糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者甲状腺功能状态分析

目的 分析糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)患者甲状腺功能(甲功)状态.方法 选择广西医科大学第九附属医院2005年11月至2013年12月住院DKA患者93例,并按性别、年龄(≤30岁组、30 ～ 60岁组、≥60岁组)、糖尿病分型(1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病)进行分组,测定各组血清FT3、FT4、促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平,并进行比较.结果 甲功正常的病态综合征(ESS)发生率为79.6％(74/93),甲功正常为9.7％ (9/93),甲状腺功能亢进症发生率为7.5％ (7/93),亚临床甲状腺功能亢进症发生率为2.2％ (2/93),甲状腺功能减退症发生率为1.1％ (1/93).男性组DKA患者的FT3水平低于女性组(t=-2.046,P=0.044),FT4、TSH比较差异无统计学意义;1型糖尿病组FT4水平低于2型糖尿病组(t-2.352,P=0.021),但TSH高于2型糖尿病组(t=2.454,P=0.016),FT3比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).1型糖尿病组低T3/T4综合征比例高于2型糖尿病组(x2 =4.443,P =0.035).低T3综合征比例随着年龄增加有增加的趋势(x2=7.081,P=0.029);低T3/T4综合征比例随着酸中毒严重程度的增加有增加的趋势(x2=6.759,P=0.034).结论 DKA患者甲功异常发生率较高,甲功异常表现形式多样,ESS最常见.     

Profile of diabetic ketoacidosis at the National Diabetes and Endocrine Center in Tripoli,Libya, 2015

BackgroundDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a major acute metabolic complication of type I diabetes mellitus but may occur in type II diabetes during severe stressful conditions.AimThe aim of this study was to describe the clinical profile of DKA patients admitted to the National Diabetes and Endocrine Center in Tripoli, Libya, during 2015.Patients and methodsThe profiles of 490 patients admitted with DKA were retrospectively studied. All the data was collected from the patient files.ResultsMost of the patients (91.6%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. The mean age was 35.9 years. DKA was more common among young males with type I diabetes. The average duration of diabetes disease of the patient when admitted with DKA was 16.8 ± 8.2 years. The frequencies of patients admitted with mild, moderate or severe diabetic ketoacidosis were 49.8%, 32.7% and 17.8%, respectively. The most frequent causes of admission were insulin omission (21.8%), infection (20.2%), and wrong dose (11%). The cause of DKA was not known for 29.8% of the patients. DKA was more common among young males, and the rate increased with longer duration of the condition. Most of the patients (93.1%) were discharged in good health, and mortality was 0.6%.ConclusionMales and patients with a long duration of diabetes disease are more prone to develop DKA. The common causes of DKA were unknown in our study; however, admission of individuals with less serious illness, insulin omission, and infection may contribute to the development of DKA.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎合并糖尿病酮症酸中毒一例报道

本文报道1例中年女性患者,发热,伴呼吸道和消化道症状,存在意识障碍和休克,诊断为新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)合并DKA,经救治康复出院。重症COVID-19和DKA临床表现相似,及时识别和尽早干预有利于患者预后。     

Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in a teaching hospital

Abstract The aim of our study was to evaluate clinical management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in a teaching hospital. We followed all the patients hospitalised for DKA over six years (1995–2000), and we recorded clinical data, laboratory finding at entrance and clinical management. We compared the data to the standards set in guidelines. Our study showed an important delay of initiation of intravenous fluid (70% of cases), an under-replacement with intravenous fluid (69% of cases) and with potassium therapy (80% of cases), and an excessive use of alkali therapy. In conclusion, suboptimal management of DKA occurred in a large percentage of patients.     

