糖化血清白蛋白在2型糖尿病监测及诊断中的应用观察

目的 研究糖化血清白蛋白(GA)与糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)及餐后2小时血糖(2hPG)的关系,探讨GA在糖尿病的诊断及血糖监测方面的价值.方法 对796例受试者行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测定FPG、GA、HbA1c和2hPG,分析各指标间的相关性及GA诊断糖尿病的最佳切点.结果 (1)GA与FPG、2hPG呈显著正相关(r值分别为0.625、0.644,P＜0.01).(2)GA诊断糖尿病的最佳切点为18.55％,敏感度为75.1％,特异度为80.7％.结论 GA、HbA1c与FPG、2hPG关系密切,GA是诊断糖尿病的一种高信度指标.     

Association of glycated albumin with the presence of carotid plaque in patients with type 2 diabetes

Aims/Introduction

Postprandial hyperglycemia is a potent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Serum glycated albumin (GA) has been reported to reflect postprandial blood glucose fluctuations. In the present study, we assessed the possible correlation of GA with the presence of carotid plaque to evaluate the potential clinical usefulness of GA for predicting atherosclerotic cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

Patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 236) admitted to Nippon Medical School Hospital (Tokyo, Japan) for glycemic control (aged 19–86 years, 81 females and 155 males) were examined. Clinical measurements were taken on admission. The presence of carotid plaque was assessed by ultrasonography.

Results

In patients with carotid plaque (n = 154), GA (P = 0.023) was higher than those without carotid plaque (n = 82). In contrast, neither fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.48) nor glycated hemoglobin (P = 0.41) was significantly different between the groups. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that GA (age‐ and sex‐adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.05 [1.01–1.09]; P = 0.017) and glycated hemoglobin (1.17 [1.01–1.37]; P = 0.036) were significantly associated with the presence of carotid plaque.

Conclusions

The positive correlation of serum GA with the presence of carotid plaque in type 2 diabetes suggests that GA will serve as a useful clinical marker for predicting diabetic cardiovascular complications.     

Glycated albumin and the risk of chronic kidney disease in subjects with Type 2 Diabetes: A study in North Indian Population

Aim

Glycated albumin (GA) suggested being alternative glycemic marker than haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). We investigated the association between GA and the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in T2DM subjects.

2型糖尿病患者动态血糖变化与糖化血红蛋白水平的相关性分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者动态血糖变化与糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)水平的相关性,为预防2型糖尿病并发症的发生提供参考。方法选取2009-05～2011-05收治的18例2型糖尿病患者,采用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)观察2型糖尿病患者血糖变化与HbAl c的相关性。结果经Pearson分析显示,HbAlc与日内血糖水平呈正相关(P0.05),与餐后血糖波动幅度(PPGE)无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论 CGMS能详细显示日内血糖波动情况,HbAlc能反映日内整体血糖水平。     

Relationship between glycemic control and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A nested case-control study

AimsTo evaluate the relationship between glycemic control and plasma glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).MethodsWe conducted a population-based, retrospective, nested, case-control study involving 124,876 patients with DM2 from the Canary Islands, Spain. From the cohort, we selected all COPD cases and, for each case, five control subjects who were COPD free. We analyzed the association between glycemic control, HbA1c level and incident COPD.ResultsA total of 1320 incidence cases of COPD (1.06%) were identified and matched individually with 6600 controls according to age and sex. After multivariate adjustment, the COPD risk increased among patients with poor glycemic control compared to patients with good glycemic control [HbA1c levels <7% (53 mmol/mol)] (OR 1.18; 95% CI: 1.03–1.36). In comparison with patients exhibiting HbA1c levels <7% (53 mmol/mol), the risk of COPD was higher among people with HbA1c levels of 7–8% (53–64 mmol/mol) (OR 1.24; 95% CI: 1.05–1.47) and 8–9% (64–75 mmol/mol) (OR 1.31; 95% CI: 1.04–1.66).ConclusionsPoor glycemic control reveals a weak association with increased risk of COPD in T2D patients.     

Serum enzymes of lysosomal origin as indicators of the metabolic control in diabetes: Comparison with glycated hemoglobin and albumin

Summary Several lysosomal enzymes (β-N-D-acetylglucosaminidase, β-D-glucoronidase, α-D-galactosidase, β-D-galactosidase, α-L-fucosidase, α-D-glucosidase, α-D-mannosidase, β-D-glucosidase), glycated albumin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1c) were determined in the serum of 81 insulin-dependent diabetics with different degrees of metabolic control (optimal, 21 patients; good, 39 patients; poor, 21 patients) and without signs of complications, and in 42 control subjects. All parameters examined increased in serum in inverse proportion to the degree of metabolic control. A highly significant correlation (p<0.01) was found between lysosomal enzymes and both glycated albumin and HbA_1c. All parameters correlated with hyperglycemia, glycated albumin having the highest γ-value (0.586) and lysosomal enzymes the lowest one. Unlike glycated albumin and HbA_1c, serum levels of lysosomal enzymes in patients with optimal metabolic control were undistinguishable or even lower than those of controls. A 2-month longitudinal monitoring of a patient who was hospitalized in conditions of poor metabolic control and adequately treated, proved that lysosomal enzymes diminished in serum parallel to glycated albumin and HbA_1c in relation to improvement of the metabolic situation. The conclusion is drawn that serum lysosomal enzymes are good indicators of the metabolic control of diabetic patients probably reflecting the overall metabolic state connected with insulin action rather than hyperglycemia.     

