领悟社会支持在人格与心理健康之间的调节作用

目的:探讨大学生的领悟社会支持在人格与心理健康中的调节作用。方法:采用领悟社会支持量表、大五人格量表和一般健康问卷对来自湖南省9所高校的1800名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:①心理健康各因子与神经质显著正相关,与外向性、责任性以及领悟社会支持各因子均显著负相关;领悟社会支持及其各因子与神经质呈显著负相关,与外向性、责任性呈显著正相关。②领悟社会支持与人格在心理健康上存在显著的交互效应。结论:大学生的领悟社会支持在人格与心理健康之间起调节作用。     

大学生主观幸福感相关因素的研究

目的 探讨大学生主观幸福感与人格、心理健康和社会支持之间的关系,进一步了解大学生主观幸福感的心理社会影响因素.方法 对大学生采用总体幸福感量表,人格问卷简式中国版、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和领悟社会支持量表,根据各自的实际情况进行测试.结果 ①EPQ外向性分数与主观幸福感存在显著正相关(r=0.421),神经质分数与幸福感存在显著负相关(r=-0.634),精神质与幸福感也存在负相关(r=-0.186).②心理健康对大学生主观幸福感具有良好的预测作用.③大学生的总的领悟社会支持对主观幸福感具有显著的回归效应,其中家庭支持和朋友支持对大学生主观幸福感回归系数为0.265,0.293.结论 大学生的人格、心理健康状况和领悟社会支持均对其主观幸福感具有一定的预测作用.     

贫困大学生社会支持与人格发展的关系研究

目的考察贫困大学生人格发展与社会支持的现状,探讨其人格与社会支持的关系。方法采用大五人格问卷简化版（NEO-FFI）和社会支持量表（SSRS）作为测查工具,对湖南省6所高校大学生进行调查,对其中409名贫困大学生与抽取的457名非贫困大学生进行分析。结果贫困大学生在神经质、责任心特质上和朋友支持、居住环境、经济支持来源及参与活动情况上与非贫困大学生存在显著差异;客观支持、支持利用度、人格的经验开放性在贫困大学生的性别、专业和年级上主效应或交互作用显著;贫困大学生神经质因子与社会支持及各因子均为显著负相关,人格的其余各因子除经验开放性与责任心因子与社会支持的利用度相关不显著外,其余与社会支持总分、主观支持、客观支持均呈显著正相关;外倾性和责任心是社会支持的主要预测因素。结论贫困大学生相对非贫困大学生具有高神经质、高责任心的人格特质,贫困大学生的人格与社会支持具有性别和专业差异,人格特质对社会支持有一定的预测作用。     

高职大学生的社会支持与心理健康的关系

目的 了解高职学生的社会支持与心理健康的关系。方法 采用领悟社会支持量表和大学生心理健康量表对某高职院校663名大学生进行调查。结果 高职大学生感悟支持水平在性别、成长地之间差异达到统计学显著水平（P〈0．05）,女生感受到的社会支持总程度和家庭支持的程度高于男生,城市学生感受到的社会支持总程度和朋友支持的程度要高于农村学生。领悟社会支持各因子与心理健康重表各因子呈显著负相关（P〈0．01）。结论 高职大学生的社会支持与其心理健康水平有显著的相关关系。     

军医大学护理专业学生心理健康状况调查及影响因素分析

目的：了解军医大学护理专业学生心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法：采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）、领悟社会支持量表（PSSS）、简单应对方式量表、自尊量表、自我态度量表，对469名某军医大学护理专业学生进行测评。结果：（1）军校护生SCL-90各因子得分均高于国内女性得分；除强迫、恐怖因子外，均低于国内普通大学生和军校学员得分。（2）军校护生SCL-90总均分与人格维度中的内外向、掩饰度呈显著负相关，与神经质、精神质呈显著正相关，其中与神经质维度相关最为密切（r=0．655）。（3）军校护生SCL-90总均分及各因子分与社会支持总分均呈显著负相关。（4）军校护生SCL-90总均分及各因子得分与应对方式中的消极应对呈显著正相关，与应对方式中的积极应对、自尊程度、自我态度呈显著负相关。结论：对军校护生开展有针对性的心理健康教育，不断塑造其良好人格，加强社会支持，培养积极应对方式，提高自我悦纳水平，以达到促进其心理健康的目的。     

