肝移植术后并发症的介入治疗

目的评价肝移植术后多种并发症的介入治疗。方法回顾性的分析肝移植术后出现各种并发症并进行介入治疗的82例患者,胆管病变62例;肝动脉病变8例;下腔静脉病变13例;肝静脉狭窄7例;门静脉病变9例。胆管并发症采用经T管置入引流管、经皮肝穿刺胆管行胆汁引流或球囊扩张术。球囊扩张成形术或(和)金属支架植入术处理血管狭窄的患者;局部溶栓治疗用于术后血管内血栓形成的病例。结果在胆管并发症患者中,41例经T管置入引流管,34例行经皮穿刺胆汁引流(PTBD),球囊扩张胆道成形术9例。3例肝动脉狭窄的患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架植入术,1例肝动脉形成血栓者行插管溶栓,效果良好。9例下腔静脉狭窄患者行支架植入术,1例接受了球囊扩张成形术。5例肝静脉狭窄患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架治疗。门静脉狭窄患者中6例接受支架治疗,1例门脉血栓形成行局部溶栓,治疗不满意。结论介入治疗是处理肝移植术后胆管和血管并发症不可或缺的临床治疗方法。     

肝移植术后早期门静脉血栓3例报告

目的总结肝移植术后早期门静脉血栓形成的原因及防治体会。方法回顾性分析肝移植术后早期门静脉血栓形成的3例病例资料,总结其血栓形成的原因、预后及诊治方案的经验和教训。结果 1例由于发现较晚未能及时有效地处理,虽然经手术取栓和全身抗凝治疗,仍未能避免移植肝的丢失,经再次肝移植治愈;1例虽经再次肝移植治疗,但由于患者一般情况差、并发症多,于再移植术后第35天死于严重的肺部真菌感染和多器官功能衰竭;1例在临床症状未出现前被彩色多普勒超声及时发现,经手术取栓及术后抗凝治疗后痊愈。结论肝移植术后早期门静脉血栓形成是一个可以导致移植肝丢失并且危及受体生命的严重并发症。保障有效的门静脉血流量、减少门腔分流、术后早期抗凝治疗是预防肝移植术后门静脉血栓发生的关键。通过术后密切的彩色多普勒超声监测对病变早期诊断并及时有效的外科处理是提高预后的有效措施。     

肝移植术后门静脉狭窄18例临床分析

目的总结肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析18例肝移植术后门静脉狭窄患者的临床资料,总结门静脉狭窄发生情况、治疗情况及预后。结果 17例患者肝移植术前有肝硬化病史,7例患者肝移植术前有门静脉血栓形成史,8例有脾切除断流或分流等相关手术史;3例为儿童供肝。18例患者门静脉狭窄发生时间为术后23 d~24个月,中位时间为2.2个月,均经彩色多普勒超声(彩超)检查发现,通过门静脉CT血管造影术(CTA)或行介入治疗确诊。所有病例确诊后,均行华法林抗凝治疗;5例有门静脉高压表现的患者行球囊扩张术,其中1例同时放置血管内支架;其余13例采取保守治疗。治疗后9例好转,7例无变化,2例加重。结论对肝移植术前有肝硬化病史的受者,术后常规彩超监测,CTA或介入治疗确诊门静脉狭窄。无临床症状患者可行保守治疗,合并门静脉高压者可行介入治疗,多数病例预后良好。     

彩色多普勒超声监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声(CDI)监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症的应用价值。方法 对107例次原位肝移植患者于术前、术后应用CDI进行连续监测，监测指标包括门静脉主干内径、血流速度、血流量、血流频谱、侧支循环及腹水量等。结果 4例受者术后出现门静脉并发症：门静脉狭窄2例，门静脉狭窄并血栓形成1例，门静脉右支闭塞1例。2例门静脉主干血流量明显减少者接受经皮腔内血管成形术治疗后，门静脉高压缓解；而CDI提示门静脉血流量末见下降的2例患者，仅接受保守治疗，存活时间均超过1年。结论 彩色多普勒超声动态检查对肝移植术后门静脉并发症较为敏感，作为无创性检查手段可用于肝移植术后门静脉并发症的监测。     

