冠状动脉-肺静脉瘘1例报告

1 病例介绍 乔某,男,40岁,干部.因反复发作劳力性心前区憋痛1个月余前来就诊.平素身体健康,无冠心病家族病史,1年前体检仅发现血压偏高,多次测量均在140～160/85～105 mmHg之间,平常无头痛、眩晕、肢体麻木和无力等症状,无糖尿病病史,6个月前血脂检查低密度脂蛋白胆固醇为3.5 mmol/L,心电图发现下壁和广泛前璧ST段压低＞0.5 mV,T波低平,电轴正常.门诊以"冠心病,不稳定心绞痛"收住院.入院查体:体型中等,血压大致正常,心律整齐,75次/min,心音有力,无杂音,心界不大,两肺呼吸音正常,肝、脾、腹部无阳性体征,神经系统正常,心肌酶、胸片无异常.     

动脉粥样硬化发病中冠状动脉内源性一氧化碳及血红素氧化酶-1的变化

目的 研究内源性一氧化碳(CO)及其合成酶-血红素氧化酶-1(Heme Oxygenase-1,，HO-1)在冠状动脉粥样硬化疾病发展中的变化规律。方法 通过逆转录PCR、原位杂交、免疫组织化学染色、生物化学多项指标观察动脉粥样硬化发病过程中HO-1和CO等相关指标变化规律。结果 原位杂交显示实验组兔冠状动脉内皮细胞有HO-1 mRNA表达，免疫组化显示在冠状动脉内皮细胞HO-1蛋白呈阳性反应。且随动脉粥样硬化的发展，其在冠状动脉的表达有逐渐增高的趋势。RT-PCR也观察到相同的结果。其冠状动脉璧血红素氧化酶活性、CO浓度及cGMP含量有逐渐增高的趋势。结论 CO及HO-1在动脉粥样硬化发病过程中可能具有重要作用。     

危险因素的评估在冠心病临床诊断中的参考价值研究

目的:探讨冠心病危险因素在诊断冠心病中的价值。方法:以选择性冠状动脉造影为金标准,对3355例临床诊断冠心病患者的主要冠心病危险因素(年龄、性别、糖尿病、高脂血症及高血压)和临床诊断符合率的关系进行分析。结果:3355例临床诊断冠心病的符合率为75.26%。无危险因素时冠心病临床诊断符合率仅为25%,有一个危险因素时为61.2%(P<0.001),冠心病危险因素越多,临床诊断符合率越高。患者年龄越大,符合率越高,误诊越少。男性、有糖尿病史、高脂血症患者符合率显著高于女性、无糖尿病、无高脂血症患者。尤其是≤50岁女性的临床诊断符合率仅为46.88%。高血压有无对诊断符合率无明显影响(P>0.05)。结论:冠心病整体危险因素评估对临床诊断冠心病有重要价值。应在了解冠心病整体危险因素基础上,评估临床表现和辅助检查结果,科学地作出冠心病诊断。     

冠状动脉畸形及其临床意义

目的 :探讨冠状动脉造影的人群中冠状动脉畸形的检出率、临床特点和预后。　　方法 :回顾性总结 3 188例行冠状动脉造影术的人群。　　结果 :3 188例行冠状动脉造影术的人群中 ,共检出冠状动脉畸形 42例 ,检出率为 1 3 2 % ,其中 81%为冠状动脉起源和分布异常 ,19%为冠状动脉静脉瘘 ;76 2 %为对心肌灌注没有影响、相对良性的畸形 ,2 3 8%为对心肌灌注有潜在影响、有一定的危险性的畸形。　　结论 :右冠状动脉起源于左冠状动脉窦、左主干起源于右冠状动脉窦并穿行于主动脉和肺动脉之间、左主干起自肺动脉等是非常严重的冠状动脉畸形 ,患者常发生心绞痛、急性心肌梗死和心力衰竭 ,这些畸形一旦发现 ,应进行预防性的手术矫正。小冠状动脉瘘多数无临床症状 ,但多发和大冠状动脉瘘可发生充血性心力衰竭、心肌缺血。冠状动脉畸形并非罕见 ,某些类型的冠状动脉畸形可致严重的临床后果 ,应尽早进行预防性地手术矫正     