二甲双胍治疗初发2型糖尿病酮症合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病的随机对照研究

目的观察二甲双胍对于初发2型糖尿病酮症合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）患者的效果并探讨其机制。方法采用前瞻性病例对照研究,选取2010年1月至2011年12月我院内分泌科住院的初发2型糖尿病酮症合并NAFLD患者60例,据随机数字表法分为2组：胰岛素组（INS组）30例和胰岛素＋二甲双胍组（INS＋MET组）30例,INS组男性24例,女性6例,平均年龄为（37±9）岁,INS＋MET组男性22例,女性8例,平均年龄为（39±10）岁。两组患者在人组时年龄、糖尿病病程、体质指数、腰臀比、血压、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）、血脂各指标及肝脏酶谱、初始胰岛素剂量之间具有可比性。2组均予静脉纠酮补液治疗及胰岛素强化治疗酮体转阴后,INS组继续单纯胰岛素控制血糖,INS＋MET组在使用胰岛素基础上联合二甲双胍（0．5g,每日3次）治疗,观察治疗12、24周后2组体质指数、血糖、HbA1c及肝酶指标、血脂及肝脏超声学积分变化;比较2组胰岛素日剂量、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）和血浆脂联素和肿瘤坏死因子-α的变化。计量资料间比较采用t检验,等级资料以率的比较采用X^2检验。结果2组治疗后空腹血糖、餐后血糖及HbA1c均显著下降,2组HbA1c达标率无明显差异（INS组和INS＋MET组分别为86．7％比82．8％,X^2=0．174,P〉0．05）;INS＋MET组治疗后体质指数、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均明显低于INS组（t=3．648、2．883、2．699,均P〈0．05）;INS＋MET组治疗12和24周ALT分别较治疗前下降13．2％和32．2％（t=4．264、4．976,均P〈0．05）,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（γGGT）则分别下降23．1％和37．5％（t=6．364、6．315,均P〈0．05）。治疗后INS＋MET组肝脏B超积分明显低于INS组（2．8±1．3比3．7±1．4,t=2．311,P〈0．05）;治疗后INS＋MET组HOMA-IR较INS组明显改善（2．7±0．8比3．8±1．0,t=0．219,P〈0．05）,胰岛素日剂量是INS组的41．8％,肿瘤坏死因子-α明显低于INS组[（28±9）比（36±9）ng／L,t=3．110,P〈0．05],而脂联素水平高于INS组[（7．2±1．2）比（5．5±1．4）μg/L,t=5．023,P〈0．05]。结论二甲双胍可改善初发2型糖尿病酮症合并NAFLD患者胰岛素抵抗、降低患者肝酶指标、改善肝脏影像学转归,其机制可能涉及对脂肪细胞因子脂联素、肿瘤坏死因子-α水平的影响。     

Challenges in management of diabetic ketoacidosis in hemodialysis patients,case presentation and review of literature

Chronic kidney disease is associated with accumulation of uremic toxins that increases insulin resistance which will lead to blunted ability to suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis and reduce peripheral utilization of insulin. CKD patients fail to increase insulin secretion in response to insulin resistance because of acidosis, 1,25 vitamin D deficiency, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Hemodialysis causes further fluctuations in glycemic control due to alterations in insulin secretion, clearance and resistance. DKA is uncommon in hemodialysis patients because of the absence of glycosuria and osmotic diuresis which accounts for most of the fluid and electrolyte losses seen in DKA, anuric patients may be somewhat protected from dehydration and shock, although still subject to hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis. However, substantial volume loss can still occur due to a prolonged decrease in oral intake or increased insensible water losses related to tachypnoea and fever. There is no current guidelines for the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in anuric hemodialysis patients considering their differences than general population. In this review article we reviewed the literature and came with specific recommendations for management of Ketoacidosis in patients with CKD treated by hemodialysis.     

A comparison of arterial and non-arterialized capillary blood gases in diabetic ketoacidosis

The results of acid-base and blood gas estimations in arterial and non-arterialized capillary blood have been compared in samples obtained simultaneously from patients presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis. Highly significant correlations were obtained for pH, pCO2 and bicarbonate measurements. Small but significant differences were observed with capillary pH slightly lower and capillary pCO2 and bicarbonate slightly higher than arterial values. These differences were of no clinical significance. Non-arterialized capillary samples are a reliable indicator of acid-base status in this form of metabolic acidosis and are preferable to repeated arterial puncture.     