肝移植后门静脉供血障碍的诊断和治疗

目的探讨肝移植术后门静脉供血障碍的诊断和治疗方法。方法2002年4月至2005年8月实施肝移植504例，肝移植术后7d内，每天用彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）技术检测门静脉血流1次，无异常发现者改为每周1次，1个月后改为每月1次，半年后改为每3个月1次。对于CDFI有异常发现者，予严密监视，并行CT门静脉成像证实。对诊断明确的门静脉狭窄患者早期进行介入治疗。结果504例肝移植中，共发生门静脉供血障碍性并发症12例（2．38%），其中单纯吻合口狭窄9例（1．78％）、吻合口狭窄并局部血栓形成2例（0．40％）、门静脉系统广泛血栓形成1例（0．20％），均经积极治疗后痊愈出院。结论肝移植术后采用CDFI技术的跟踪检查对于早期发现门静脉供血障碍性并发症具有重要意义，CT血管成像具有确诊价值。门静脉狭窄的早期介入治疗是安全、有效的；广泛血栓形成者应尽早行2次肝移植治疗。     

存在门静脉血栓及癌栓的肝癌患者的肝移植

目的　探讨存在门静脉血栓或癌栓的肝癌患者进行肝移植的处理要点。方法　对10例存在门静脉血栓或癌栓的肝癌患者施行原位肝移植术,术前常规准备供者的髂静脉,供肝保留较长的门静脉;术中注意取尽受者门静脉内的血栓或癌栓,门静脉壁存在水肿、增厚、变硬者,尽可能切除这段门静脉;9例行低位门静脉对端吻合,1例行门静脉下腔静脉的对端吻合;术后根据患者的凝血功能状态决定是否进行抗凝治疗。结果　1例术后第6 d发生门静脉血栓形成,溶栓术后因腹腔内出血、失血性休克死亡;另9例术后门静脉血流通畅,随访2~31个月,其中1例术后2个月死于感染,4例术后7、12、13、25个月肿瘤复发,其余4例无肿瘤复发。结论　术前存在门静脉血栓或癌栓的肝癌患者,只要处理得当,采用肝移植治疗可以取得较好结果。     

原位肝移植术后门静脉并发症处理及远期疗效评估

目的 总结并评估原位肝移植术后并发门静脉并发症的处理及其远期疗效.方法 研究对象为2002年6月至2013年4月在上海交通大学附属第六医院收治的12例肝移植术后门静脉并发症患者.对12例患者的临床资料进行分析,分析内容包括并发症的发生时间、病变性质、术前病史、术后诊断经过、处理经过及远期疗效.结果 本组患者门静脉并发症发生时间为肝移植术后3～54个月.其中门静脉吻合口狭窄3例,门静脉系广泛血栓4例,门静脉主干血栓2例,门静脉和肠系膜上静脉附壁血栓3例.3例门静脉吻合口狭窄患者成功放置血管内支架;3例门静脉和肠系膜上静脉附壁血栓患者经溶栓和抗凝治疗无病情进展;余6例患者行套扎术或硬化剂治疗后好转出院.随访3年,12例中无1例死亡.结论 肝移植术后门静脉并发症的治疗方案取决于门静脉病变性质和程度.对于早期门静脉血栓或局部附壁血栓,溶栓治疗可取得满意效果;晚期门静脉血栓溶栓治疗效果不佳.对单纯性门静脉狭窄行介入治疗是安全可行的.肝移植术后门静脉并发症经及时处理后远期效果良好.     

肝移植术后门静脉瘤2例并文献复习

目的 总结肝移植术后门静脉瘤的诊疗经验。方法 回顾性分析2例肝移植术后门静脉瘤患者的临床资料,结合文献复习总结其临床特点、诊断、治疗及预后。结果 两例肝移植术后门静脉瘤均为肝内型,同时合并门静脉血栓、门静脉高压表现。例1患者给予针对性内科保守治疗,患者拒绝行再次肝移植手术,出院后病情加重,最终因移植肝衰竭、肾衰竭、肺部感染、感染性休克死亡。例2患者给予大剂量糖皮质激素冲击治疗,患者肝功能无改善,接受二次肝移植后恢复顺利。结论 肝移植术后远期合并门静脉瘤（尤其是肝内型）可能预示预后不良,需正确认识、密切随访、积极处理,适时考虑再次肝移植是可供选择的治疗方案。     

