CT引导下经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体良恶性病变的技术探讨

目的：探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗脊柱病变时技术的优化和并发症的防治.方法：对45例共62个椎体行经皮穿刺椎体成形术,其中血管瘤4例4个椎体、骨质疏松7例12个椎体、椎体恶性肿瘤34例46个椎体.经CT扫描定位,将不透X线骨水泥（主要成分为粉剂甲基丙烯酸树脂多聚体和液态甲基丙烯酸树脂单体）按粉剂与液体为4∶1比例混合调制成糊状,用1ml注射器匀速缓慢注入病变椎体.结果：本组完全缓解率（CR）77.78%,部分缓解率（PR）17.78%,有效率为95.56%.止痛作用2周至18个月持续有效.CT和平片随访观察骨水泥密度、形态与术后所见无变化,未见椎体进一步压缩.术后即刻CT证实有7例10椎骨水泥向椎体周边组织渗漏,只有1例硬膜外渗漏者导致暂时性神经根性痛.结论：经皮穿刺椎体成形术适用于椎体血管瘤、骨质疏松、转移瘤等溶骨性病变,只要我们操作得当,可以避免多数并发症的发生.     

椎体成形术缓解疼痛和稳定脊柱的影像和临床评价

目的:探讨经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗脊柱病变对缓解疼痛和稳定脊柱的价值.材料和方法:对45例共62个椎体行经皮穿刺椎体成形术,其中血管瘤4例4个椎体、骨质疏松7例13个椎体、椎体恶性肿瘤34例46个椎体.经CT扫描定位,将不透X线骨水泥(主要成分为粉剂甲基丙烯酸树脂多聚体和液态甲基丙烯酸树脂单体)按粉剂与液体为4:1比例混合调制成糊状,用1ml注射器匀速缓慢注入病变椎体.结果:本组完全缓解(CR)率77.78%,部分缓解(PR)率17.78%,有效率为95.56%.其中7例骨质疏松症所致压缩性骨折者获CR4例,PR3例;4例血管瘤患者3例获CR,1例获PR;34例恶性瘤中28例获CR,4例获PR.止痛作用2周至18个月持续有效.CT和平片随访观察骨水泥密度、形态与术后所见无变化,未见椎体进一步压缩.结论:经皮穿刺椎体成形术适用于椎体血管瘤、骨质疏松、转移瘤等溶骨性病变,具有稳定脊柱和减轻疼痛的作用.     

经皮穿刺椎体成型术治疗椎体良、恶性肿瘤的临床观察

目的：探讨经皮穿刺椎体成型术治疗椎体良、恶性肿瘤的临床应用价值。方法：对37例共59个椎体行经皮穿刺椎体成型术,其中血管瘤2例2个椎体、椎体恶性肿瘤35例57个椎体。采用单侧或双侧椎弓根入路,在X线定位下,将不透X线骨水泥（在骨水泥甲基丙烯酸树脂多聚体PMMA粉剂中加入2ml对比剂以透视显影）按粉剂与液体为3：2比例混合调制成糊状,用1ml注射器匀速缓慢注入病变椎体。结果：经皮穿刺椎体成型术后。27例患者术后疼痛完全缓解,6例明显缓解;2例有所缓解;随访12个月,无复发迹象。本组没有发生并发症。结论：经皮穿刺椎体成型术治疗椎体良、恶性肿瘤是一种创伤小、安全、有效的治疗手段。     