FAVOR Ⅲ China试验设计和最新进展

定量血流分数(QFR)是一种基于血管造影,可在不使用压力导丝和充血药物情况下快速计算血流储备分数的创新技术。FAVORⅢChina是一项由研究者发起的、多中心、对患者和临床评估者设盲随机对照临床试验,其目的是评估QFR增强血管造影指导(QFR指导组)策略与单纯血管造影指导(造影指导组)策略用于冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的疗效和成本效益。主要终点是1年主要不良心脏事件(包括全因死亡、任何心肌梗死及任何缺血驱动的血管重建)的发生率。2018年12月开始入组,2020年1月完成入组。目前,1年的临床随访已经完成,主要结果将在2021年美国经导管心血管治疗大会上公布。     

冠状动脉造影与冠心病临床诊断对比分析

100例临床初步诊断冠心病患者经冠状动脉造影与临床对比分析后,确诊冠心病者74例,诊断符合率74%。其中冠脉痉挛占确诊例数的19%,可见其在冠心病中的地位。尚有1/4患者诊断不符,主要为高血压心脏病、心肌病或心律失常等,多因其可疑心绞痛症状而误判。因此,严格掌握心绞痛诊断标准是提高冠心病诊断正确率的关键。     

经桡动脉径路冠状动脉介入诊疗的初步评价

目的初步评价经桡动脉进行冠状动脉介入诊疗临床应用的优缺点。方法经桡动脉冠状动脉介入40例,与股动脉径路42例比较。结果与股动脉径路对比,桡动脉穿刺时间稍长,术后血管加压包扎时间、术后卧床时间和住院时间均较经股动脉进行同类手术时间短,术后出血并发症少,住院费用相对减少。右侧头臂千和锁骨下动脉变异、弯曲导致2例手术困难,1例改由股动脉径路手术。缺点是经右侧桡动脉途径无法进行左侧颈动脉及左锁骨下动脉选择性造影,常规导管亦无法进行选择性肾动脉造影。结论经桡动脉进行冠状动脉介入诊疗方法有一定优点,值得临床推广应用。     

Multi-Link冠状动脉内支架的临床应用和长期随访结果

目的 :评估 Multi- L ink冠状动脉内支架置入术的临床疗效。　　方法 :总结和分析行 Multi- L ink支架置入术的 96例冠心病患者 ,并做长期临床随访和冠状动脉造影复查。　　结果 :共置入 Multi- L ink支架 116只 ,平均每例 1.2 (1～ 4)只。急性心肌梗塞行直接冠状动脉内支架置入术 30只 ,初发原位病变 (De Novo) 34只 ,经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术 (PTCA )效果不满意 38只 ,非阻塞性内膜撕裂 9只和濒临闭塞(bailout) 2只 ,再狭窄病变 3只。手术成功率 99.0 %。住院期间死亡 1例 ,余无其他心脏事件发生。49.0 %患者于术后平均 17± 11个月复查冠状动脉造影 ,再狭窄率为 2 .1%。临床随访 2 7± 8个月 ,无临床心脏事件生存率为 91.6 %。　　结论 :Multi- L ink冠状动脉内支架置入术是一种安全和有效的治疗冠心病的方法。     