婴幼儿活体肝移植后的血流动力学变化及血管并发症

目的 探讨婴幼儿活体肝移植术后的血流动力学变化及血管并发症的发生情况.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声观测34例婴幼儿活体肝移植术后2个月内门静脉、肝动脉、肝左静脉最大流速及肝动脉阻力指数变化情况,并观察术后血管并发症的发生情况及其预后.结果 34例受者中,术后超声显示血管通畅者29例(85.3%,29/34),发生血管并发症5例(14.7%,5/34).29例血管通畅的患儿,术后第1天时门静脉最大流速(vmax)为(53.97±21.44)cm/s,肝动脉收缩期最大流速(PSV)为(52.88±17.87)cm/s,阻力指数(RI)为0.73±0.09,肝左静脉最大流速为(40.53±25.07)cm/s.与术后第1天比较,术后1周时门静脉vmax、肝动脉PSV、肝左静脉vmax及肝动脉RI的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后2周时门静脉vmax为(44.26±17.43)cm/s,明显低于术后第1天(P＜0.05);术后2个月时门静脉vmax为(40.31±26.29)cm/s,肝动脉PSV为(41.50±8.67)cm/s,均明显低于术后第1天(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).5例血管并发症均发生在术后7 d内,其中肝动脉血栓形成3例(2例行取栓术,1例行溶栓治疗),门静脉血栓形成2例(1例行取栓术,1例行溶栓治疗),5例中3例死亡.结论 婴幼儿活体肝移植术后门静脉vmax和肝动脉PSV呈下降趋势;血管并发症发生时间早,发生率较高,活体肝移植术后7 d内至少应每天进行1次超声检查.     

血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞:5例报告

目的 观察血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞的效果。方法 对肝移植后3例门静脉狭窄及2例闭塞患者行血管内介入治疗,观察治疗效果。结果 对3例门静脉狭窄、1例门静脉闭塞行球囊扩张及支架植入术,术后造影示狭窄消失,血流通畅;对1例门静脉闭塞行球囊扩张并置管溶栓术,术后3天造影示门静脉通畅,血栓减少。1例术中发生肋间动脉出血,未见门静脉治疗相关并发症。术后4例症状逐渐消失、肝功能逐步恢复,随访期间门静脉通畅,1例支架内见少许附壁血栓;1例术后胆总管狭窄,植入胆道支架后,因重症肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒性休克死亡。结论 血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞效果良好;对移植后急性血栓形成可行球囊扩张术联合置管溶栓。     

肠系膜静脉血栓的介入治疗

目的探讨经肠系膜上动脉灌注罂粟碱和经皮经肝肠系膜静脉取栓和／或溶栓联合治疗肠系膜静脉血栓（MVT）的价值。方法回顾分析北大三院经介入诊治的9例MVT。9例患者均行血管造影检查和超声检查，其中5例行CT检查，2例行MR检查。患者从就诊到明确诊断接受介入治疗的时间间隔为15～168小时。明确诊断MVT后即经外周静脉给予肝素抗凝治疗；9例MVT均行经肠系膜动脉灌注罂粟碱治疗，其中8例同时行经皮经肝门静脉、肠系膜上静脉取栓和溶栓治疗。2例怀疑肠坏死介入治疗后行外科肠切除术。结果本组9例MVT中2例血栓局限在肠系膜上静脉内；7例血栓延及门静脉或脾静脉。9例患者7例治愈；1例不明原因猝死；1例因门脉高压行门腔静脉分流术后肝功衰竭死亡。结论经肠系膜动脉灌注罂粟碱联合经皮经肝门静脉、肠系膜静脉取栓和／或溶栓是治疗MVT的有效方法。     

High incidence of recurrence and hematologic events following liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome

BACKGROUND: Most cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) in Western countries are related to underlying hematologic diseases with inherent thrombogenic propensity. We evaluated the long-term outcome, risks for recurrent disease, and other hematologic complications following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for BCS. METHODS: Clinical data from 11 consecutive patients with BCS who underwent OLT were retrospectively reviewed. Four patients had a prior transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and one had a surgical shunt procedure. All patients were started on intravenous heparin within the first 24 h following OLT. All except one patient who had protein C deficiency were maintained on long-term oral anticoagulation. RESULTS: The Kaplan-Meier survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 yr were 81, 65 and 65%, respectively. Three patients developed BCS recurrence, including two who died as a consequence of rapid graft failure within days after OLT. Three patients developed other thrombotic events, including splenic vein thrombosis associated with gastric variceal hemorrhage requiring splenectomy, portal vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Four patients experienced severe bleeding complications within 7 d after OLT requiring exploratory laparotomy. One patient died after transformation of polycythemia vera to acute myelogenous leukemia at 2.1 yr after OLT. CONCLUSION: We observed a high incidence of recurrent BCS and complications related to the underlying hematologic disorder or anticoagulation after OLT for BCS. The present series also included the first two cases of rapid recurrence of BCS and graft failure within days after OLT.     

肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断和治疗(附6例分析)

目的 探讨肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断和治疗。方法 回顾性分析160例原位肝移植临床资料。结果 肝移植术后门静脉并发症发生率为3．75％，与门静脉并发症相关死亡率为0。门静脉狭窄发生率为1．25％，门静脉栓塞发生率为2．5％，需治疗的门静脉并发症占33．3％。结论 术前有门脉高压症手术治疗史、移植术前门静脉血栓、门静脉手术史以及严重感染病史等是门静脉并发症的高危因素；彩色多普勒超声检查是监测门静脉并发症的有效方法，确诊门静脉并发症依赖门静脉造影；有症状的门静脉并发症需及时行再血管化手术。     

Eversion Thrombectomy for Portal Vein Thrombosis During Liver Transplantation

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) has been seen as an obstacle to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), but recent data suggest that favorable results may be achieved in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence, management, and survival of patients with PVT undergoing primary OLT with thrombectomy. Between October 1990 and August 2000, 468 liver transplantations were performed in our center and portal vein thrombosis was present in 38 patients (8.1%). Preoperative diagnosis, extension, intraoperative management, postoperative recurrence of portal vein thrombosis, and 1-year actuarial survival rates were retrospectively studied. Preoperative diagnosis was made in 17 cases (44.7%). In all patients, portal flow was restored after portal vein thrombectomy, followed by usual end-to-end portal anastomosis. All patients received preventive low-weight heparin from day 2 to hospital discharge, and then aspirin. Rethrombosis was observed in one patient with extended splanchnic thrombus. The 1-year actuarial patient survival rate was 83.7%, and did not significantly differ from the patients without portal vein thrombosis (86.7%). Our results suggest that portal vein thrombosis is often partial and thus difficult to diagnose preoperatively: it can be managed successfully during surgery by thrombectomy, except when there is complete splanchnic veins thrombosis; and it did not affect 1-year survival.     

��ϸ�������г������ž���Ѫ˨�γ�10�����η���

??The analysis of 10 cases of portal vein thrombosis after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma LI Peng-peng??TIAN Tao??WANG Meng-chao??et al. The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital??the Second Military Medical University??Shanghai 200438??China
Corresponding author??ZHOU Wei-ping??E-mail??ehphwp@ 126.com
Abstract Objective To explore the possible reasons and preventive measures of portal vein thrombosis after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods The data of 10 patients with hepatic portal vein thrombosis after liver resection were retrospectively analyzed in Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital from January 2010 to December 2013. Data include general information??past medical history, preoperative examination, intraoperative data, postoperative examination results, treatment measures and prognosis. Results Portal vein thrombosis was diagnosed 3-15 days postoperatively, with an average of 6.6 days. There were 9 patients of rapid deterioration of liver function (manifested as ALT, TBIL significantly increased) after surgery. Six patients had D-dimer examination, which was significantly higher (> 20 mg/L) in 5 cases, mild increase in 1 cases. D-dimer increased significantly in 83.3%. All 10 patients were treated with hemostatic agents. All 10 patients underwent anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparins after diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis. Three patients’ portal vein blood flow recovered after anticoagulation treatment and then were discharged after further improvement. Six patients died of acute liver failure and 1 patient died of acute renal failure and septic shock. Conclusion Portal vein thrombosis is one of the reasons of postoperative liver failure and death. We recommend hemostatic agents should be used with caution and The anti-coagulation therapy can be early administrated after operation.     