经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗椎体病变的临床价值

目的:探讨经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗椎体病变的临床价值。方法:对35例共43个椎体行PVP,其中血管瘤5例累及7个椎体,骨质疏松致压缩性骨折30例累及36个椎体。于C臂X光机监控下,经椎弓根入路,将骨水泥(甲基丙烯酸树脂多聚体为粉剂,甲基丙烯树脂单体为液体)粉剂与液体按体积比3∶1调成糊状,用10ml注射器匀速注入病变椎体。结果:PVP术后,CT示骨水泥为斑片状分布9个,团状分布34个。CT和平片随访观察骨水泥密度、形态与术后所见无变化,未见椎体进一步压缩。33例(94.3%)患者疼痛消失,2例(5.7%)疼痛减轻。治疗效果采用WHO标准有效率(完全缓解和部分缓解)为100%。结论:PVP是一种有价值的治疗椎体病变的方法,能迅速缓解疼痛,加固椎体,增强脊柱稳定性。     

经皮椎体成形术的初步临床应用

目的　探讨经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体病变的临床效果。方法　应用经皮椎体成形术治疗2 5例椎体病变 ,其中骨质疏松性骨折 13例、转移性肿瘤 8例、血管瘤 4例。病变部位分别在L112个、L2 6个、T12 和L4均为 4个、L3 3个、L5和S1各 1个。在C形臂X线机透视导向下 ,经皮穿刺到病变椎体后注入 3～ 10ml骨水泥 (平均 5 .6ml) ,术毕患者保持仰卧位 4h ,观察、抗感染治疗 1～ 3d并复查平片或和CT后出院。观察止痛效果、有效率和并发症。结果　技术操作全部获得成功 ,共治疗 2 5例 31个椎体 (其中 2 3例 2 9个椎体行单侧穿刺、2例 2个椎体行双侧穿刺 ) ,18例疼痛完全缓解 ,6例明显好转 ,1例无明显改善。 2例存在一过性神经根刺激症状 ,予以激素、消炎止痛后疼痛明显减轻并逐渐消失。随访 1～ 15个月 ,所有患者疼痛无反复。无严重并发症发生。结论　创伤小、操作简单、并发症少 ,能有效缓解骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折和椎体肿瘤引起的临床症状     

经皮椎体成形术的并发症及防治

经皮椎体成形术是在影像设备的引导下经皮穿刺到病变椎体后，向其内注射骨水泥即聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA），以达到止痛及加固椎体目的的一项微创技术。该技术主要用于治疗椎体溶骨性骨转移瘤、骨髓瘤、侵袭性血管瘤以及骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折。主要讨论经皮椎体成形术的并发症及防治。     

212例经皮穿刺椎体成形术的临床疗效及并发症处理

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术的临床疗效及并发症。方法对212例322个椎体行经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松症所致椎体压缩性骨折及各类肿瘤的椎体转移瘤。术前行X线、CT检查，术中在C臂X线机定位下，经皮穿刺至病灶部位，将磷酸钙骨水泥（PCP）或骨水泥（PMMA）按粉剂与流体一定比例调制成糊状，注入病灶。结果386个椎体穿刺均成功，术后注射PMMA患者全部达到止痛效果，术后注射PCP患者平均10天疼痛缓解。18例发生并发症。结论经皮椎体成形术安全可行，创伤小、操作简单、并发症少，能有效缓解临床症状；适用于骨质疏松引起的椎体压缩性骨折及椎体的良恶性肿瘤，具有强化椎体，镇痛作用，有较高的临床应用价值。在严格适应症和规范细致的治疗下是安全可行的。     

经皮椎体成形术的并发症及防治

经皮椎体成形术是在影像设备的引导下经皮穿刺到病变椎体后,向其内注射骨水泥即聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA),以达到止痛及加固椎体目的的一项微创技术.该技术主要用于治疗椎体溶骨性骨转移瘤、骨髓瘤、侵袭性血管瘤以及骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折.主要讨论经皮椎体成形术的并发症及防治.     