高校贫困生社会支持与心理健康及其人格特征的相关研究

目的 探讨贫困大学生心理健康状况和社会支持状况及人格特征的关系.方法 选取学校贫困生125名为研究组,相对应的120名非贫困生为对照组,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、社会支持评定量表和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)测评.结果 ①贫困生SCL-90的总均分、躯体化水平、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、偏执、精神病性的因子分显著高于非贫困生;②在社会支持评定量表的主观支持和支持利用度得分贫困生普遍低于非贫困生;③社会支持各维度与SCL-90各因子负相关,与EPQ人格P和N维度呈显著负相关,而与人格E维度呈显著正相关.结论 社会支持对大学生心理健康和人格发展有重要影响,在高校心理健康教育中,要重视学生非智力因素的培养.     

大学生人格特征、社会支持与学校适应的关系

目的:探讨大学生人格特征、社会支持与学校适应的关系。方法:采用青少年小五人格问卷、社会支持评定量表及中国大学生适应量表对893名大学生进行测量。结果:①大学生学校适应与人格之外向性、宜人性、谨慎性和开放性等维度呈显著正相关,与情绪性呈显著负相关;②大学生学校适应总分及各维度与社会支持总分及各维度呈显著正相关(除满意度与客观支持无显著性相关外)。结论:人格影响社会支持并作用于大学生学校适应,人格又直接作用于大学生学校适应。     

医学研究生压力源与人格特征及社会支持的相互关系

目的探讨当前医学研究生的压力来源,以及人格特征及社会支持之间的相关性。方法采用研究生压力源量表、症状自评量表SCL-90、大五人格量表和社会支持量表对208名北京协和医学院的研究生进行问卷调查。结果不同性别和不同年级样本在压力源组成上存在显著性差异(P0.05)。压力源的5个维度均与焦虑量表和抑郁量表具有显著的正相关(P0.05)。压力源与神经质型人格有着显著的正相关(P0.01),与外向性以及严谨性人格有着显著负相关(P0.01)。而且压力源与领悟社会支持之间呈现出显著的负相关(P0.05)。结论当前医学研究生承受了多方面的压力,在今后的教育培养过程中需要提高重视,采取多元化措施合理进行疏解。     

桂西少数民族大学生人格特征与心理健康的关系研究

探究桂西少数民族大学生人格特征与心理健康的关系。采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和症状自评量表(SCL)-90对600名桂西某高等院校少数民族大学生的人格特征与心理健康状况进行调查并作相关分析。结果显示,EPQ各因子与SCL-90各因子间相关系数显著(内外倾向性与躯体化、精神质与强迫症状之间除外);内外倾向性与SCL-90各因子呈负相关,精神质、神经质与SCL-90各因子呈正相关;人格特征对于心理健康解释率比较大的是人际关系敏感、抑郁和焦虑3个分量表,但差别不大。人格特征与心理健康的关系具有相关性;人格特征对心理健康有一定的预测作用。     

大学生学习倦怠状况与人格的关系

为了解大学生学习倦怠状况以及探讨大学生学习倦怠与艾森克人格特征之间的关系,采用《大学生学习倦怠量表》和《艾森克人格问卷》对220名大学生进行测查。结果表明:大学生中存在一定的学习倦怠现象且处在中等水平。精神质(P)、神经质(N)与学习倦怠的各个因子及学习倦怠总分呈显著正相关;内外向(E)与大学生学习倦怠的各个因子及学习倦怠总分呈显著负相关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.