合并门静脉血栓形成的肝细胞癌肝移植12例分析

目的探讨合并门静脉血栓形成(PVT)的肝细胞癌肝移植手术疗效、手术技巧及围手术期处理。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第三医院自2003年10月至2005年6月12例合并PVT的肝细胞癌肝移植临床及随访情况。结果术后随访8d至36个月,中位时间19.5个月。术后第12天、第21天、第30天各死亡1例,死于肺部感染、多器官功能衰竭。随访期间死亡1例(术后第15个月死于肝癌复发)。目前存活8例,其中7例已经无瘤生存13、14、24、24、25、28、30个月,1例带瘤存活36个月。12例病人1年累积存活率75.0%。1例病人肝移植术后2个月吻合口局部PVT复发,目前已经存活30个月。结论合并PVT的肝细胞癌肝移植者预后良好,合理的手术技巧和恰当的术后处理可以避免术后PVT复发。     

肝移植术后迟发性门静脉血栓形成12例

目的 总结肝移植术后迟发性门静脉血栓形成的治疗方法,并分析其预后.方法 单中心3100例次尸体全肝移植中发生迟发性门静脉血栓形成12例,发生时间平均为移植术后29.8个月.12例中,2例合并严重胆道并发症(肝内胆道狭窄),2例表现为移植肝功能衰竭,1例影像学检查可见肝门部肿物致门静脉受压,均接受再次肝移植;2例表现为急性上消化道出血,分别行经胃镜下套扎、注射硬化剂治疗;余5例无任何临床表现,口服抗凝或抗血小板药物治疗.结果 12例中,除1例失访外,其他患者至随访结束时存活8例,包括2例行再次肝移植者.存活者肝功能检查结果均正常.结论 肝移植术后发生迟发性门静脉血栓形成,应根据患者的临床表现不同采用不同的治疗方法.

Abstract：

Objective To summary therapeutic method for delayed portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation. Methods In 3100 cases undergoing cadaveric whole liver transplantation in a single center, there were 12 cases of delayed portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation.Average occurring time was 29. 8 months after liver transplantation. Among these 12 patients, 2 cases were complicated with severe biliary complication (intrahepatic stricture) , 2 cases presented with liver failure of transplanted liver, and one case had portal vein compression by hepatic hilum tumor under the image examination, who received liver re-transplantation; two patients presented upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and they experienced endoscopic ligation and sclerotherapy respectively; the rest five patients without any clinical presentation were subjected to anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. Results Among 12 cases, 8 patients survived by the time of follow-up, including two patients undergoing re-transplantation; one patient lost follow-up. The liver function tests of the patients who survived were all normal. Conclusion The individualized therapeutic methods should be adopted for the patients with delayed portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation.     

移植肾动脉血栓形成的原因与对策

目的：探讨移植肾动脉血栓形成的原因和预防措施.方法：报告5例移植肾动脉血栓形成患者的临床资料.结果：1例动脉血栓发生于术中,4例分别发生于术后第2、5、10、12天.4例诊断明确后行移植肾切除术,另1例取出了肾动脉和肾静脉内的血栓,恢复了移植肾血供,但终因移植肾未恢复功能而切除.结论：移植肾动脉血栓形成多发生于术后早期,其主要原因与外科吻合技术相关,另外还与动脉粥样硬化、动脉分支多,以及冷缺血时间过长等有关.该并发症预后差,应以预防为主,早期诊断和及时手术治疗是关键.     

原发性肝癌切除术后门静脉血栓相关性肝坏死的临床分析

目的 探讨原发性肝癌切除术后门静脉血栓相关性肝坏死的临床表现及诊疗方法。方法 回顾性分析上海东方肝胆外科医院2018年11月至2019年10月8例原发性肝癌切除术后门静脉血栓相关性肝坏死患者的临床资料,包括患者的人口统计学特征、临床表现、手术方式、实验室检查及影像学检查结果、临床诊疗及预后等。结果 原发性肝癌切除术后门静脉血栓相关性肝坏死均发生在术后2周内,无特异性临床症状和体征,实验室检查主要表现为肝功能谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶急剧升高,凝血功能指标异常。8例患者中增强CT显示肝脏呈广泛性坏死6例,局限性坏死2例,显示门脉血栓形成5例,肝脏坏死的发生部位与血栓形成的门静脉支血供区域并非完全相关。超声检查5例,均未能显示肝脏组织坏死改变,显示门脉血栓形成4例。8例患者中,7例予以抗凝、改善微循环、护肝等治疗,5例存活,2例死亡;1例患者病情较轻,给予低分子右旋糖酐、改善微循环等治疗后病情缓解。结论 肝功能急剧恶化为原发性肝癌切除术后早期发生门静脉血栓相关性肝坏死主要初发表现,肝脏广泛性坏死或局限性坏死、伴有或不伴有门脉血栓的增强CT表现为其影像学特征。抗凝、改善微循环治疗有一定效果。该病症确切的发病机制、有效的防治方法需要重视和进一步研究。