Clinical and biochemical characteristics and analysis of risk factors for euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetic individuals treated with SGLT2 inhibitors: A review of 72 cases over a 4.5-year period

Background and aimsTo study euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA) outcomes associated with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is)MethodsReview of 72 euDKA cases in T2DM between September 2015 and January 2020 (PUBMED).ResultseuDKA could occur at any time during SGLT2is treatment, with nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting as main symptoms. Hyperglycemia did not correlate with pH and β-hydroxybutyrates. Low pH and high β-hydroxybutyrates were significantly associated with euDKA. In biguanides users, acidosis was unrelated to lactic acidosis. euDKA occurred during fasting, surgery, acute infection, insulin deprivation (endogenous or exogenous).ConclusionsThese data support avoidance of euDKA risk states in SGLT2i users.     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并急性心肌梗死14例临床分析

目的 探讨糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)合并急性心肌梗死(AMI)的发病情况及临床特点.方法 回顾性分析我院1998～2006年共14例2型糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并AMI患者的临床资料.结果 1998～2006年共检出DKA合并AMI患者14例;发病时同时诊断DKA合并AMI者11例,占79%;先出现DKA后出现AMI者3例,占21%;DKA合并AMI发病时以气促、消化道症状和糖尿病典型"三多"症状多见,伴随胸痛者只有29%;心电图表现为非ST段抬高性心肌梗死(NSTEMI)者6例,占43%;所有患者发病时心功能均明显降低,Killip分级3～4级者占71%;治疗上均按DKA和AMI原则处理,但限制补液量,14例患者中经抢救治疗后8例死亡(57%),含3例合并慢性肾衰竭尿毒症患者.结论 DKA合并AMI患者AMI多与DKA同时发生亦可后发,且AMI表现多不典型,发病时心功能差,病死率高.     

The effect of glucose and insulin infusion on the fall of ketone bodies during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis

During the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis intravenous glucose is infused when blood glucose has fallen to around 14 mmol l-1. The use of hypertonic (10%) glucose has been recommended in order to hasten the clearance of blood ketone bodies. In a randomized controlled study 17 patients presenting with severe diabetic ketoacidosis were allocated to one of two regimens of intravenous glucose and insulin when blood glucose had fallen to less than 14 mmol l-1. Nine patients were given 5% glucose containing 10 U l-1 insulin and 8 patients received 10% glucose with 40 U l-1 insulin. Fluid was infused at a rate of 250 ml h-1 for 6 h. At the start of the infusions blood glucose had fallen from levels at presentation to 12.8 +/- 1.1 mmol l-1 (mean +/- SE) in the group which subsequently received the low infusion rate and to 13.7 +/- 0.9 mmol l-1 in the subsequent high infusion rate group. With glucose/insulin infusion blood glucose after 6 h was 11.5 +/- 0.9 mmol l-1 (low infusion rate group) and 15.7 +/- 1.3 mmol l-1 (high infusion rate group). This difference between groups at 6 h was significant (p less than 0.05). Over the 6 h of infusion the fall in blood total ketone bodies was significantly greater in the group receiving the higher rate of glucose/insulin infusion (7.34 +/- 0.57 vs 5.18 +/- 0.57 mmol l-1; p less than 0.05). Despite the greater fall in total ketone bodies in this group there was no difference in the improvement in capillary blood pH or bicarbonate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Chorea-ballism associated with nonketotic hyperglycaemia or diabetic ketoacidosis: characteristics of 25 patients in Korea

Chorea-ballism is a rare form of movement disorder complicated by severe hyperglycaemia and in association with a contralateral basal ganglia lesion. We analysed the clinical characteristics of 25 Korean patients with chorea-ballism associated with nonketotic hyperglycaemia or diabetic ketoacidosis. Possible mechanisms of disease are also discussed.     

