indicator of the biochemical changes occurring during or shortly after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Seventeen patients undergoing TURP were studied to determine the fate of the absorbed glycine and its effects on other amino acids and their relationship to changes in serum sodium and osmolarity. Twelve patients showed more than 100 per cent increase in plasma glycine levels with values ranging to more than 100-fold elevation. Only two patients showed a change in serum sodium of greater than 10mEqll with corresponding change in osmolarity. In one such patient there was no accompanying change in plasma glycine. Thus, major changes in plasma glycine and serum sodium may occur independently of one another, and may separately account for manifestations of the reactions following TURP.     

Transurethral resection of the prostate, serum glycine levels, and ocular evoked potentials

Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP syndrome) when glycine is used as the irrigating fluid include cardiovascular and central nervous system abnormalities that occasionally include transient blindness. Serum sodium, glycine, potassium, chloride, ammonia, osmolality, carbonate, and blood urea nitrogen of 17 patients having TURP and 10 having cystoscopic examination were measured. Electroretinograms and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded in the preanesthetic preparatory area and in the recovery room immediately after surgery. Four patients reported visual aberrations coincident with increases in serum levels of glycine from a mean before surgery of 137.7 +/- 45.1 to 7,812.2 +/- 2,486.6 microM/l, mean +/- SD, after TURP. These patients also showed a reduction of serum sodium from 138 +/- 4.5 to 122 +/- 8.6 mEq/l that correlated significantly with serum levels of glycine (rho = -0.81). There were no statistically significant changes of serum ammonia and osmolality. Electroretinograms consistently demonstrated complete loss of oscillatory potentials. Thirty hertz flicker-following was also abolished. VEPs were more variably affected with prolongation of component "P100" latency found in both groups and probably resulting from sedative effects of diazepam. Patients experiencing the TURP syndrome showed abolishment of 30 Hz flicker-following in their VEPs. The elevated serum levels of glycine may contribute directly to visual aberrations resulting from glycine's role as an inhibitory transmitter in the retina.     

Elevation of serum and urine tumor necrosis factor levels after transurethral resection of the prostate]

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that inflammatory cytokines are major mediator of the acute phase protein response after surgery. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the degree of surgical trauma and the change of serum and urine cytokine levels after transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P). METHOD: Serum and urine concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL 6), and interleukin-1 (IL 1) were evaluated in 55 patients who underwent TUR-P and in 23 patients who underwent abdominal surgery. The samples were collected periodically before and after an intervention, and the concentrations of cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The concentration of serum TNF was significantly increased 6 hours after TUR-P. Since serum TNF level was not increased after abdominal surgery, serum TNF level was significantly higher after TUR-P than after abdominal surgery. Serum IL 6 and IL 1 levels were not increased after TUR-P. Urine levels of TNF, IL 6 and IL 1 were significantly increased after TUR-P, meanwhile no significant elevation of urine cytokine levels was recognized in the patients who underwent abdominal surgery. The elevation of urine cytokine levels was thought to be caused by the increased production of cytokines at the surgically resected sites. The urine TNF level after TUR-P was increased related to the resected tissue volume and irrigation fluid volume. The preoperative urinary tract infection caused excessive elevation of the urine TNF level after TUR-P. The urine TNF level after TUR-P also tended to be increased depending on the degree of postoperative pyrexia. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the unique response of TNF to TUR-P. Measurement of serum and urine TNF levels after TUR-P can be a useful index for evaluating the perioperative condition of the patients undergoing TUR-P.     

Visual evoked potentials and visual acuity after transurethral resection of the prostate

Changes in visual evoked potentials, visual acuity, blood ammonia levels and serum electrolytes (Na+ and K+) after transurethral resection of the prostate using glycine as an irrigating fluid performed under subarachnoid block were studied in 12 patients, in the pre-operative and immediate postoperative periods. Visual evoked potentials (p100 latency), recorded by shift of a checkerboard pattern, increased significantly from a pre-operative value of mean (SEM) 101.18 (1.63) msec in the right eye, and 102.5 (1.47) msec in the left eye to 108.91 (1.8) msec (p less than 0.01) and 108.08 (2.53) msec (p less than 0.01) respectively in the postoperative phase. There were no changes in visual acuity as assessed by a Snellen's chart, blood ammonia levels and serum electrolyte concentrations. The amount of glycine used intra-operatively for irrigation ranged from 3 to 31 litres.     

