Glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetic individuals

Background and aims

To assess all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic individuals according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria.

Methods and results

We followed 2823 type 2 diabetic outpatients for a median period of 6 years for the occurrence of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. eGFR was estimated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation. At baseline, an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m² and abnormal albuminuria were present in 22.5% and 26.0% of participants, respectively. During follow-up, a total of 309 patients died, 53% of deaths were secondary to cardiovascular causes. Risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality increased progressively with decreasing eGFR and increasing albuminuria. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, diabetes duration, hemoglobin A1c, plasma lipids, medications use (hypoglycemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-platelet or lipid-lowering drugs) and albuminuria, the hazard ratios of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality per 1-SD decrease in eGFR were 1.53 (95%CI 1.2-2.0; p < 0.0001) and 1.51 (95%CI 1.05-2.2; p = 0.023), respectively. A similar pattern in the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was seen for albuminuria (1.14, 1.01-1.3, p = 0.028 and 1.19, 1.01-1.4, p = 0.043 per 1-SD increase in albuminuria, respectively) after adjustment for eGFR and other potential confounders.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that both decreasing eGFR and rising albuminuria are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic individuals, independently of traditional risk factors and diabetes-related variables.     

High risks of all-cause and cardiovascular deaths in apparently healthy middle-aged people with preserved glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria: A prospective cohort study

Background

The reason why coexistence of preserved estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria contributes to a high risk of death and which cause of death increases all-cause mortality have not been elucidated.

Methods

A total of 16,759 participants aged 40 to 69 years with normal or mildly reduced eGFR (45–119 ml/min/1.73 m²) were enrolled and divided into six groups (group 1, eGFR: 90–119 without albuminuria; group 2, eGFR: 90–119 with albuminuria; group 3, eGFR: 60–89 without albuminuria (reference); group 4, eGFR: 60–89 with albuminuria; group 5, eGFR: 45–59 without albuminuria; group 6, eGFR: 45–59 with albuminuria) based on GFR estimated by using the CKD-EPI study equation modified by a Japanese coefficient and albuminuria (urine albumin–creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g). Outcomes included all-cause death (ACD), cardiovascular death (CVD) and neoplasm-related death (NPD). Multivariable-adjusted mortality rate ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the groups were estimated by Poisson's regression analysis.

Results

The highest risk of ACD (RR (95% CIs): 3.95 (2.08–7.52)), CVD (7.15 (2.25–22.7)) and NPB (3.25 (1.26–8.38)) was observed in group 2. Subjects in group 2 were relatively young and had the highest levels of body mass index, blood pressure and HbA_1c and the highest prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Conclusion

Coexistence of preserved eGFR and albuminuria increases risks for ACD, CVD and NPD. Relatively young metabolic persons having both preserved eGFR and albuminuria should be considered as a very high-risk population.     

Estimated glomerular filtration rate,albuminuria and mortality in type 2 diabetes: the Casale Monferrato study

Aims/hypothesis Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) predicts mortality in non-diabetic populations, but its role in people with type 2 diabetes is unknown. We assessed to what extent a reduction in eGFR in people with type 2 diabetes predicts 11-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, independently of AER and other cardiovascular risk factors. Materials and methods The study population was the population-based cohort (n = 1,538; median age 68.9 years) of the Casale Monferrato Study. GFR was estimated by the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. Results At baseline, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (eGFR <60 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻²) was 34.3% (95% CI 33.0–36.8). There were 670 deaths in 10,708 person-years of observation. Hazard ratios of 1.23 (95% CI 1.03–1.47) for all-cause mortality and 1.18 (95% CI 0.92–1.52) for cardiovascular mortality were observed after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and AER. When five levels of eGFR were analysed we found that most risk was conferred by eGFR 15–29 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻², whereas no increased risk was evident in people with eGFR values between 30 and 59 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻². In an analysis stratified by AER categories, a significant increasing trend in risk with decreasing eGFR was evident only in people with macroalbuminuria. Conclusions/interpretation Our study suggests that in type 2 diabetes macroalbuminuria is the main predictor of mortality, independently of both eGFR and cardiovascular risk factors, whereas eGFR provides no further information in normoalbuminuric people.     

Coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality among women with type 2 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis  Coffee has been linked to both beneficial and harmful health effects, but data on its relationship with cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes are sparse. Methods  This was a prospective cohort study including 7,170 women with diagnosed type 2 diabetes but free of cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline. Coffee consumption was assessed in 1980 and then every 2–4 years using validated questionnaires. A total of 658 incident cardiovascular events (434 coronary heart disease and 224 stroke) and 734 deaths from all causes were documented between 1980 and 2004. Results  After adjustment for age, smoking and other cardiovascular risk factors, the relative risks were 0.76 (95% CI 0.50–1.14) for cardiovascular diseases (p trend = 0.09) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.55–1.14) for all-cause mortality (p trend = 0.05) for the consumption of ≥4 cups/day of caffeinated coffee compared with non-drinkers. Similarly, multivariable RRs were 0.96 (95% CI 0.66–1.38) for cardiovascular diseases (p trend = 0.84) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.54–1.07) for all-cause mortality (p trend = 0.08) for the consumption of ≥2 cups/day of decaffeinated coffee compared with non-drinkers. Higher decaffeinated coffee consumption was associated with lower concentrations of HbA_1c (6.2% for ≥2 cups/day versus 6.7% for <1 cup/month; p trend = 0.02). Conclusions  These data provide evidence that habitual coffee consumption is not associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases or premature mortality among diabetic women. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.     

Association of serum bilirubin levels with development and progression of albuminuria,and decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aims/Introduction

Recent observational studies suggest elevated levels of bilirubin, an endogenous anti‐oxidant, might protect against kidney disease. We carried out an observational cohort study to assess whether higher baseline levels of bilirubin, within normal range, could predict the rate of development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with normo‐ or microalbuminuria and normal serum bilirubin (<1.2 mg/dL) were recruited from a single center, and categorized according to baseline serum bilirubin levels. Two independent end‐points were specified: development or progression of diabetic nephropathy, based on transition to a more advanced stage of albuminuria (albuminuria cohort), and the rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR cohort).

Results

Albuminuria and eGFR cohorts were constructed consisting of 1,915 patients and 1,898 patients, respectively, with 1,738 patients overlapping. Mean follow up was 4.4 and 5.4 years for the two cohorts, respectively. Within the albuminuria cohort, 132 (9%) of 1,418 patients with normoalbuminuria developed microalbuminuria, and 56 (11%) of 497 patients with microalbuminuria developed macroalbuminuria. Higher baseline bilirubin levels were associated with significantly lower risk of progression from microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria in both the univariate and multivariate analyses. In normoalbuminuric patients, an inverse association was found when restricted to a subgroup with elevated hemoglobin A1c levels. There was no relationship between bilirubin levels and the rate of change in eGFR.

Conclusions

Higher serum bilirubin levels, within normal range, might be predictive of a lower risk of progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.     

Association between decreasing estimated glomerular filtration rate and risk of cardiac conduction defects in patients with type 2 diabetes

Aim

We aimed to assess the association between decreasing estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or abnormal albuminuria and the risk of certain cardiac conduction defects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

微量白蛋白尿对心血管疾病死亡及全因死亡风险的预测价值

目的 对2181名中老年人在现况调查基础上进行为期4年的随访,以期对微量白蛋白尿预测心血管疾病死亡及全因死亡风险方面提供流行病学证据.方法 选取2004年6月北京中老年人群流行病学调查资料作为研究对象,记录该人群中截至2008年5月的4年期间因各种原因死亡的受检者资料.将基线人群按照尿白蛋白/肌酐（ACR）分为正常白蛋白尿组（NAU组）、微量白蛋白尿组（MIAU组）和大量白蛋白尿组（MAAU组）,比较死亡组与生存组基线时临床特征及代谢指标,在随访研究中引入Cox回归模型,调整年龄、糖尿病史、高血压史及血脂紊乱等潜在危险因素,研究不同ACR水平与心血管疾病死亡及全因死亡的关系,计算归因危险度百分比.计量资料用均数±标准差或中位数（四分位数间距）表示,组间比较用独立样本的t检验或方差分析,组间率的比较用X2检验.结果 4年期间共有77例死亡,全因死亡率为8.7/1000人年,其中心血管疾病死亡和恶性肿瘤死亡占总死亡人数的74%.与生存组相比,死亡组合并MIAU、MAAU及糖尿病的比例显著高于生存组（分别为18.2%vs 8.7%,9.1%vs 1.6%,50.6%vs 25.8%,P＜0.01）.NAU、MIAU和MAAU人群全因死亡率分别为6.8‰、20.6‰和58.8‰.在NAU人群中,恶性肿瘤是该人群的首要死亡原因,其次是心血管疾病.而在MIAU人群和MAAU人群中,心血管疾病为该人群的首要死亡原因.校正年龄、血糖、高血压、血脂异常等因素后,与NAU组相比,MIAU组的心血管疾病死亡风险增加了1.72倍,全因死亡风险增加1.01倍,MAAU组心血管疾病死亡风险增加了3.87倍,全因死亡风险增加2.76倍.以NAU组为对照,经Cox回归调整年龄、血糖、血压、血脂紊乱后,分析不同尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）组心血管疾病死亡及全因死亡人群归因危险度百分比,18.32%的心血管疾病死亡及11.96%的全因死亡见于ACR≥30 mg/g.结论恶性肿瘤是NAU人群的首要死亡原因,其次是心血管疾病.在MIAU人群和MAAU人群中,心血管疾病为首要死亡原因.与NAU组相比,MIAU组与MAAU组的心血管疾病死亡风险及全因死亡风险显著增加.     

