Treatment of infant colic with amino acid-based infant formula: a preliminary study

Infant colic, a common disorder of infancy, is characterized by excessive crying and fussing. In this preliminary study we examined whether Neocate, an amino acid-based formula, would be accepted by formula-fed infants with colic, 3-7 wk of age, and whether Neocate would improve their symptoms. Six infants with colic were studied using Barr-type infant behavior diaries for 3-6 d on their current formula and then for 5-17 d on Neocate exclusively. All infants tolerated Neocate well and all improved, usually within 1-2 d. The total time spent crying and fussing was reduced by an average of 45%, representing a decrease of 1.0 to 5.2 h daily. After colic symptoms improved, infants were challenged with oral doses of 75 mg of bovine IgG at a 1 mg/ml concentration in order to assess its potential role in colic. Bovine IgG challenges resulted in increased crying and fussing behavior, suggesting that this protein may be etiologically important.     

Z-score of weight for age of infants with atopic dermatitis and cow's milk allergy fed with a rice-hydrolysate formula during the first two years of life

Background: Recently, rice-based formulas have been widely used in hypoallergenic diets, but data on nutritional values are scarce. Aim: To evaluate the growth of infants fed with a rice-based hydrolysate formula, compared to those infants fed with a soy formula or an extensively hydrolysed casein formula, in the first 2 y of life. Methods: A total of 88 infants were enrolled between March 2002 and March 2004. Fifty-eight infants with atopic dermatitis (AD) and cow's milk allergy (CMA), confirmed by open challenge, were enrolled as study group: 15 were fed with a rice-based hydrolysate formula (RHF), 17 with a soy-based formula (SF) and 26 with an extensively hydrolysed casein formula (eHCF). Thirty infants with AD without cow's milk allergy were recruited as a control group (CG) and fed with a free diet. Weight was recorded on enrolment and at 3-monthly intervals in the first year of life, and at 6-monthly intervals in the second year. Infants were weighed naked, before feeding, by means of an electronic integrating scale. The z-scores of weight for age were calculated. Statistics: One-way analysis of variance and Student's t -test were used for statistical comparison. Significance was set at p <0.05. Results: No significant differences between the RHF, SF and eHCF groups were observed for the z-score of weight for age during the first 2 y of life, but a significantly lower difference was seen in the RHF group compared to the control group in the intervals 9 mo–1 y ( p =0.025) and 1–1.5 y ( p =0.020) of age. In contrast, the SF and eHCF groups were comparable to the control group, but the eHCF group was significantly lower ( p =0) in the first trimester of life.
Conclusion: Even if our findings show no significant difference between RHF and control, low weight observed in infants fed with RHF raises doubts about the nutritional adequacy of rice-hydrolysate formulas.     

Correlation between early neonatal diet and atopic symptoms up to 5-7 years of age in very low birth weight infants: follow-up of randomized, double-blind study

The influence of early feeding on the risk of atopic diseases has been studied in full-term newborns, not in very low birth weight infants (VLBW). The study evaluated effect of early feeding of VLBW infants with either cow's milk-based formula (CMF) or extensively hydrolyzed milk formula (HF) on incidence of atopic diseases and markers of atopy at 5-7 years of age. This was a follow-up of the randomized, double-blind study evaluating the influence of different enteral feeding protocols on the early morbidity of VLBW infants. In the original study 80 children were randomly allocated into 2 groups receiving during first month of life HF (experimental group) or CMF (control group). At the age of 5-7 years, 62 children among 74 available (84%) with mean birthweight 1124g were evaluated according to standardized ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) protocol. Total IgE level, specific IgE, lymphocyte CD4+CCR4+/CD4+CXCR3+ ratio and skin prick tests (SPT) were done. Prevalence of obvious allergic diseases was not significantly different between the studied groups (HF: 12/33; CMF: 6/29; RR [relative risk] HF vs CMF: 1.76; 95%CI [confidence interval]: 0.76–4.09). Comparison of atopic status across groups revealed similar rate of positive markers of atopy: IgE (RR: 2.57 95%CI: 0.91–8,08), SPT (RR: 5.13; 95%CI: 0.93–31.6), lymphocyte CD4+CCR4+/CD4+CXCR3+ ratio (OR: 2.32; 95%CI: 0.78–7.53) in the both studied groups. Based on the carried out follow-up study we were unable to confirm the usefulness of hydrolyzed formula in prevention of allergy in an unselected cohort of very low birth weight infants.     

