颈椎管哑铃形肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨不同入路显微手术切除颈椎管哑铃形肿瘤的手术方法,总结其主要优点和术后并发症情况。方法2004年5月至2006年7月共收治16例颈椎管哑铃形肿瘤,其中5例肿瘤最大径超过5cm。5例巨大肿瘤中4例位于上颈段,采用侧方改良的极外侧入路（后外侧肌间入路）, 1例外院手术复发的巨大肿瘤位于中颈段,采用分次后正中和前路联合切除并行后方和前方内固定加前方植骨融合;1例肿瘤椎管外部分向前方生长,采用颈前入路切除后行前方植骨融合加内固定,其余10例采用后正中入路,其中1例超过中线的肿瘤采用全椎板切除加椎管成形,7例半椎板切除, 1例复发肿瘤原路切除,1例未切除椎板切除肿瘤。结果手术全切肿瘤14例,次全切2例。所有病例术后症状均有明显改善,其中2例巨大肿瘤患者术后出现低氧血症,重新气管插管后逐渐恢复, 1例巨大肿瘤患者术后脑脊液漏皮下积液,经穿刺置管引流数日后恢复正常。其中12例随访9-18个月,无一例复发或出现脊柱不稳定的情况。结论对于颈椎管哑铃形肿瘤,应尽可能采用创伤小的手术方式,在切除肿瘤的同时,减少棘突、韧带、椎板以及小关节的破坏,减小创伤和对脊柱稳定性的破坏,预防脊柱后凸和侧凸畸形的发生。极外侧入路适用于微创切除体积较大的高颈段椎管哑铃形肿瘤,较小的肿瘤可以采用后正中入路半椎板开窗手术,对骨质破坏严重者需在切除肿瘤后行内固定手术。     

椎管内肿瘤的显微外科手术治疗

目的 总结不同脊髓节段的椎管内肿瘤的手术治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析351例椎管内肿瘤的临床资料.所有病人均行显微手术治疗,采用后外侧肌间入路2例;半椎板入路243例,其中切除骨复位、椎管重建93例;旁正中侧方入路7例;全椎板入路99例,其中全椎板复位、椎管重建67例,去椎板减压32例.结果 肿瘤全切除333例(94.9％),次全及部分切除18例(5.1％).术后按Frankel标准评定疗效,优良298例,显效47例,差6例.229例随访1～9年,影像学复查均未见椎管狭窄及滑脱,肿瘤复发16例.结论 根据肿瘤不同性质、不同节段及与脊髓相对位置,采用个性化显微手术方法,既能保证肿瘤切除,又能维护脊柱稳定.     

半椎板入路显微手术治疗颈椎椎管内肿瘤

目的探讨半椎板入路显微手术治疗颈椎椎管内肿瘤的优点与不足。方法对52例颈椎椎管内肿瘤运用半椎板入路(其中37例采用单纯半椎板入路,15例哑铃形肿瘤采用半椎板及小关节切除入路)显微手术切除肿瘤。随访其术后神经功能、肿瘤复发与脊柱畸形情况。结果 51例肿瘤获全切除,1例肿瘤次全切除,没有出现新的神经功能损害的症状。术后随访10～60个月,平均48个月,1例肿瘤复发,1例失访。38例复查颈椎过伸和过屈位平片,未见脊柱畸形,但有小关节破坏者颈椎活动度较大。结论半椎板入路显微手术治疗颈椎管内肿瘤对后部结构破坏小,有利于维持脊柱的稳定性,但有小关节破坏时,应长期随访其稳定性变化。本术式术野暴露局限,仅限于偏于一侧生长的髓外肿瘤。     

哑铃形颈段椎管肿瘤手术治疗(附32例报告)

目的探讨提高颈段哑铃形椎管肿瘤的疗效.方法采用颈后正中入路手术切除颈段哑铃形肿瘤32例.结果全切22例,大部分及次全切除10例;痊愈及好转27例,无变化者3例,加重1例,死亡1例.结论颈后正中人路可切除脊髓侧方、后方及部分长入前外的哑铃形肿瘤,对于脊髓腹侧及前外方的哑铃形肿瘤宜采用其他入路.     