临床常用肾小球滤过率评估方程在2型糖尿病患者中的效能比较

目的评价目前临床常用的肾小球滤过率（GFR）评估方程在2型糖尿病患者中的准确性和适用性。方法入选2007年10月至2010年12月在广州中山大学附属第三医院肾内科及内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病患者224例,其中男133例,女91例,平均年龄（60±13）岁。测定血清肌酐和胱抑素C水平,以体表面积标化的锝-二乙三胺五乙酸（^99mTcDTPA）测得的GFR（sGFR）为标准,采用肾脏病膳食改良试验方程（MDRD）、中国方程、Cockcroft—Gault方程、慢性肾脏病流行病合作组方程（EPI方程）、瑞金方程、慢性肾脏病流行病合作组胱抑素方程（EPI—Cysl方程及EPI-Cys2方程）以及MacIsaac胱抑素方程估测GFR值。应用Bland—Altman分析、线性相关分析及受试者工作特征曲线进行数据统计。结果（1）Bland—Altman分析显示,EPI—Cysl方程、EPI—Cys2方程及MacIsaac胱抑素方程估测的GFR与sGFR的一致性最好,所有方程估测的GFR与sGFR的一致性限度均超过预定的界值;EPI．Cysl方程、EPI—Cys2方程及MacIsaac胱抑素方程与x轴的斜率分别为0．168、0．183、0．186;MacIsaac胱抑素方程与Y轴的截距最小。（2）胱抑素C推导的3个方程偏差较小,30％符合率达60％以上,50％符合率达85％;EPI．Cysl方程和EPI-Cys2方程低估GFR,血肌酐推导的5个方程高估GFR。（3）诊断慢性肾病的效能方面,EPI—Cysl方程及EPI-Cys2方程的准确性和敏感度较高（分别为88％和94％）,MacIsaac胱抑素方程和瑞金方程的截点值分别为62．4、64．9ml·min-1·1．73m-1,与原分割点（60ml·min-1·1．73m-2）吻合度较高。结论8个GFR方程估算的GFR均存在不同程度的误差,胱抑素C推导方程总体效能高于血肌酐推导方程,瑞金方程在血肌酐推导方程中效能较高。在今后广泛用于临床前,所有方程仍需进一步进行校正。     

Body-mass index and the risk of albuminuria in hypertensive patients with a poor estimated glomerular filtration rate and the potential role of diabetes mellitus

BackgroundObesity-related to metabolic syndrome was associated with a greater risk for development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to assess the association between obesity and micro/macroalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with a poor estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m².MethodsOne hundred old patients (median age 79 years ± inter-quartile range 68–84.7) with manifested hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg) and a permanently poor eGFR for a duration time more than 3 months were enclosed. Albuminuria was defined as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 30 mg/gr and it was classified according to KDIGO 2012. The obesity was defined by a high body mass index (BMI>30 kg/m²). The waist circumference, HDL-C, triglycerides and serum glucose were measured. Chi-square tests and an adjusted model were performed.ResultsChi-square tests showed significant association between classified albuminuria and both obesity and high serum triglycerides (x² = 7.2, p = 0.02 and x² = 8.3, p = 0.01 respectively). However, the adjusted model for the prediction of albuminuria showed that the presence of a high BMI was a non-significant risk factor, although diabetes mellitus and eGFR value were found to be significant risk factors (p = 0.03, OR = 4.3, 1.2–22.07 and p = 0.04, OR = 0.9, 0.9–1.007 respectively) adjusting to covariates including the high waist circumference.ConclusionObesity defined by a high BMI was not found to be a significant risk factor for micro/macroalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with a poor estimated glomerular filtration rate, when diabetes mellitus and the low eGFR value act as confounders.     