Growth of infants with IgE-mediated cow''s milk allergy fed different formulas in the complementary feeding period

Observational studies have shown that allergic infants, irrespective of the type of diet, show various degrees of growth depression in the first year of life. We investigated whether the type of milk in the complementary feeding period (6-12 months of age) is associated with differences in the increase of standardized growth indices (weight-for-age, WA; length-for-age, LA; and weight-for-length, WL, z-scores) in infants with cow's milk allergy (CMA). Infants with immunoglobulin E-mediated CMA breastfed at least 4 months and progressively weaned in the 5- to 6-month period were randomly assigned to three special formulas, a soy formula (n = 32), a casein hydrolysate (n = 31), and a rice hydrolysate (n = 30). A fourth, non-randomized group was made up by allergic infants still breastfed up to 12 months (n = 32). Groups were compared for WA, LA, and WL z-scores at 6, 9 and 12 months of age. All groups showed low WA and LA z-scores at 6 months of age. Infants fed hydrolyzed products showed a trend toward higher WA z-score increments in the 6- to 12-month period. The use of casein- and rice-based hydrolyzed formulas resulted in higher changes in WA compared with soy formula. Further research should be aimed at optimizing the dietary needs and feeding regimens for infants with CMA.     

Preventive effect of feeding high-risk infants a casein hydrolysate formula or an ultrafiltrated whey hydrolysate formula. A prospective, randomized, comparative clinical study

In a prospective study of a 1-year birth cohort of 158 high-risk infants the effect of feeding breastmilk, a casein hydrolysate (Nutramigen®) or a new ultrafiltrated whey hydrolysate (Profylac®) on the development of cow milk protein allergy/intolerance (CMPA/CMPI) was assessed and compared. All the infants had biparental or severe single atopic predisposition, the latter combined with cord blood IgE ≥ 0. 5 kU/L. At birth all infants were randomized to Nutramigen or Profylac, which was used when breastfeeding was insufficient or not possible during the first 6 months of life. During the same period this regimen was combined with avoidance of solid foods and cow milk protein. All mothers had unrestricted diets and were encouraged to do breastfeeding only. Moreover, avoidance of daily exposure to tobacco smoking, furred pets and dust-collecting materials in the the bedroom was advised. The infants were followed prospectively from birth to 18 months of age. All possible atopic symptoms were registered and controlled elimination/challenge studies were performed when symptoms suggested CMPA/CMPI. A total of 154 (97%) were followed up and 141 followed the diet strictly. Eighty-eight (62%) of the infants were breastfed for at least 6 months, 20 (14%) were breastfed exclusively, 59 and 62 had varying amounts of Nutramigen or Profylac respectively. CMPA/CMPI was diagnosed in 1/20, 1/59 and 3/62 in the breastfed, the Nutramigen and Profylac groups respectively, but 1 of the latter also had Nutramigen. None of the infants showed reactions against Nutramigen or Profylac. In 4 infants symptoms were provoked by breastmilk when the mother ingested cow milk and in 1 only by cow milk. The incidence of CMPA/CMPI among the infants who followed the dietary prevention programme was 3. 6% (5/141) which was a significant reduction compared to 20% (15/75) in an identically defined high-risk group without dietary preventive measures. None of the infants in the prevention group developed CMPA/CMPI after the age of 6 months. We conclude that feeding breastmilk, an extensively hydrolysed casein formula (Nutramigen) or an ultrafiltrated whey hydrolysate (Profylac) combined with avoidance of solid foods during the first 6 months of life in high-risk infants significantly reduced the cumulative incidence of CMPA/CMPI during the first 18 months of life. No difference was noted whether the infants were fed breastmilk, Nutramigen or Profylac and a diet period of 6 months seems sufficient. Both formulae were well tolerated and accepted by the infants.     