三种经尿道前列腺切除术治疗良性前列腺增生的疗效比较

目的比较良性前列腺增生（BPH）的三种经尿道手术治疗效果。方法分别采用经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）、经尿道双极等离子前列腺切除术（PKRP）和经尿道铥激光前列腺切除术（TmLRP）治疗BPH共137例。结果三种术式患者手术前后前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、生活质量评分（QOLs）、残余尿（RUV）、最大尿流率（Qmax）比较均得到显著改善（P〈0．01），疗效满意。前列腺重量（PW）〈40g时，TmLRP组手术时间明显短于PKRP和TURP组（P〈0．01）。PW〉50g时，TmLRP组手术时间明显长于PKRP和TURP组（P〈0．01）。TmLRP和PKRP组术中出血少，术后膀胱冲洗时间、留管时间及住院时间均短于TURP组（P〈0．01）。站论三种经尿道手术方法均是治疗BPH的有效手段，TmLRP和PKRP比TURP更安全，术中及术后并发症更少。     

Ambulatory transurethral resection of the prostate

Despite the plethora of new treatment modalities for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, conventional transurethral resection of the prostate remains the most effective procedure in terms of patient satisfaction and urodynamic improvement. Traditional nursing and surgical techniques have dictated that it requires an inpatient hospital stay. This pilot study looks at the feasibility of performing the operation as a day-case procedure on a group of selected patients.     

PlasmaKinetic Superpulse transurethral resection versus conventional transurethral resection of prostate

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of the PlasmaKinetic (PK) Superpulse system with that of conventional transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in terms of restoration of urinary flow and early postoperative course. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred five men older than 45 years with lower-urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were randomized, 51 undergoing standard TURP with glycine as the irrigation fluid and 53 TURP with the PK Superpulse system with normal saline as irrigant. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, catheter time, change in serum electrolytes (particularly sodium), and uroflowmetry and American Urological Association (AUA) Symptom Scores were compared. RESULTS: The blood loss as well as the catheter time observed in the PK Superpulse arm were significantly less than those in the conventional-TURP arm. The mortality rate was 0 in both the arms. The mean operative time was less in the PK Superpulse arm, although not significantly so. Hyponatremia was statistically insignificant. Significant changes were observed in the AUA Scores in both arms. CONCLUSION: The PK Superpulse system provides faster removal of tissue in a bloodless field with better views and a safer environment of saline irrigation with efficacy comparable to that of conventional TURP. However, further randomized trials with extended follow-up may be needed to better define the role of the PK Superpulse system in treating patients with symptomatic BPH.     

经尿道等离子体双极前列腺电切术与经尿道前列腺电切术的疗效比较研究

目的:对比研究经尿道等离子体双极电切术(transurethral plasmakinetic resection of prostate,PKRP)及经尿道前列腺电切术(transurethral resection of prostate,TURP)的安全性与临床疗效。方法:纳入2010年3月至2012年9月78例有下尿路症状(lower urinary tract symptoms,LUTS)的良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)患者,按1:1的比例随机分为两组,一组行PKRP(PKRP组),另一组行TURP(TURP组)。对比两组患者术前、术后(1个月、12个月)国际前列腺症状评分(international prostate symptom scores,IPSS)、最大尿流率(maximum flow-rate,Qmax)、生活质量(quality of life,QOL)、残余尿量(postvoid residual volume,PVR),围手术期基本情况,如手术时间、留置导尿管时间、膀胱冲洗量、住院时间;并发症发生率,如经尿道电切综合征(transurethral resection syndrome,TURS)、输血、尿潴留、尿道狭窄等。结果:两组患者手术时间、术中与术后冲洗液量、术后膀胱冲洗时间、包膜穿孔、尿道损伤、输血、尿潴留、二次手术、尿道狭窄发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),PKRP组留置导尿管时间、住院时间明显少于TURP组。PKRP组无一例发生TURS,TURP组中6例患者发生TURS(P<0.05)。术后1个月、12个月两组患者IPSS、Qmax、QOL、PVR差异均无统计学意义,但两组患者IPSS评分均较术前显著下降,Qmax显著增高,PVR显著减少(P<0.05)。结论:PKRP与TURP具有相同的治疗效果,相较TURP,PKRP具有更短的留置导尿管时间、住院时间,发生TURS的风险更低;因此,PKRP是可供选择的前景良好的治疗BPH的微创术式。     

Changes in oncotic pressure, osmolality and electrolytes following transurethral resection of the prostate using glycine as irrigating solution

