深圳市宝安区沙井街道2006-2010年学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖患病率及影响因素分析

【目的】 研究深圳市宝安区沙井街道学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖的患病率及其影响因素。 【方法】 采用整群抽样的方法对沙井街道2006-2010年学龄前儿童的体检资料进行分析,问卷调查肥胖儿童家长分析儿童肥胖的影响因素。 【结果】 2006-2010年学龄前儿童肥胖患病率分别为6.29%、6.42%、7.00%、7.26%、7.58%,呈逐年上升的趋势(P=0.001);学龄前男童、女童、5~6岁组儿童的肥胖患病率均呈逐年上升的趋势(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,出生体重越重、喜爱吃甜食、经常摄入高脂高热量食物、户外运动越少、父母营养知识越缺乏的儿童单纯性肥胖的患病率越高。 【结论】 宝安区沙井街道学龄前儿童肥胖患病率上升迅速,要及时控制。     

学龄前儿童9 028名斜视及弱视调查

【目的】了解学龄前儿童斜、弱视患病情况．为其防治、保护儿童视力提供依据。【方法】对武汉市、十堰市、公安县等28所幼儿园9028名学龄前儿童进行了斜视及弱视的抽样调查。【结果】弱视的检出率2．61％．与国内其它各家报告相似．斜视检出率为0．84％．略低于其他报告。【结论】弱视是影响儿童视觉发育的主要原因．对学龄前儿童视力、眼位、屈光状态的普查应引起高度重视。     

北京市宣武区4～6岁儿童视力筛查及追踪调查

【目的】通过视力筛查，测出儿童视力不良人群，复查确诊后进行矫治，做到早发现、早治疗。【方法】筛查采用北京医科大学小儿眼科等单位研制的条栅视力卡。【结果】筛查4～6岁儿童2940人，其中正常、异常、可疑异常依次分别占被筛查儿童的73．67％、6．22％和20．10％。确诊视力异常207人，占被筛查儿童的7．04％，其中弱视儿童高居首位，占视力异常人数的33．33％；其次是远视和近视，依次分别占视力异常儿童的21．74％和19．81％。【结论】整个学龄前期都应持之以恒开展儿童眼保健工作，其中4岁是关键期。     

学龄前儿童视觉发育影响因素分析

【目的】探讨学龄前儿童视觉发育规律及其影响因素，为儿童保健服务提供依据。【方法】对南京市城区14所幼儿园2159名4～7岁儿童进行视力检查及问卷调查，将单眼或双眼视力低于1．0者，进行散瞳验光，并排除眼底器质性病变。【结果】视力正常达标率与年龄密切相关；弱视患病率为2．86％，其中远视性屈光不正性弱视占首位；视力低常与遗传、出生时窒息及营养有关联。【结论】学龄前儿童视力正常率随年龄增长而上升；屈光不正和弱视是儿童时期影响正常视觉发育的主要因素；在学龄前采取综合措施，及时矫治屈光不正，有利于儿童视觉的良好发育。     

兰州市学龄前儿童视力异常影响因素分析

【目的】 调查分析兰州市城区学龄前儿童视力异常发生率及其影响因素,为视力异常的防治提供科学依据。 【方法】 依据该地地理分布及社会功能区特征,参考幼儿园公私立等性质,采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取10所幼儿园的2 754名学龄前儿童进行调查。应用儿童图形视力表和标准对数视力表检查视力,采用美国伟伦公司Suresight手持验光仪对调查儿童进行屈光检查。同时对儿童家长进行视力异常相关因素问卷调查,应用Logistic回归模型进行危险因素分析。 【结果】 调查对象男、女童视力异常检出率均为13.9%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。男、女童视力异常检出率均随年龄增长而下降(P<0.05)。在9项视力异常相关因素中出生体重、胎龄、父母视力情况和每天睡眠时间这4项影响学龄前儿童的视力。 【结论】 托幼机构与家庭应重视学龄前儿童眼保健工作,着力培养儿童良好的生活习惯,同时强化社会性健康教育,从社会、家庭、托幼机构等多方面采取综合干预措施控制视力异常的发生。     