儿童及青少年糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并急性胰腺炎患者临床特点分析

目的了解儿童糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)合并胰酶升高患者的临床特点、治疗经验及转归,为避免过度诊断急性胰腺炎(AP)和过度的长期禁食治疗提供证据。方法回顾性调查首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院内分泌遗传代谢中心2015年1月至2019年1月收治的年龄小于18岁的DKA合并胰酶升高的患儿,分析其临床症状、血淀粉酶、脂肪酶、血脂、胰腺影像学资料、治疗及临床转归等,总结治疗经验。数据采用中位数(上下四分位数)表示。结果4年共收治330例DKA患儿,38例(11.5%)合并胰酶升高,升高3倍以上的有22例(6.7%)。16例(4.8%)无胰腺影像学改变为疑诊AP,其中14例无腹痛症状,未经AP相关治疗,预后良好;1例有腹痛症状,常规进行DKA治疗,第2天腹痛症状缓解;另外1例合并腹痛症状的患者按照AP治疗12 d,在第14天开始尝试经口喂养,虽有胰酶复升高,但继续按原计划进行营养治疗病情无反复。6例(1.8%)合并胰酶升高患儿有影像学改变为确诊AP,4例有腹痛,6例均按照AP常规治疗,腹痛症状2~19 d缓解,胰酶2~15 d降至3倍以下,禁食时间3~60 d,随访5~32个月均无AP复发。结论DKA患儿胰酶增高并不少见,但AP发生率低,且预后好,是一个相对良性的过程,尚需更多数据证明。     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒及(或)高渗状态横纹肌溶解症6例回顾分析

目的 了解糖尿病急症酮症酸中毒及(或)高渗状态横纹肌溶解症发生情况.方法 回顾分析52例糖尿病急症病例. 结果 横纹肌溶解症6例 (11.54%).横纹肌溶解症与非横纹肌溶解症血清肌酸磷酸激酶、肌红蛋白、葡萄糖、钠、有效血浆渗透压、钾水平分别是(3886±2817)μ/L vs (99±85)μ/L,( 4131±625)μg/L vs (84±58)μg/L, (59±24)mmol/L vs (28±14)mmol/L, (154±7)mmol/L vs (140±8)mmol/L, (375±31)mmol/L vs (310±21)mmol/L, (3.8±0.5)mmol/L vs (4.4±0.6)mmol/L; 肾功能衰竭100% vs 30.8%; 差异均有统计学意义 (P＜0.01). 结论 糖尿病酮症酸中毒及(或)高渗状态可能诱发横纹肌溶解症,宜重视肌酶检查.     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒非急性心肌梗死相关肌钙蛋白I升高二例报道

报道2例非急性心肌梗死(AMI)相关肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)升高的DKA患者。DKA是内分泌科常见急危重症,病情变化迅速,死亡率高。DKA与非AMI引起心肌损伤导致相关cTnI升高的研究较少,主要不良心血管事件发生率高,长期预后不佳。应对其鉴别以避免误诊并加强后续心脏评估。     

Plasma immunoreactive somatostatin is elevated in diabetic ketoacidosis and correlates with plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration

In experimental diabetes and after the administration of beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), an increase in circulating immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) has been described. Both ketones and NEFA are raised in diabetic ketoacidosis. Therefore, we decided to investigate 10 patients in diabetic ketoacidosis by measuring, on admission and throughout the initial 24 hours of therapy, circulating levels of IRS, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, triglycerides, blood glucose, pH and NEFA. Fluids and insulin were administered IV following a previously established protocol. Nine patients showed abnormally high levels of circulating IRS. When compared with a group of controlled insulin-dependent diabetic patients, basal IRS was high (111 +/- 15 vs 28 +/- 3 pmol/l), and remained elevated for at least 24 h despite clear improvement of metabolic status. On admission we also found elevated levels of NEFA (1.04 +/- 0.2 mmol/l), triglycerides (4.7 +/- 1.1 mmol/l), beta-hydroxybutyrate (22.1 +/- 4mmol/l), and acetoacetate (4.8 +/- 1.1 mmol/l). A significant correlation was found initially between IRS and NEFA (p less than 0.01). We conclude that circulating IRS is high in most cases of diabetic ketoacidosis. The mechanism behind this hypersomatostatinaemia could be related to the abnormalities of lipid metabolism which occur in diabetic ketoacidosis.     

Severe diabetic ketoacidosis: the need for large doses of insulin.