半椎板入路切除椎管内外哑铃型肿瘤

目的探讨经半椎板入路切除椎管内外哑铃型肿瘤的手术技巧。方法回顾性分析2013年3月—2018年5月于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院神经外科治疗的26例椎管内外哑铃型肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果 26例均采用了半椎板入路切除肿瘤,其中经后正中入路13例,经前侧方入路12例,前后联合入路分期手术1例;肿瘤全切除25例,次全切除1例。术后随访4～60个月,患者症状均明显缓解,无明显脊柱畸形发生。结论大多数椎管内外哑铃型肿瘤能够经半椎板入路一期手术切除;与传统的全椎板手术方式相比,半椎板入路创伤较小,几乎不影响脊柱的稳定性。     

手术治疗椎管内神经鞘瘤58例

目的总结椎管内神经鞘瘤的手术经验。方法回顾性分析2002年3月2012年9月手术治疗的58例椎管内神经鞘瘤的临床资料,其中40例采用后正中全椎板入路,4例采用后正中半椎板入路,3例采用经后路半椎板+关节突入路部分切除,7例行经后路全椎板+关节突入路切除+内固定植骨融合术,2例行前外侧经胸+后路椎板入路切除,2例行后外侧经横突+椎板入路切除。结果肿瘤全切除55例,次全切除3例。55例术后随访6~34个月,平均18.5月;按照Frankle分级评定标准评判效果,改善50例,不变5例;肿瘤全切者无复发,肿瘤次全切除者2例复发。结论对于椎管内神经鞘瘤,手术入路的选择应根据肿瘤的位置、大小、肿瘤与脊髓之间的关系及椎管外有无侵润等综合考虑。     

上颈段椎管内外哑铃形神经源性肿瘤的手术治疗经验

目的探讨上颈段椎管内外哑铃形神经源性肿瘤的手术入路、肿瘤与枕下海绵窦的关系、术后颈椎的稳定性。方法从1996至2005年期间经病理证实的上颈段哑铃形神经源性肿瘤17例（神经鞘瘤12例，神经纤维瘤5例），采用枕下后正中入路（13例）和颈后外侧入路（4例）切除肿瘤。所有患者术中均未行颈枕融合术。结果16例肿瘤在显微镜下全切除，1例行近全切。根据术中肿瘤和硬膜的关系，肿瘤位于单纯硬膜外者12例，硬膜内外者5例。随访期间临床症状和影像学检查均无颈椎不稳定性现象发生。结论采用枕下后正中入路或颈后外侧入路显微手术切除肿瘤是理想的治疗方法。术中娴熟处理椎动脉和枕下静脉丛出血至关重要。     

半椎板入路显微手术切除椎管内肿瘤的方法及效果评价

目的探讨半椎板入路显微切除治疗椎管内肿瘤的手术方法及效果。方法回顾性分析2013年1月~2016年4月我院89例经半椎板入路微创显微手术治疗椎管内肿瘤的临床资料。半侧椎板开窗从1个节段到9个节段不等,开骨窗宽约1.0~1.5cm,通过患者手术前后Frankel分级评价手术效果。结果肿瘤全切除85例,4例近全切除,手术均不同程度改善了所有病人的神经功能,随访5~24个月,行颈、胸、腰椎MRI及X-线或CT复查,未见脊柱畸形,且稳定性良好,1例脊膜瘤复发。结论半椎板入路手术创伤小,术后恢复快,可最大限度维持脊柱稳定性,适合于椎管内大部分肿瘤的切除。     

半椎板切除联合胸(腹)腔镜技术治疗胸腰椎管哑铃形肿瘤

目的 探讨后正中椎板切除联合胸(腹)腔镜手术切除胸腰椎管哑铃形肿瘤的方法与可行性.方法 应用半椎板切除联合胸(腹)腔镜技术一期对4例胸腰椎管哑铃形肿瘤施行了手术.先通过神经外科显微手术切除椎管内肿瘤.再经胸(腹)腔镜切除胸腹腔椎旁肿瘤.结果 肿瘤全切3例,次全切1例.手术耗时4-6h,出血量100-200ml.术后临床症状明显改善,无手术并发症.术后随访6个月-3年未见肿瘤生长或复发.结论 后正中入路联合胸(腹)腔镜手术一期切除胸腰椎管哑铃形肿瘤创伤小,术后疼痛轻,并发症少,是一种较为理想的手术方法.     

半椎板入路切除椎管内肿瘤

目的探讨半椎板切除入路在椎管内肿瘤中的应用及其适应证.方法回顾性分析43例椎管内肿瘤病人的临床资料,其中髓外肿瘤40例,髓内海绵状血管瘤3例;均采用半椎板切除入路显微手术.结果43例肿瘤均获全切除.随访6～48个月,术前症状均不同程度改善,行颈、胸、腰椎X-线或MRI复查,均未出现脊柱畸形,无肿瘤复发.结论对椎管内髓外良性肿瘤,半椎板切除入路创伤小,术后恢复快,可最大限度保护脊柱的稳定性;对部分偏侧生长界限清楚的髓内肿瘤也可采用半椎板切除入路.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。