学龄前儿童弱视与斜视1 092例调查分析

【目的】 通过检查1 092例学龄前儿童视力及眼位状态,了解弱视、斜视患病情况,以期对学龄前儿童的异常视觉状态早发现、早治疗。 【方法】 采取整群随机抽样方法抽取5所幼儿园1 092例4~6岁儿童,应用缪氏对数视力表检查视力; 眼位检查采用33 cm角膜映光法和遮盖法;凡眼位可疑及视力低常的儿童采用阿托品散瞳检影验光并排除眼部器质性病变。 【结果】 学龄前儿童弱视患病率为1.8%,斜视患病率为2.2%。 【结论】 弱视及斜视仍然是学龄前儿童常见的眼病,加强预防和完善诊治是社区眼保健工作的重心。     

农村学龄前2 883名散居儿童视力健康状况分析

【目的】探讨农村散居儿童视力异常发生的相关因素，为及早发现视力异常儿童、制定相应的预防保健措施提供依据。【方法】于2003年10月在安塞县、石泉县对2883名4-6岁农村散居儿童进行视力检查。【结果】确诊视力低常儿童200例，检出率为6．93％。200例中弱视的百分率最高(4．12％)。【结论】开展学龄前儿童和视力检查是早期发现、及时治疗儿童视力异常的一项重要保健措施。     

黎、汉族学龄前儿童行为问题影响因素的对照研究

【目的】了解黎、汉族学龄前儿童心理行为发展状况及其影响因素，为黎、汉族学龄前儿童行为问题的干预措施提供科学依据；【方法】采用Achenbach’s儿童行为量表对黎族929名，汉族792名学龄前儿童家长进行问卷调查，同时填写儿童行为问题影响因素的自拟调查表；【结果】①学龄前儿童行为问题检出率黎族为7．00％．汉族为16．90％，两者差异具有显著性意义，但无性别差异；②单因素分析结果显示影响学龄前儿童行为问题的因素：黎族为父母文化程度、早期喂养方式等；汉族为父母教育方式、母亲妊娠期用药等；③多因素分析结果显示影响学龄前儿童行为问题的因素：黎族为照顾者、母亲对妊娠态度等；汉族为父母亲责备打骂子女、父母教育方式等。【结论】黎族学龄前儿童行为问题的检出率低于汉族学龄前儿童。     

北京市海淀区学龄前儿童视力筛查结果分析

【目的】了解海淀区学龄前儿童视力异常状况,为制定预防保健措施提供理论依据。【方法】4~6岁儿童采用标准对数视力表,2~3岁采用儿童图形视力表。【结果】视力异常率2007、2008、2009年分别为13.51%、10.54%、13.42%,各年龄组间视力异常率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。随着年龄增长,视力异常率增高,5岁最高,6岁又稍有下降。【结论】视力筛查标准需重视年龄因素,眼保健工作任重道远。     

深圳市学龄前儿童饮食行为对其营养状况的影响

【目的】 了解深圳市学龄前儿童饮食行为对儿童营养状况的影响。 【方法】 于2009年3-6月份采用分层整群抽样方法,自行设计调查问卷,统一标准,统一培训,以一人一表调查深圳市学龄前儿童10 138人,有效问卷8 920份。 【结果】 深圳市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖的发生率为9.0%,体重低下发生率为0.6%,生长迟缓发生率为1.6%,消瘦发生率为0.9%,贫血发生率为2.53%。吃饭时看电视听音乐或玩玩具,吃饭时间越短,不愿咀嚼固体食物,饭前吃零食,外出就餐次数多,是儿童单纯性肥胖发生的危险因素。吃饭时间不固定、不愿咀嚼固体食物,含饭、拒食,外出就餐次数少,是儿童营养不良或贫血发生的危险因素。 【结论】 深圳市学龄前儿童的营养状况较好,其饮食行为对其营养状况影响明显:某些饮食行为分别是肥胖、体重低下、生长迟缓、消瘦和贫血发生的危险因素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.