Thirteen patients undergoing resection of benign prostatic hyperplasia were given furosemide 40 mg at the end of the procedure. The changes in body weight, colloid oncotic pressure (COP), osmolality, electrolyte concentrations and several haematological variables were compared with the values of 13 patients treated similarly, but without furosemide. During the operation there was an estimated mean absorption of 300 ml of irrigating fluid (glycine 1.5%). There was a significant peroperative decrease in serum sodium concentration, osmolality, COP, and haemoglobin concentration in both groups. The furosemide group had a more rapid return of COP towards preoperative values, and this group did also approach the preoperative weight more rapidly than the control group. In 10 selected patients variations in the total aminoacid pattern were measured. There was a significant increase in glycine concentration, with the maximum increase ten times the preoperative value. In the absence of uncontrolled bleeding, the resorption of fluid during TUR leads to hypervolemia and reduction in serum sodium and COP. This may lead to the TUR syndrome, as illustrated by one of our patients. Treatment in the symptomatic patient consists of reduction of circulating blood volume and when this is achieved, hypertonic saline may be beneficial if there are neurological symptoms.     

经尿道前列腺电切术与汽化切除术的并发症分析

目的 分析经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）与经尿道前列腺汽化切除术（TVP）术中、术后常见并发症，进一步提高手术安全性和有效性。方法 回顾分析经尿道前列腺切除术4156例，其中TURP1056例，TVP3100例。比较2组患者术中、术后早期和远期并发症的发生率。结果 TURP与TVP平均手术时间分别为62min和54min，平均切除组织21．2g和36．7g。因术中出血而需输血者分别为14．1％和0．2％（P〈0．01），电切综合征（TURS）2．7％和0．9％（P〈0．01），包膜穿孔尿外渗3．7％和0．8％，术后出血2．2％和0．2％，尿路感染4．0％和5．7％，尿道狭窄2．5％和2．8％，膀胱颈部挛缩2．2％和2．1％，勃起功能障碍7．0％和2．3％（P〈0．01），逆行射精为45．0％和45．6％，永久性尿失禁各1例。结论 TURP与TVP均为良性前列腺增生安全而有效的外科治疗方法。但TURP术中出血、TURS、包膜穿孔尿外渗、术后出血、勃起障碍发生率明显高于TVP，而TVP尿道狭窄和膀胱刺激症状发生率略高于TURP组。     

A comparison of the effect of 1.5% glycine and 5% glucose irrigants on plasma serum physiology and the incidence of transurethral resection syndrome during prostate resection

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in the pathophysiology and frequency of the transurethral resection (TUR) syndrome with two irrigation fluids, as variable amounts of irrigation fluid are absorbed during TUR of the prostate (TURP), and although polar solutes are required to prevent an effect on diathermy, the solutes may have effects when absorbed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between December 2001 and March 2003, 250 patients were included in a prospective randomized trial comparing glycine 1.5% with 5% glucose irrigation fluids. We measured blood loss, fluid absorption, temperature change, biochemistry including a glycine assay, and peri-operative symptoms. Blood samples were taken immediately before and immediately, 5 and 24 h after TURP. Irrigating fluid absorption during TURP was measured with 1% ethanol as a marker and breath ethanol measurements. Operative details were recorded, including the type of anaesthesia (with or with no sedation), resection time and weight of resected tissue. Peri-operative symptoms were documented prospectively. TUR syndrome was defined as a serum sodium level of < or = 125 mmol/L with two or more associated symptoms or signs of TUR syndrome. RESULTS: Five (2%) patients had TUR syndrome; all five were irrigated with glycine, although this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.06). Of the five men, three had hypotension, four were tired, one was nauseous, two had parasthesia, two had 'uneasiness', one had blurred vision and two were confused; none had chest pain. There was a large variation between the groups in the level of glycine assayed immediately after TURP; a high glycine level was associated with the TUR syndrome (P = 0.01). There was no difference between the groups in levels of sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, osmolality, calcium, haematocrit, albumin serum levels or peri-operative blood loss (defined as a change from before to after TURP in haemoglobin level, accounting for transfusions). CONCLUSIONS: An increase in serum glycine was associated with TUR syndrome; there were large variations in the amounts of glycine absorbed, reaching levels many times the upper limit of normal. In other studies, glycine was reportedly toxic, and that the levels recorded were many times the upper limit of normal may have both immediate and long-term effects.