深度水解蛋白配方奶喂养早产儿327例临床观察

目的探讨深度水解蛋白配方奶(EHF)喂养早产儿的有效性和安全性。方法选取2007年1月至2016年12月收治住院的692例早产儿为研究对象,根据喂养方式不同分为EHF组(n=327)和标准早产儿配方奶喂养组(SPF组,n=365),收集两组早产儿住院期间资料,包括喂养不耐受情况、达全肠道喂养时间、首次排胎粪时间、胎粪排尽时间,以及大便是否有潜血、是否存在肠道感染或新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、入院后3周血清白蛋白水平、皮肤黄疸出现时间及持续时间等指标进行回顾性分析。结果两组开奶时间、首次胎粪排出时间、皮肤黄疸出现时间、入院第1、2周血清白蛋白水平、恢复出生体重时间等方面比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);EHF组喂养不耐受发生率、肠道感染率、大便潜血阳性率及NEC发生率均显著低于SPF组(P0.05);EHF组胎粪排尽时间、达全肠道喂养时间、黄疸持续时间及住院时间均显著短于SPF组(P0.05);入院第3周EHF组血清白蛋白水平高于SPF组(P0.05)。结论 EHF可降低早产儿喂养不耐受及NEC发生率,缩短黄疸持续时间,促进排便,使早产儿更早达到全肠道喂养,较SPF存在显著优势。     

Biotin and carnitine deficiency due to hypoallergenic formula nutrition in infants with milk allergy

Amino acid formulas and hydrolyzed formulas given to infants in Japan with milk allergies theoretically contain little, if any, biotin and carnitine. We assessed biotin and carnitine insufficiency in six infants with milk allergy who were fed amino acid formulas and/or hydrolyzed formulas, by measuring urine 3‐hydroxyisovaleric acid (3‐HIA) and serum free carnitine (C0), respectively. All patients presented with elevated urine 3‐HIA and lowered serum C0 compared with post‐menstrual age‐matched infants who were fed breast milk or standard infant formulas. Supplementation with biotin and l ‐carnitine immediately improved the insufficiency. Care should be taken to avoid biotin and carnitine deficiency in allergic infants fed amino acid or hydrolyzed formulas.     

深度水解蛋白配方奶对极低出生体质量儿喂养的影响

目的 探讨深度水解蛋白配方奶(HPF)开奶与标准早产儿配方奶(SPF)相比,是否能减少极低出生体质量儿(VLBWI)喂养不耐受,使VLBWI更早达到全肠道喂养,促进VLBWI的生长发育.方法 随机将2009年1-6月本院NICU收治的VLBWI 30例分为HPF组及 SPF组,2组均以20 mL·kg-1·d-1开奶,并在能耐受的情况下按此速度加奶.HPF组在日龄14 d结束HPF喂养,换等量的SPF喂养;SPF组持续以SPF喂养.观察2组患儿开奶前7 d胃潴留总次数、第7天餐前胃残留奶量(包括最大胃残留量、全天胃残留总量/全天预计喂奶量)、体质量增长速度、达完全肠道喂养时间、28 d时体格发育情况及是否合并坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC).结果 与SPF组相比,HPF组开奶前7 d胃残留总次数[(15.5±2.9)次 vs(17.1±4.5次)]、第7天最大胃残留量[(0.9±1.0) mL vs (1.8±1.3) mL]、第7天全天胃残留量/全天预计奶量[(3.1±4.8)% vs (8.7±6.9)%]降低,胃排空改善,胃潴留量减少,达完全肠内喂养时间缩短[(12.7±4.2) d vs (16.6±4.8) d],平均每日体质量增长加快[(15.37±4.08) g·d-1 vs (11.02±3.49) g·d-1],差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05).2组患儿28 d时头围[(30.01±1.11) cm vs (29.05±1.20) cm]、身长[(42.85±1.62) cm vs (41.55±1.51) cm]、体质量[(1.792±0.213) kg vs (1.617±0.187) kg]比较,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05).2组患儿NEC发病率有明显差异.结论 HPF能够促进胃排空,改善VLBWI的喂养不耐受,并使其更早达到完全肠道内喂养,从而促进VLBWI的生长发育,可将HPF用于VLBWI的开奶.     