Associated factors of different combined albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate stages among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Albuminuria and reduced glomerular filtration rate have a great impact on the progression of end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular events. The purpose of the study was to determine the clinical factors associated with different combined albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate among patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 361 consecutive outpatients who attended the department of endocrinology and metabolism were retrospectively recruited in this cross-sectional study. Urinary albuminuria-creatinine ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate were applied to designate different renal stages. Polytomous logistic regression was then performed to assess the associated clinical factors among these different renal stages. The proportion of subjects with normoalbuminuria with low glomerular filtration rate was 8.3 % in all study patients. We demonstrated that associated factors of different combined albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate stages were quite distinct, and correlate factors for normoalbuminuria with low glomerular filtration rate were older age (p < 0.001), longer duration of diabetes (p = 0.009), and more statin/fibrate use (odd ratio [95 % confidence interval]: 4.37 [1.45–13.18]; p = 0.009). The associated factors among different combined albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate stages were distinct. Whether early modification of these related factors can prevent or delay the progression of kidney disease warrants further investigations.

     

Cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality by albuminuria and decreased glomerular filtration rate in patients with vascular disease

Objectives. Albuminuria and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but do not necessarily coexist and have different pathophysiological mechanisms. This study aims to evaluate separate and combined effects of decreased eGFR and albuminuria on the occurrence of vascular diseases and mortality in patients with vascular disease. Design. Prospective cohort study. Setting. University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands. Subjects and main outcome measures. 2600 patients with vascular disease were followed for vascular events, vascular and all‐cause mortality. Cox regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) according to eGFR (MDRD) and albuminuria (albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio >3 mg mmol⁻¹). Results. In this population, 14.0% had albuminuria, 15.6% had eGFR <60 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻² and 5.2% had both. Nonalbuminuric decreased eGFR and albuminuria with normal eGFR generated moderately increased risks on all outcomes. eGFR <60 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻² without albuminuria mainly influenced the risk of vascular events (HR 1.50; 1.05–2.15) whilst albuminuria with eGFR ≥60 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻² principally affected all‐cause mortality (HR 1.53; 1.04–2.26). The combination of eGFR <60 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻² and albuminuria was associated with an increased risk for vascular events (HR 2.27; 1.54–3.34), vascular mortality (HR 2.22; 1.40–3.52) and all‐cause mortality (HR 1.84; 1.25–2.69). Comparable results were found in additional analyses amongst 759 diabetic patients. Conclusions. The combination of decreased eGFR with albuminuria is associated with the highest risks of vascular events, vascular and all‐cause mortality in patients with vascular diseases. To adequately estimate vascular risk associated with impaired renal function, both eGFR and urinary albumin should be considered.     

男性糖尿病患者踝臂指数与全因和心血管病死亡率关系的前瞻性研究

目的研究男性糖尿病患者外周动脉疾病（PDA）的危险因素及踝臂指数（ABI）与全因和心血管病（CVD）死亡率的关系。方法研究对象来自2004年7月至2005年1月北京及上海地区8所医院的有完整ABI基线资料的男性糖尿病患者815例，于2005年11月至2006年1月对其进行随访调查。结果815例男性糖尿病患者中，ABI降低的PAD组250例（30．67％），ABI正常的非PAD组565例（69．33％），年龄和吸烟史是PAD的独立危险因素，在13．6个月的随访中，有70例死亡，其中27例为CVD死亡。经Cox回归分析，PAD患者发生全因及CVD死亡的相对危险度分别为1．744（1．056—2．877）和3．677（1．588～8．509）。PAD组的生存率显著低于非PAD组。随ABI水平的降低，发生死亡及CVD死亡的危险增加。结论低ABI是男性糖尿病患者死亡和CVD死亡的独立危险因素，在男性糖尿病人群中运用无创性ABI测定对全因死亡及CVD。死亡具有预测价值。     

Coffee consumption and risk of total and cardiovascular mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Higher habitual coffee drinking has been associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The relation between coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been examined in many studies, but the issue remains controversial. This study was designed to assess the association between coffee consumption and CVD mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We prospectively followed 3,837 randomly ascertained Finnish patients with type 2 diabetes aged 25 to 74 years. Coffee consumption and other study parameters were determined at baseline. The International Classification of Diseases was used to identify CHD, CVD and stroke cases using computerised record linkage to the national Death Registry. The associations between coffee consumption at baseline and risk of total, CVD, CHD, and stroke mortality were analysed by using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During the average follow-up of 20.8 years, 1,471 deaths were recorded, of which 909 were coded as CVD, 598 as CHD and 210 as stroke. The respective multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios in participants who drank 0-2, 3-4, 5-6, and > or =7 cups of coffee daily were 1.00, 0.77, 0.68 and 0.70 for total mortality (P<0.001 for trend), 1.00, 0.79, 0.70 and 0.71 for CVD mortality (P=0.006 for trend), 1.00, 0.78, 0.70 and 0.63 for CHD mortality (p=0.01 for trend), and 1.00, 0.77, 0.64 and 0.90 for stroke mortality (p=0.12 for trend). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In this large prospective study we found that in type 2 diabetic patients coffee drinking is associated with reduced total, CVD and CHD mortality.     