A 21-year-old female with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) presented in ketoacidosis. She received intravenous normal saline and insulin at 6 U/h and 1.26% sodium bicarbonate solution. After the blood glucose had fallen to 9.5 mmol/l, the saline infusion was changed to 5% glucose solution and the insulin infusion rate to 2 to 3 U/h. The next day the patient became more drowsy (Glasgow coma scale 13/15, later falling to 4/15). Computed tomography (CT) scan suggested cerebral oedema and the patient was treated with dexamethasone and mannitol. She remained critically ill for 48 h, eventually making a full recovery. Insulin was given at rates of 8 to 14 U/h, with 10% or 20% glucose infusion to maintain the blood glucose above 5 mmol/l; despite this it was not until the fifth day that her serum bicarbonate became normal. Textbooks usually advise starting insulin at 6 U/h and reducing the infusion rate to 1-4 U/h when the blood glucose falls below a certain level. In this case, even with high rates of insulin infusion, it took 5 days before the patient's serum bicarbonate returned to normal. Thus, in severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), protocols should advise that the insulin infusion be continued at high dose (4 to 6 U/h or more), with appropriate glucose infusion to prevent hypoglycaemia, until the serum bicarbonate is normal or nearly so.     

Case of disseminated pyomyositis in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic ketoacidosis

Primary pyomyositis is a pyogenic and uncommon infection of skeletal muscle, which is mainly observed in tropical areas and/or human immunodeficiency virus patients. In non‐human immunodeficiency virus infected patients, the most common cause is diabetes mellitus. Because of its rarity, the accurate diagnosis is often challenging. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative bacteria. According to the severity, pyomyositis is divided into three stages, and the late stage is occasionally lethal. The present case was compatible with the most advanced stage. Therefore, it was very difficult to save her life without precise and timely diagnosis. Furthermore, in the invasive stage, surgical drainage and broad‐spectrum antibiotics should be given for a long enough period. Here, we report a case of a Japanese woman who developed disseminated abscesses under poorly controlled diabetic conditions accompanied by ketoacidosis, but was successfully treated without any sequelae.     

六例糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并高脂血症和急性胰腺炎临床分析

目的提高临床医师对糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)合并高脂血症(HL)和急性胰腺炎(AP)的认识。方法回顾性分析6例DKA合并HL和AP患者的临床资料。结果除DKA的临床特征外,还有:(1)6例患者均为中青年,年龄(34.2±4.1)岁,以急性腹痛就诊,均有腹部压痛;(2)入院时均有HL,次晨查甘油三酯(14．2-62．2 mmol/L),总胆固醇(8．9～29．4 mmol/L),治疗48-72h后甘油三酯降至(1.98 -5．39 mmol/L),总胆固醇降至(4．52-7．36 mmol/L);(3)AP发作期间5例患者血和(或)尿淀粉酶升高3倍以上,仅1例患者升高不到1倍;5例患者胰腺CT检查有AP改变,但其中3例患者B超显示胰腺正常;(4)治愈的5例患者以及时有效地纠正DKA和禁食治疗为基本措施,治疗后腹痛消失,血尿淀粉酶恢复正常。结论(1)以腹痛就诊的DKA患者,应查甘油三酯、血尿淀粉酶和腹部CT以排除AP;(2)纠正DKA和禁食是治疗暂时性显著HL和AP的关键。     

Base excess measured at hospital admission is useful for predicting diabetic ketoacidosis severity and resolution time in adult patients

Background and aimsThis study aimed to identify the biochemical factors measured at hospital admission that could predict diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) resolution time in adult patients.Materials and methodsThis retrospective study included 79 patients >18 years of age. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine which variables might predict DKA resolution time. Biochemical parameters between the two DKA resolution time groups were compared.ResultsUsing multiple linear regression models, acidosis time was found to decrease by 29 h if the pH value increased by one unit, 0.64 h if the base excess (BE) value increased by 1 mmol, and 1.09 h if the bicarbonate (HCO3^?) value increased by 1 mmol. The biochemical parameters that differed between the two groups were pH, HCO3^?, and BE. Patients with delayed resolution of DKA had a blood pH of 7.1 (±0.18), HCO3^? of 5.1 mmol (2.9-11.6 mmol), and BE of -21.5 mmol (-28.2 to -14.4 mmol) at hospital admission.ConclusionsLower pH, HCO3^?, and BE values at hospital admission may predict longer DKA resolution times in adult patients. In addition, BE may predict DKA severity.