心肌桥合并冠状动脉粥样硬化患者的临床特点

目的探讨心肌桥合并冠状动脉粥样硬化患者的临床及冠脉造影特征。方法收集2005-2009年在我院经选择性冠状动脉造影证实的42例心肌桥患者的临床资料,根据造影结果将患者分为单纯性心肌桥组（19例）与心肌桥合并冠状动脉粥样硬化组（23例）,分析比较两组临床特点和造影结果。结果两组在性别及冠心病危险因素上差异无统计学意义,但心肌桥合并冠状动脉粥样硬化狭窄组存在2个或2个以上冠心病危险因素的概率要明显高于单纯心肌桥组。冠状动脉粥样硬化多发生于邻近心肌桥部位,其临床上多表现为急性冠脉综合征。结论心肌桥可能导致其邻近部位发生冠状动脉粥样硬化损伤并加速其进展。心肌桥合并冠状动脉粥样硬化患者可能发生更为严重的临床事件。     

主动脉瓣狭窄并右冠状动脉缺如1例

<正>临床资料患者,男性,62岁,因反复活动后胸痛10年、加重2 w于2011年4月18日收住入院。起病后日常活动受限。心脏彩超提示主动脉瓣狭窄伴中度反流,右心室流出道狭窄,左心室收缩功能正常,舒张功能减退。诊断:①主动脉瓣狭窄伴关闭不全②右心室流出道狭窄。拟行换瓣术,     

Depression of the ST segment in precordial derivations: prognostic value in inferior myocardial infarct

We have assessed the prognostic significance of ST segment depression in the anterior precordial leads in patients with an acute inferior infarction. Eighty-four patients with ST segment depression greater than or equal to 1 mm in at least 2 chest leads (Group A) and 82 patients without ST depression (Group B), all admitted to the hospital within 24 hours from the onset of an acute inferior myocardial infarction, were evaluated. Patients with an old infarction, those with intraventricular conduction abnormalities or other causes that could modify the ST segment were excluded from the study. The number of patients affected by complications during the hospital stay was significantly higher in group A (54 patients of group A vs 27 of group B, p less than 0,001). Death, left ventricular failure, ventricular arrhythmias were considerably higher in group A. Moreover we observed that the persistence of the ST segment depression for more than 24 hours identified a subgroup of patients with a very strong risk of complications, particularly death and left ventricular failure. The follow up after 3-6 months, however, did not show any significant difference in both groups. In conclusion, from our study it appears that patients with an inferior infarction precordial ST segment depression have a graver prognosis in the acute phase while their mid-term fate does not seem to be influenced by the presence of this electrocardiographic abnormality.     

Right ventricular infarction/ischemia with precordial ST elevation: comparison with left ventricular anterior wall infarction]

Acute right ventricular (RV) infarction is sometimes accompanied by precordial ST elevation which is also suggestive of left ventricular (LV) anterior wall infarction. We compared 12-lead electrocardiograms between 2 groups of patients with initial acute myocardial infarction presenting precordial ST elevation, one with RV infarction (n = 11) and the other with LV anterior wall infarction (n = 42). The magnitude and extent of the ST elevation and the positions presenting the maximal ST elevation in the precordial leads differed between the 2 groups. In the inferior and lateral leads, the analysis of the ST segment shift aided in distinguishing between the 2 groups. The specific patterns of intraventricular conduction delay and frontal QRS-axis deviation were also useful for the differentiation. The best electrocardiographic variable for identifying RV infarction was inferior lead ST elevation, followed by maximal precordial ST elevation in lead V1, ST elevation limited to only one precordial lead and a cove-shaped pattern of RV conduction delay. The best electrocardiographic predictor for diagnosing LV anterior wall infarction was an isoelectric or depressed ST-segment in the inferior leads, followed by precordial ST elevation equal to or greater than 5 mm, maximal ST elevation in lead V3 or V4 and ST elevation in the lateral leads. We concluded that systematic analysis of the 12-lead electrocardiograms recorded in the hyperacute stage is valuable for distinguishing between acute RV infarction and LV anterior wall infarction.     