Electrocardiogram abnormalities and risk of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality in old age: The Kahrizak Elderly Study (KES)

Resting electrocardioghic (ECG) abnormalities might be value for mortality prediction. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether ECG abnormalities are associated with increased mortality in older residents of Kahrizak Charity Foundation (KCF). A total of 247 participants ≥60-years of KES were enrolled in this study. Adjudicated all cause mortality was collected over 3 years between 2006 and 2009. The subjects were classified as having major, minor or no ECG abnormalities according to the Minnesota Code. The addition of ECG to risk factors were examined to predict cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and all-cause mortality by using Cox proportional hazards regression models. At baseline, 104(42.1%) had major ECG abnormalities and 73(29.6%) had minor abnormalities. During a median follow-up of 3.2 years, 73 participants died from all-cause mortality and 31deaths from CVD. Major ECG abnormalities were associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality in all models. The associations between minor ECG abnormalities at baseline and CVD mortality were not statistically significant. After adjustment for age and sex, Body mass index (BMI), smoking, diabetes, hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia and history of CVD, the participants with the major ECG abnormalities had higher risks of CVD mortality (HR: 3.12(95% CI, 1.02-9.57) and all-cause mortality (HR: 2.45(95% CI, 1.23–4.85) compared with those with normal ECG.     

Anaemia, independent of chronic kidney disease, predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic patients

Objective

There is limited and controversial information on whether anaemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes, and whether this risk is modified by the presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We assessed the predictive role of lower hemoglobin concentrations on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a cohort of type 2 diabetic individuals.

Methods

The cohort included 1153 type 2 diabetic outpatients, who were followed for a mean period of 4.9 years. The independent association of anaemia (i.e., hemoglobin <120 g/l in women and <130 g/l in men) with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was evaluated by Cox proportional hazards regression models and adjusted for several potential confounders, including kidney function measures.

Results

During follow-up, 166 (14.4%) patients died, 42.2% (n = 70) of them from cardiovascular causes. In univariate analysis, anaemia was associated with increased risk of all-cause (hazard ratio HR 2.62, 95% confidence intervals 1.90–3.60, p < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.70, 1.67–4.37, p < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes duration, hemoglobin A1c, medication use (hypoglycemic, anti-hypertensive, lipid-lowering and anti-platelet drugs) and kidney function measures, the association of anaemia with all-cause (adjusted HR 2.11, 1.32–3.35, p = 0.002) and cardiovascular mortality (adjusted HR 2.23, 1.12–4.39, p = 0.020) remained statistically significant.

Conclusions

Anaemia is associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic individuals, independently of the presence of CKD and other potential confounders. The advantage to treat anaemia in type 2 diabetes for reducing the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes remains to be demonstrated.     

2型糖尿病患者肾小球滤过率与尿白蛋白的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者慢性肾脏病(CKD)的患病率及肾小球滤过率与尿白蛋白排泄间的关系。方法收集自2008年1月至2009年12月在江苏省省级机关医院就诊的2型糖尿病患者资料,采用MDRD公式评估肾小球滤过率(eGFR),CKD定义为存在白蛋白尿或者eGFR60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)。白蛋白尿定义为尿白蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)≥30 mg/g。采用多项式回归及曲线拟合分析eGFR与尿ACR之间的关系。结果研究纳入1521例2型糖尿病患者,平均年龄(63.9±12.0)岁,CKD及白蛋白尿的患病率分别为31.0%和28.9%。eGFR≥90、60~89、30~59、15~29 ml/(min·1.73 m2)患者白蛋白尿的患病率分别为19.9%、34.5%、65.6%和100%。在正常蛋白尿、微量白蛋白尿及大量白蛋白尿患者中,肾功能不全的比率分别为3.0%、9.3%和40.4%。多项式回归分析显示当患者尿ACR90 mg/g时,eGFR下降缓慢且稳定保持在90 ml/(min·1.73 m2)以上,而当尿ACR≥90 mg/g时,eGFR则迅速下降。结论 2型糖尿病患者CKD及白蛋白尿发生率高,对2型糖尿病人群进行CKD的筛查应该同时检测尿白蛋白与eGFR,为了延缓CKD的进展,应尽早对白蛋白尿进行干预治疗。