腹泻期去乳糖奶粉辅助治疗婴儿急性腹泻的疗效观察

目的：探讨腹泻期去乳糖配方奶粉对婴儿急性腹泻病的辅助治疗作用。方法：采用严格的双盲、随机、对照等效性试验。120例婴儿急性腹泻病例被随机分为二组：去乳糖奶粉喂养组（去乳糖组）和常规奶粉喂养组（常规组），每组60例。两组均给予常规药物和口服补液治疗。观察1周后两组的治疗效果。结果：去乳糖组腹泻的治愈率及总有效率分别为58.3%和96.7%；常规组治愈率及总有效率分别为8.3%和85.0%，两组疗效的差异有显著性意义（P<0.05）。去乳糖组腹泻缓解天数为（3.17±1.04）d，明显低于常规组的（5.25±1.58）d （P<0.05）。治疗后去乳糖组大便菌群紊乱发生率亦低于常规组（P<0.05）。两组均无明显的不良事件发生。结论：去乳糖奶粉联合腹泻常规治疗方案治疗婴儿腹泻病能明显缩短病程，提高治疗效果。［中国当代儿科杂志，2009，11（7）：532-536］     

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??Breast milk is the ideal food for infants??while for those who can not be breastfed??the commercial standard formula is the first choice. However??formula with special nutrients are necessary for infants with special needs??due to special physiology or diseases. It is helpful for pediatricans to know the characteristic of those specific functional formula in order to do clinical feeding and nutritional guidance.     

Response to poliovirus immunization and type of feeding in babies of atopic families

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibody response to oral poliovirus immunization, and to evaluate the infection morbidity in a group of infants with a positive family history of atopy who were soy-protein-formula fed during the first 6 months of life. We have selected and followed from birth to 4 yr, 107 babies, 18 of whom were exclusively soy-protein-formula fed during the first 6 months of life. All infants were seen at our clinic at the ages of 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, and once-a-year afterwards. They regularly received the oral vaccine against polioviruses at the ages of 3, 5 and 12 months. At age 6, 12 and 24 months, poliovirus type 1, 2 and 3 antibodies were detected. There was no significant difference of seroconversion in the babies, breast, soy or breast and soy fed. Furthermore, no increase in infection morbidity was observed in the soy-protein-formula fed infants. Our data shows that soy-protein-formula feeding in the first 6 months of life does not induce any abnormal antibody response to the oral poliovirus vaccination, as well as no increase in infection morbidity.     

早产儿/低出生体重儿和足月儿配方粉对住院早产儿生长发育影响的多中心对照研究

目的研究不同组成成分的配方粉对胎龄<34周和（或）出生体重＜2 000 g的住院早产儿早期生长发育的影响,并对早产儿的喂养提出建议 。方法受试对象为上海市3家医院住院的胎龄＜34周或出生体重＜2 000 g的早产儿。分为两组,分别应用Ⅰ号（早产Ⅰ组）和Ⅱ号（早产Ⅱ组 ）配方粉进行喂养。研究采用严格的盲法,试验设计者不参与试验实施,数据整理者为独立的第3方人员,参与试验的医生和患儿家长对两种配 方粉的具体组成成分均不知情。Ⅰ号为适于早产儿的优博早产儿/低出生体重儿配方粉,Ⅱ号为足月儿或胎龄>34周早产儿的优博标准婴儿配方 粉。结果2007年7月至2008年6月,早产Ⅰ组117例,早产Ⅱ组106例进入分析。早产Ⅰ组体重、身长和头围的生长速度均显著快于早产Ⅱ组。试 验期间早产Ⅰ组和早产Ⅱ组的平均体重增加速度分别为12.6 g·kg-1·d-1 和10.6 g·kg-1·d-1（P＜0.001）,头围每周增长分别为0.86 cm 和0.80 cm（P＜0.05）,身长每周增长分别为0.73 cm和0.67 cm（P＜0.05）;按生理性体重下降恢复后计算,早产Ⅰ组和早产Ⅱ组的平均体重 增加速度分别为16.2 g·kg-1·d-1和14.1 g·kg-1·d-1（P＜0.001）,头围每周增长分别为0.96 cm和0.87 cm（P＜0.05）,身长增长分别为 1.08 cm和0.99 cm（P＜0.05）。早产Ⅰ组的宫外发育迟缓（EUGR）发生率（57.3％）低于早产Ⅱ组（72.5％）（P＜0.05）。结论在胎龄＜34 周或出生体重＜2 000 g的早产儿中,应用优博早产儿/低出生体重儿配方粉喂养对早产儿生长发育的影响明显优于优博标准婴儿配方粉,其体 重、身长和头围的生长速度都能够达到理想的宫内生长速度,也可明显降低EUGR的发生率。     