经皮椎体成形术规范化条例

经皮椎体成形术 (percutaneousvertelroplasty ,PVP)是在影像增强装置监视下 ,经皮穿刺向椎体内注射骨水泥 ,治疗脊柱溶骨性破坏及钙缺失病变的一种新技术。骨水泥是由粉状的甲基丙烯酸树脂多聚体与液态甲基丙烯酸树脂单体按一定比例混合而成的高分子聚合物。PVP主要应用于治疗椎体血管瘤、椎体骨质疏松性压缩骨折、椎体转移瘤和骨髓瘤等良恶性病变。近年来PVP在我国得到了迅速的推广应用和发展 ,技术日趋成熟。为了使PVP技术能够健康稳定的进一步发展 ,现就PVP的规范化问题提出以下条例 (草案 ) ,供讨论。一、PVP技术的设施要求(一…     

经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体恶性病变的临床应用

目的　探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗椎体恶性病变的方法及临床效果。方法　对 13例共 15个椎体行PVP,其中椎体转移瘤 11例,原发瘤 2例;胸椎 6例,腰椎 7例,年龄 45~73岁,平均 59岁。在C型臂X线机或CT监视下,用 11~13G、长15cm骨穿针经椎弓根入路行椎体穿刺,穿刺成功后注入非离子型对比剂造影,了解椎体引流静脉情况,然后注入按 3 2 1配制的聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(PMMA,简称骨水泥)3~7ml。患者随访 6~12个月。结果　穿刺成功率 100%。76. 9% (10 /13)患者术后3d内症状明显缓解,止痛效果 6个月内为 69. 2% (9 /13), 1年内为 54. 5% (6 /11)。术后CT随访显示PMMA分布良好,未见椎体压缩。患者无严重并发症发生。结论　PVP治疗椎体恶性病变所至疼痛、预防椎体压缩及继发性截瘫效果好,安全可行。     

Calcified intramedullary aneurysm in spinal angioma

Summary A case of a calcified intramedullary aneurysm in a spinal angioma is presented. The value of preoperative angiography in the evaluation of intraspinal calcifications is discussed.     

Spinal vascular malformations

Spinal vascular malformations are rare diseases that consist of true inborn cavernomas and arteriovenous malformations (including perimedullary fistulae, glomerular and juvenile AVMs) and presumably acquired dural arteriovenous fistulae. This review article gives an overview of the imaging features both on MRI and angiography, the differential diagnoses, the clinical symptomatology and the potential therapeutic approaches to these diseases. It is concluded that MRI is the diagnostic modality of first choice in suspected spinal vascular malformation and should be complemented by selective spinal angiography. Treatment in symptomatic patients offers an improvement in the prognosis, but should be performed in specialized centers. Patients with spinal cord cavernomas and perimedullary fistulae type I are surgical candidates. Dural arteriovenous fistulae can either be operated upon or can be treated by an endovascular approach, the former being a simple, quick and secure approach to obliterate the fistula, while the latter is technically demanding. In spinal arteriovenous malformations, the endovascular approach is the method of first choice; in selected cases, a combined therapy might be sensible.     

Initial imaging strategies in spinal trauma patients

A review is presented of the radiographs that should be taken of the spine of a severely injured spinal trauma patient within the first 24 h. The patient will probably present to a small local hospital or health care centre; the capacities and skills of such a small radiological unit are discussed. Consideration is then given to the radiological procedures which a specialized trauma centre should undertake after transfer of the patients. The main emphasis of the review is on plain films.     

Double spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: case report and review of the literature