Precordial ST segment depression in acute inferior myocardial infarction: the importance of posterolateral wall infarction

To determine whether precordial ST segment depression during acute inferior myocardial infarction indicates posterolateral wall ischemia, anatomical predominance of coronary circulation was examined by coronary angiography and evaluated in 43 patients who experienced first acute inferior myocardial infarction. Among patients who underwent intracoronary thrombolysis within six hours from the onset of symptoms, the infarct-related artery was the right coronary artery (RCA) in 35. In addition, their early 12-lead electrocardiographic features were compared with those in eight patients having the infarct-related left circumflex coronary artery (group Cx). Thirty-five patients with RCA obstruction were categorized in four groups: Four patients with left predominant type (group L), 10 with balanced type (group B), five with right super-predominant type (group SR), and 16 with right intermediate type (group RI). Seventeen of the 21 patients in groups SR and RI demonstrated precordial ST segment depression, whereas it was present in only six of the 14 patients in groups L and B (p less than 0.05). Of the 29 patients in groups SR, Cx and RI, total ST segment depression in leads V1 through V4 (sigma ST) was greater in the 14 patients in groups L and B (p less than 0.05) than in other groups. Furthermore, in these 29, all patients in groups SR and Cx had greater sigma ST than did the patients in group RI (p less than 0.05). There was no significant difference in sigma ST between groups SR and Cx. Precordial ST segment depression did not correlate with concomitant disease of the left anterior descending artery and was not a mirror image of ST segment elevation in inferior leads. On thallium-201 scintigraphy, additional perfusion defects of the posterolateral wall were present in all eight patients in group Cx and in ten of the 21 patients in groups SR and RI. Thus, precordial ST segment depression during acute inferior myocardial infarction seemed to be affected by the pattern of coronary circulation. It was concluded that this ST depression represents more extensive involvement of the posterolateral wall in patients with right predominant coronary circulation as well as in those with left circumflex artery obstruction.     

Predictors and importance of congestive heart failure in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction

Inferior myocardial infarction (MI) is considered to have a more favorable prognosis than anterior wall MI but includes high risk groups with increased mortality and morbidity. It is well known that congestive heart failure (CHF) complicating acute MI has poor prognosis. In this study we assessed the clinical and prognostic significance of CHF and the predictive value of the baseline demographic and clinical variables for CHF in patients with acute inferior MI. A total of 350 patients with acute inferior MI were included. In group A there were 26 patients (7.4%) with CHF, and in group B there were 324 patients (92.6%) without this complication. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics and in-hospital complications of the groups were assessed. In group A patients were older (67.6±9.5 vs 53.7±10.9 years, p<0.0001) and there were more female patients (50% vs 15%, p<0.00001) compared to group B. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (58% vs 16%) and precordial ST segment depression on admission ECG (81% vs 50%) were significantly higher in group A compared to group B (p<0.00001 and p=0.002 consecutively). In group A there was a higher rate of righ ventricular (25% vs 23%), posterior (26% vs 24%) and posterolateral myocardial infarction (19% vs 14%), but the differences were not statistically different. In group A patients had significantly higher rate of second- or third-degree AV block (46% vs 8%, p<0.00001), cardiogenic shock (35% vs 1%, p<0.00001) and mortality (46% vs 3%, p<0.00001) compared to group B. In a multivariate regression analysis diabetes mellitus (p=0.0003) and precordial ST segment depression on admission ECG (p=0.002) were found as the independent predictors of in-hospital CHF in patients with acute inferior MI. CHF and ST segment depression on admission ECG were found as the independent predictors of in-hospital mortality (p<0.00001, p=0.04 consecutively). Patients with CHF complicating acute inferior MI have more unfavorable demographic and clinical characteristics on admission, higher rate of in-hospital complications and mortality. History of diabetes mellitus and precordial ST segment depression on admission ECG have an independent predictive value for CHF in this particular group of patients.     