Breastfeeding duration and current neonatal feeding practices in Emilia Romagna, Italy

A cohort of 1567 infants was studied at birth and at 3 mo of age to elucidate factors possibly affecting feeding policies in the maternity ward and the relationship with subsequent feeding patterns. During their stay in the maternity wards 89.6% of infants were breastfed, with 28.1% receiving formula in addition to mother's milk. Independent predictors of receiving a formula supplement in the maternity wards as a result of multivariate analyses were the separation of the newborn from the mother, a birthweight lower than 3000 g and a gestational age lower than 38 wk. At 3 mo of age, 66.1% infants were still at least partially breastfed and 48.9% were exclusively breastfed. An increased risk of not being breastfed at 3 mo of age was related to supplementary feeding at birth and birthweight. A weak relationship was found between the prevalence of breastfeeding at 3 mo of age and the magnitude of routine formula supplement use in the maternity ward. Given the present trends for early discharge from maternity wards and the National Health System facility for free paediatric assistance after discharge, in Italy paediatricians should be the main actors to support the continuation of breastfeeding.     

Enterobacter sakazakii and other bacteria in powdered infant milk formula

Recently there has been considerable concern related to the presence of bacteria, in particular Enterobacter sakazakii, in powdered infant formula milk. This paper considers the bacteria in these products at point of sale, with reference to current microbiological testing and the need for good hygienic practice in their subsequent preparation before feeding. The ingestion of raised numbers of E. sakazakii resulting from temperature abuse after reconstitution is highlighted as well as the uncertain routes of E. sakazakii product contamination.     

Choice of formula and human milk supplement for preterm infants in Australia

Human milk (HM) is considered to be the optimal feed of choice for neonates, however, for preterm infants, HM fortifiers are often added to increase growth. If HM is unavailable, preterm formula is the next best option for preterm infants. Choosing which fortifier, if any, to use or which formula can be confusing. In this paper, the composition of milk feeds available in Australia and New Zealand is reviewed with the aim of assisting paediatricians to decide which feed is most appropriate for their patients.     

Iron, zinc, copper and selenium status of breast-fed infants and infants fed trace element fortified milk-based infant formula

Infants were fed cow's milk-based formulas containing 4 mg of iron/I from 1.5 to 6 months of age and their hematological status was compared to infants receiving the same formula but with 7 mg of iron/l and with breast-fed infants. One formula with 4 mg of iron/l contained iron as ferrous sulfate, in another, part of the iron was provided as bovine lactoferrin. We also studied the effect of selenium (10 μg/l) and copper (0.4 mg/l) supplementation on selenium and copper status. There were no significant differences in hematological indices among the groups at 6 months of age; all infants had satisfactory iron status. Serum transferrin receptor levels, a potential novel indicator of iron status, were highest in breast-fed infants, suggesting a cellular need for iron, and lowest in infants receiving formula with 7 mg of iron/l. Selenium status, as assessed by serum glutathione peroxidase activity, was similar at 6 months of age in breast-fed infants and infants fed formula fortified with selenium but lower in infants fed unfortified formula. The lowest levels of glutathione peroxidase activity were found in infants fed the highest concentration of iron (7 mg/l). Serum copper concentrations were similar in all groups, but the lowest levels were found in infants fed the highest concentration of iron. These results suggest that 4 mg of iron/l is adequate for infants up to 6 months of age and that higher levels may have some negative effects.