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) is the most common spinal vascular malformation. It mainly affects men after the fifth decade and is usually an acquired lesion with an unknown etiology. We report on a patient with the unusual finding of two separate SDAVFs at the level of L1 on the right and L2 on the left side. Initial selective spinal digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was terminated with demonstration of a SDAVF at the level of L1 but incomplete demonstration of all segmental arteries. Due to a recurrent deterioration of the patients neurological status, and persistent pathological vessels seen on MRI, a second spinal DSA was performed 6 years later, demonstrating the second fistula at the level of L2 on the left side with a separate venous drainage pattern. A retrospective analysis of the angiographic films suggested that both fistulas had already been present 6 years previously. This conclusion is justified because of a transient and faint opacification of the left L2 fistula demonstrated on the films after injection of the right L2 segmental artery. We conclude that in the case of incomplete angiography and persistent clinical and MR findings not only reopening of the treated SDAVF has to be taken into account but also the existence of a second fistula. Since this is the first case of a double fistula in our series of 129 SDAVFs, and given the few reported cases of double SDAVFs, we do not think that completion of selective spinal DSA has to be postulated routinely after a fistula has been found. However, repeat angiography should be performed in patients who continue to deteriorate, fail to improve with persisting MRI pathologies, or demonstrate delayed deterioration after a period of improvement.     

Angiographic demonstration of cervical extradural meningioma

Summary The diagnosis of a cervical extradural meningioma was made preoperatively on the basis of angiographic criteria. The entire extent of the tumor that partially encircled the dural sac could be demonstrated with regional spinal angiography.     

Normal development of the spinal cord in neonates and infants seen on ultrasonography

Summary The normal development of the spinal cord from the fetal period to infancy was studied by ultrasonography (US) with a 7.5 MHz transducer. Longitudinal and transverse sections of the spinal cord were clearly observed. The sagittal and transverse diameters of the spinal cord increased with age. In order to evaluate disorders of the spinal cord precisely, it is necessary to clarify the normal features as well as the normal development of the spinal canal and cord, and the surrounding structures. US with such a high frequency transducer will be the most suitable for this purpose.     

Spinal epidural angiomatous malformations draining into intrathecal veins

Summary Nine angiomatous malformations situated on the outer surface of the dura and one situated in the pelvis, from which draining veins pierced the dura and joined the coronal venous plexus are described. The clinical manifestations and myelographic appearances are similar to those of the majority of intradural angiomatous malformations. This suggests that neurological deficiencies with both types of malformation are usually due to raised venous pressure with secondary ischaemic hypoxia.     

Biomechanics of the spine. Part II: Spinal instability

Spine stability is the basic requirement to protect nervous structures and prevent the early deterioration of spinal components. All bony and soft spinal components contribute to stability, so any degenerative, traumatic or destructive lesion to any spinal structure gives rise to some degree of instability.     

Angiography in the investigation of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula

Summary The authors present their protocol for spinal angiography in their investigation of dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF). The protocol has been used in approximately 120 patients from 1983 to the present at Bicetre Hospital. The approach is based on the fact that venous congestion is responsible for the myelopathy of DAVF. If the venous phase of the spinal circulation is normal, this alone rules out DAVF as the cause of the patient's symptoms. If there is stasis in the spinal circulation, this is consistent with DAVF, and thus complete spinal angiography is necessary. Complete angiography includes the selective intercostal arteries, including the lateral sacrals, as well as the supply to the cervical cord and posterior fossa.     

Direct emergence of the dorsospinal artery from the aorta and spinal cord blood supply

Introduction Direct emergence of a dorsospinal artery from the aorta is a rare anatomic variant, of which a total of seven cases have been reported. This report offers an additional angiographic observation and reviews the literature.Methods Two observations of common intercostal trunks documented during spinal angiography are described.Results In the first observation, the common intercostal trunk provided complete blood supply to two adjacent vertebral levels (T11 and T12). In other words, the trunk included an intercostal branch and a dorsospinal branch for each level. In the second observation, the common intercostal trunk provided an intercostal branch for each level (T9 and T10), but only one dorsospinal branch (T10). An isolated dorsospinal artery (DA) originated separately from the aorta at the T9 level, and provided a significant contribution to the anterior spinal axis.Conclusion The two reported cases illustrate the concept of “complete” versus “incomplete” common intercostal trunks. In instances where an incomplete trunk is documented, a separate DA originating directly from the aorta must be looked for. A review of the literature indicates a tendency for isolated DAs to participate in the blood supply to the spinal cord.