Incidence and prognostic significance of anterior precordial ST segment depression in acute inferior myocardial infarct

In order to evaluate the incidence and prognostic significance of anterior precordial ST segment depression (decreases ST) in acute inferior myocardial infarction (MI), 158 patients with inferior MI were selected. In 90 patients (56.9%) an anterior decreases ST was associated with inferior lesion wave (group A), and in 68 patients (43.1%) only an ecg pattern of inferior myocardial infarction (group B) was present. No significant statistical differences were observed in mortality (group A 10% vs group B 10.2%), in compliances (group A 54.4% vs group B 47.0%) and in higher peak serum ck-levels (group A 83.3% vs group B 69.1%) in two groups during hospitalization period. In conclusion the anterior decreases ST during inferior MI should not be considered a negative prognostic sign. These favourable results are probably related to stringent criteria for ecg diagnosis of inferior myocardial infarction used and to exclusion of all patients with non contemporary evolution of anterior decreases ST and inferior lesion wave.     

ANTERIOR ST SEGMENT DEPRESSION IN INFERIOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: EFFECT ON COMPLICATIONS AND LONG-TERM SURVIVAL

Abstract The effect of anterior ST segment depression in inferior myocardial infarction on early complications and long-term prognosis was studied. A modification of the Minnesota Code was used for grading the extent of ST segment depression in leads V₂ to V₄ on the first hospital electrocardiogram. In 267 patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction, 107 had isoelectric anterior ST segments, 84 had minor ( 0.5 mm) depression, and 76 had major (> 0.5 mm) depression. Patients with anterior ST segment depression had higher serum enzyme levels, higher Norris coronary pronostic indices, and more frequent cardiac failure during the acute stages, but similar 28 day case fatality rate (11.1%) compared with patients without anterior ST segment depression (12.6%). In the subsequent four years total cardiac death rates were not significantly different and the pattern of survival was not influenced, but there was a higher fatal re-infarction rate in patients with major anterior ST segment depression. Thus, anterior ST segment depression in inferior myocardial infarction was associated with more severe infarction in the early phase but was not a reliable marker of high risk after recovery. Selection of patients for further investigation should not be based on this observation alone.     

Implications of precordial ST segment depression during acute inferior myocardial infarction. Arteriographic and ventriculographic correlations during the acute phase.

Thirty two patients presenting with acute transmural inferior wall myocardial infarction underwent cardiac catheterisation and angiography within 12 hours of the onset symptoms. Twelve lead electrocardiograms performed within one hour of catheterisation showed ST segment depression in the anterior precordial leads in addition to inferior wall changes in 17 patients and no ST segment changes in the anterior leads in 15. When the clinical, arteriographic, and ventriculographic variables were compared between the two groups no significant differences were noted with regard to age, sex, risk factors for coronary disease, duration of symptoms before angiography, Killip class, number of inferior leads with ST segment elevation, or initial serum creatine kinase activity. The extent of coronary artery disease as well as the prevalence of severe disease in the left anterior descending artery were similar for both groups. Biplane left ventriculography showed no significant differences between the two groups with regard to global ejection fraction or to the prevalence of posterolateral or anterior segmental wall motion abnormalities.     

Clinical significance of precordial ST segment depression during acute inferior myocardial infarction