The association of glycated hemoglobin with mortality and ESKD among persons with diabetes and chronic kidney disease

Context

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end stage kidney disease (ESKD) and is associated with a considerably shortened lifespan. While glucose-lowering therapy targeting glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <7% is proven to reduce the risk of developing DKD, its effects on complications of DKD are unclear.

前列地尔治疗老年糖尿病合并慢性肾脏病患者的效果分析

目的探讨前列地尔联合常规治疗对老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者的治疗效果。方法人选2014年2月至2016年2月在攀枝花市中心医院内分泌科治疗的90例老年T2DM合并CKD患者,采用数字表法随机分为前列地尔组和对照组,每组45例。对照组给予常规治疗,前列地尔组在常规治疗基础上加用前列地尔10μg/d,静脉推注,1次/d,2周为1个疗程,共治疗3个疗程。比较两组患者血脂、血糖、肝功能、肾功能等指标。所有数据采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料用均数±标准差(±s)表示,两组比较采用t检验。计数资料用百分率表示,组间比较用χ~2检验。结果两组患者治疗前空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)、血肌酐(SCr)、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,前列地尔组患者的TG、TC、LDL-C、Hcy、β2-MG、UAER显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者治疗前后的凝血酶原时间(PT)、血小板(PLT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.212,P=0.645)。结论前列地尔联合常规治疗能显著降低老年T2DM合并CKD患者尿蛋白水平,对患者的肾功能具有一定的保护作用。     

糖尿病肾病和血糖控制的关系及相关危险因素分析

目的探讨糖尿病肾病(DKD)与血糖控制指标关系以及相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2010年3月至2016年12月在西京医院老年病科住院且使用持续血糖监测系统(CGMS)的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者142例,根据是否伴有DKD分为DKD组(n=54)和非DKD组(n=88)。收集患者一般临床资料、实验室指标及CGMS结果,分析DKD与血糖控制指标关系并对其危险因素进行综合分析。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件对数据进行分析,组间比较采用t检验、非参数检验或χ~2检验。Spearman秩相关分析两变量相关性,多因素分析采用逐步二元logistic回归分析。结果相比非DKD组,DKD组患者年龄偏大、病程长、高血压病史比例较高、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平偏低、双胍类降糖药物使用率明显降低,糖化血红蛋白A1c(Hb A1c)水平、完整24 h高血糖时间波动百分比、高血糖曲线下面积(AUC)、餐后2 h血糖(2h-PBG)和24 h平均血糖水平(MBG)显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);胱抑素C(Cys C)、尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)水平显著高于非DKD组,估算肾小球滤过率(e GFR)显著低于非DKD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。Spearman相关分析结果显示,DKD与年龄、病程、高血压史、Hb A1c、24 h高血糖时间波动百分比、高血糖AUC、24 h MBG、2h-PBG均呈正相关,与HDL-C呈负相关(r=-0.205,P=0.014)。逐步二元logistic回归分析结果显示年龄(OR=1.048,95%CI 1.022~1.074;P=0.000)和Hb A1c(OR=1.569,95%CI 1.212~2.031;P=0.001)与DKD呈正相关。结论 Hb A1c是T2DM患者发生DKD的主要危险因素,DKD的发生与血糖波动并无显著相关。     

Improvement of glycemic control after periodontal treatment by resolving gingival inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients with periodontal disease

Aims/Introduction: Chronic inflammation aggravates glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. An increase or decrease in the release and activities of various inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, and C‐reactive protein (CRP), are presumed to be responsible for inducing insulin resistance. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of non‐surgical periodontal treatment incorporating topical antibiotics on glycemic control and serum inflammatory mediators in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Periodontal inflammation and periodontal tissue destruction were evaluated by bleeding on probing (BOP) and the probing pocket depth (PPD), respectively. A total of 41 patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis received periodontal treatment with the topical application of antibiotics four times within a 2‐month period. A periodontal examination, including PPD and BOP, and venous blood sampling were carried out at baseline and at 2 and 6 months after periodontal treatment. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1c), and serum levels of high‐sensitivity (hs)‐CRP, TNF‐α and IL‐6 were analyzed. Results: A generalized linear model showed significant associations between the change in the HbA_1c values at 6 months after periodontal treatment, and the change in the BOP, baseline TNF‐α levels and the baseline mean PPD. Conclusions: As BOP is a marker of total gingival inflammation, these results suggest that non‐surgical periodontal therapy with topical antibiotics in patients with mild periodontitis might improve glycemic control by resolving periodontal inflammation. Such treatments might be insufficient for the amelioration of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients with severe periodontitis. This trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (no. UMIN000006693). (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00209.x, 2012)     

Defining the relationship between average glucose and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease

Aims

To examine the relationship between average glucose (AG) and HbA_1c in patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes.