To investigate the mechanisms and clinical significance of precordial (V1-V4) ST segment depression during acute inferior myocardial infarction, stress thallium-201 scintigrams and coronary angiograms were obtained within four to eight weeks after the onset of myocardial infarction in 37 patients experiencing their first acute inferior myocardial infarction. Among 18 patients with precordial ST depression (group 1), 11 with concomitant disease of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) had positive results on exercise test, whereas in seven patients without LAD lesion, only two had positive exercise test (p less than 0.01). In 19 patients without precordial ST depression (group 2), 11 had severe stenosis in the LAD. However, among these 11 patients, only two had positive exercise tests. Patients with precordial ST depression demonstrated a higher frequency of positive exercise tests than those without it (p less than 0.01). On stress thallium-201 scintigraphy, a perfusion defect involving the inferior wall was present in all patients, but additional anterior wall ischemia was present in only five of the 18 patients in group 1. These five patients had chest pain on exercise tests and a severe stenosis greater than 90% in the LAD. There was no significant difference in the frequency of additional posterolateral wall infarction between groups 1 and 2. In 18 patients in group 1, sigma ST (total degrees of ST segment depression in leads V1, V2, V3, and V4 in the acute stage) was significantly greater in 11 patients with LAD lesion than in seven without (p less than 0.05), and sigma ST greater than five mm was observed in 12 of 13 patients who had additional anterior wall ischemia and posterolateral wall infarction on stress thallium-201 scintigraphy (p less than 0.05). Myocardial revascularization, such as aortocoronary bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), was performed in six of the 18 patients in group 1 in the chronic stage, but in only one of the 19 patients in group 2. Thus, in patients with initial acute inferior myocardial infarction, those with precordial ST depression seemed to be a high-risk group. It was suggested that, during the early stage of myocardial infarction, this abnormality on electrocardiograms is related to the summation of effects of anterior wall ischemia and posterolateral wall infarction. Furthermore, the sigma ST evaluation is useful in differentiating a mirror image of inferior wall infarction from anterior wall ischemia and posterolateral wall infarction as the mechanism of precordial ST depression.     

急性下壁心肌梗死患者心电图胸前导联ST段改变的临床意义

目的探讨急性下壁心肌梗死患者心电图胸前导联ST段改变与冠状动脉造影(CAG)所见冠状动脉病变部位的关系及其临床意义。方法 187例急性下壁心肌梗死患者,按入院时18导心电图胸前导联ST段改变分为3组,ST段无变化组(47例),ST段抬高组(16例),ST段压低组(124例);所有患者均行CAG。结果急性下壁心肌梗死伴胸前导联ST段抬高时多为右冠状动脉(RCA)近段闭塞(14例,82.3%),尤其是伴圆锥支动脉闭塞,与RCA中远端闭塞(2例,5.9%)比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),且14例(73.7%)伴有右心功能不全和血流动力学障碍。下壁心肌梗死胸前导联ST段压低者可见于RCA、回旋支(LCX)闭塞及RCA、LCX闭塞与前降支(LAD)、对角支(D)病变的不同组合,其中LCX闭塞伴RCA病变者多表现为朐前ST V_4～V_6的压低,RCA闭塞伴LAD近端病变多有胸前ST V_1～V_6的压低,RCA伴D病变胸前ST V_1～V_3压低,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性下壁心肌梗死合并胸前导联ST段抬高表明为RCA近段或丌口闭塞且多伴右心室心肌梗死和心功能不全;下壁心肌梗死伴胸前导联ST段压低提示为多支病变,ST V_1～V_3压低多伴有对角支严重狭窄,STV_1～V_6压低多伴有前降支的严重狭窄。     

Precordial ST segment elevation in acute ischemia caused by right coronary artery occlusion.

The purpose of this study is to determine why precordial ST elevation (V1 lead) occurs during acute occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA). Nineteen patients with vasospastic angina, in whom ergonovine administration into RCA provoked spasms, were divided into 2 groups by precordial ST change during spasms. Group I (n = 6) had precordial ST elevation; group II (n = 13) had no precordial ST elevation. A subgroup, IIA was comprised 6 patients in group II with spasms in the RCA proximal segment (segment number less than 2 of AHA coronary classification). None had left coronary dominancy. There was no difference in collateral flow during spasms. Location of spasms in group I was in the RCA proximal segment, and was significantly more proximal compared to group II. There was no difference in sigma ST in II, III, aVF between group I and II or IIA. Max ST elevation time by which duration of ischemia was estimated was significantly longer in group I than in group IIA. Three patients in group I displayed precordial ST depression before elevation, in all of whom in sigma ST in II, III, aVF was higher during precordial ST elevation than during depression. During acute occlusion in the RCA proximal segment, precordial ST elevation is caused by ischemia of the right ventricular anterior wall. Furthermore, precordial ST elevation can occur in a patient with RCA dominance, even if ischemic injury in the left ventricular infero-posterior wall increases progressively.