Materials and methods

43 patients with diabetes and CKD (stages 3–5) with stable glycaemic control, and glucose-lowering and erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) doses, were prospectively studied for 3 months and compared to 104 age-matched controls with diabetes, without CKD from the ADAG study. Over 3 months, AG was calculated from 7 to 8 point self-monitored blood glucose measurements (SMBG) and from continuous glucose monitoring (CGMS), and mean HbA_1c was calculated from 4 measurements. AG and HbA_1c relationships were determined using multivariable linear regression analyses.

Results

The CKD and non-CKD groups were well matched for age and gender. Mean AG tended to be higher (p = 0.08) but HbA_1c levels were similar (p = 0.68) in the CKD compared with non-CKD groups. A linear relationship between AG and HbA_1c was observed irrespective of the presence and stage of CKD. The relationship was weaker in patients with stage 4–5 CKD (non-CKD R² = 0.75, stage 3 CKD R² = 0.79 and stage 4–5 CKD R² = 0.34, all p < 0.01). The inclusion of ESA use in the model rendered the effect of CKD stage insignificant (R² = 0.67, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

In patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD there is a linear relationship between HbA_1c and AG that is attenuated by ESA use, suggesting that ESA results in a systematic underestimation of AG derived from HbA_1c.     

2型糖尿病慢性肾脏疾病患者血浆心钠素水平的变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨不同时期糖尿病慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）患者血浆心钠素（ANP）水平变化及其临床意义. 方法 选取T2DM患者93例,根据UAER分为单纯糖尿病（DM）组30例、CKD 3期（CKD3）组31例及CKD 4期（CKD 4）组32例,另选健康体检者30名作为正常对照（NC）组.采用ELISA测定各组血浆ANP水平. 结果 （1）DM、CKD 3和CKD 4组ANP水平均高于NC组,且随UAER增加而增加[（280.89±43.66） vs （356.87±45.45） vs （414.95±57.52） vs （164.09±36.64） ng/L,P＜0.05];（2）ANP水平与病程、HbA1c、FPG、TG、BUN、Cr呈正相关（r=0.77、0.82、0.73、0.71、0.80、0.74,P均＜0.05）,与HDL-C呈负相关（r=-0.68,P＜0.05）. 结论 血浆ANP与CKD患者UAER正相关,FPG、HbA1c、BUN、Cr和TG是血浆ANP的独立正相关因子.     

非内分泌科室联合检测糖化血红蛋白与空腹血糖筛查高血糖方法的探讨

目的 探讨非内分泌科室联合检测HbA1c与FPG筛查高血糖的最佳方法. 方法 选取心内科和骨科新入院,且随机血糖≥7.0 mmol/L或FPG≥5.0mmol/L的非糖尿病患者,检测FPG、HbA1c、糖化血清蛋白（GA）,评估患者糖代谢状态. 结果 （1）心内科IGR、糖尿病和糖耐量正常（NGT）者分别为185例、178例、163名,骨科分别为116例、130例、107名.（2）75 g OGTT受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）显示,以FPG为诊断糖尿病切点,心内科为5.81 mmol/L,骨科为6.24 mmol/L;以HbA1 c为诊断切点,心内科为6.15％,骨科为5.75％;以GA为诊断切点,心内科为254.50μmol/L,骨科为250.89μmol/L.（3）FPG和HbA1c联合诊断价值与75 g OGTT比较有效性更高[曲线下面积（AUC＞0.8）]. 结论 HbA1c与FPG联合检测能进一步提高非内分泌科住院患者的高血糖筛查效率.     

Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease among Ghanaian patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus: A multicenter cross‐sectional study

The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly rising in developing countries due to astronomical increases in key risk factors including hypertension and diabetes. We sought to assess the burden and predictors of CKD among Ghanaians with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus in a multicenter hospital‐based study. We conducted a cross‐sectional study in the Ghana Access and Affordability Program (GAAP) involving adults with hypertension only (HPT), hypertension with diabetes mellitus (HPT + DM), and diabetes mellitus only (DM) in 5 health facilities in Ghana. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect data on demographic variables, medical history, and clinical examination. Serum creatinine and proteinuria were measured, and estimated glomerular filtration rate derived using the CKD‐EPI formula. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with CKD. A total of 2781 (84.4%) of 3294 participants had serum creatinine and proteinuria data available for analysis. The prevalence of CKD was 242 (28.5%) among participants with both DM and HPT, 417 (26.3%) among participants with HPT, and 56 (16.1%) among those with DM alone. Predictors of CKD were increasing age aOR 1.26 (1.17‐1.36), low educational level aOR 1.7 (1.23‐2.35), duration of HPT OR, 1.02 (1.01‐1.04), and use of herbal medications aOR 1.39 (1.10‐1.75). Female gender was protective of CKD aOR 0.75 (0.62‐0.92). Among patients with DM, increasing age and systolic blood pressure were associated with CKD. There is high prevalence of CKD among DM and hypertension patients in Ghana. Optimizing blood pressure control and limiting the use of herbal preparations may mitigate CKD occurrence in high cardiovascular risk populations in developing countries.