血管紧张素-Ⅰ转换酶基因多态性与糖尿病及糖尿病肾病的关系

目的　探讨血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶基因（ＡＣＥ基因） 多态性与糖尿病及糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ） 的易感性之间的关系。方法　应用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）方法扩增４８ 例正常人、７４ 例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＩＤＤＭ） 患者（ 其中４０ 例不伴ＤＮ,３４ 例合并ＤＮ） 、１０２ 例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ） 患者（５７ 例不伴ＤＮ,４５ 例伴ＤＮ） 的ＡＣＥ基因上２８７ｂｐ 片断,根据插入（Ｉ） 或缺失（Ｄ） 来判断其多态性。结果　健康对照组与ＩＤＤＭ 及ＮＩＤＤＭ 组ＡＣＥ 等位基因、基因型均无显著性差异（ Ｐ＞０－０５）;在ＩＤＤＭ 组中,Ｄ等位基因及ＤＤ基因型在伴ＤＮ亚组中显著升高;在ＮＩＤＤＭ 组中,与不伴ＤＮ者比较,伴ＤＮ者其Ｉ等位基因、ＩＩ基因型频率明显为低。结论ＡＣＥ 基因多态性与糖尿病易感性无关,与ＤＮ密切相关。     

河北地区汉族人血管紧张素转换酶基因与糖尿病肾病的相关性研究

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）基因与糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）发病的关系。方法用ＰＣＲ方法检测１４９例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者及１００例正常对照的ＡＣＥ基因型。结果（１）ＡＣＥ基因型及等位基因构成比在正常对照组和ＮＩＤＤＭ组间无统计学差异;（２）ＤＤ基因型及Ｄ等位基因频率在ＤＮ组（０２７）显著高于非ＤＮ组（００９）。结论ＡＣＥ基因多态性与ＤＮ发病有关。     

ACE基因多态性与2型糖尿病肾病关系的研究

目的：明确血管紧张素Ｉ转换酶（ＡＣＥ）基因插入／缺失（Ｉ／Ｄ）多态性与２型尿病及其肾病发生及进展的关系。方法：ＡＣＥ基因内含子１６的一个２８７ｂｐ的Ａｌｕ顺序Ｉ／Ｄ型为多态标志，用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增基因片段，１％琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测ＰＣＲ产物。结果：（１）２２１例２例糖尿病与１００例正常对照组之间基因型分布无显著性差异；（２）２型糖尿病未合并肾病与合并肾病及肾功不全（ＲＦ）等各亚组之间基因型频率和等位基因频率无显著性差异。结论：ＡＣＥＩ／Ｄ多态性与２型糖尿病肾病和肾功能不全的发生无关。     

血管紧张素—Ⅰ转换酶基因多态性与糖尿病与糖尿病肾病的关系

目的 探讨血管紧张素－Ⅰ转换酶基因（ＡＣＥ基因）多态性与糖尿病及糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）的易感性之间的关系。方法 应用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）方法扩增４８例正常人，７４例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＩＤＤＭ）患者（其中４０例不伴ＤＮ，３４例合并ＤＮ），１０２例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者（５７例不伴ＤＮ，４５例伴ＤＮ）的ＡＣＥ基因上２８７ｂｐ片断，根据插入或缺失来判断其多态性。     

血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶基因多态性与肾脏疾病

血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶（ＡＣＥ）是一种锌金属肽酶，其主要作用底物为血管紧张素Ⅰ和缓激肽，通过血管紧张素Ⅱ（Ａ－Ⅱ）的生成及缓激肽的降解调节血管的紧张性和血管平滑肌细胞增殖，参与了多种肾脏疾病的病理生理改变。随着分子生物学技术的发展，已明确ＡＣＥ基因的１６内含子内存在一个２８７ｂｐ的插入／缺失（Ｉ／Ｄ）多态性，ＡＣＥ基因有３种基因型：ＤＤ型、ＤＩ型和Ⅱ型。研究表明机体ＡＣＥ水平受ＡＣＥ基因Ｉ／Ｄ多态性影     

血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶基因多态性与肾脏疾病

血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶（ＡＣＥ）是一种锌金属肽酶，其主要作用底物为血管紧张素Ⅰ和缓激肽，通过血管紧张素Ⅱ（Ａ－Ⅱ）的生成及缓激肽的降解调节血管的紧张性和血管平滑肌细胞增殖，参与了多种肾脏疾病的病理生理改变。随着分子生物学技术的发展，已明确ＡＣＥ基因的１６内含子内存在一个２８７ｂｐ的插入／缺失（Ｉ／Ｄ）多态性，ＡＣＥ基因有３种基因型：ＤＤ型、ＤＩ型和Ⅱ型。研究表明机体ＡＣＥ水平受ＡＣＥ基因Ｉ／Ｄ多态性影响。目前发现ＡＣＥ基因遗传多态性与多种肾脏疾患的发病、发展以及治疗反应有关。     

人群ACE基因多态性与原发性高血压及胰岛素抵抗的关系研究

目的：探讨中国人群血管紧张素转移酶（ＡＣＥ）基因多态性与原发必主胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法：采用病例对照研究方法，对祺我人群中确诊的１１２例原发性高血压和性别、年龄相匹配的健康人询问可能与原发性高血压有关的，测定空腹血糖、胰岛素，应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）检测其ＡＣＥ基因插入／缺失（Ｉ／Ｄ）多态性。结果：病例组及男性病例组与对照组及男性对照组比较，ＡＣＥ（Ｉ／Ｄ）多态性构成均有显著差异；病例组及男性病     

Ⅱ型糖尿病并发肾病患者Apo E基因多态性研究

目的 研究糖尿病肾病发生，发展的遗传学倾向，寻找与ＤＮ发病有关的基因。方法 采用ＰＣＲ－ＲＥＬＰ技术，研究了９７例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者ＡｐｏＥ基因多态性与ＤＮ及其脂代谢异常的关系。结果 （１）ＤＮ组ε２等位基因频率明显高于糖尿病组及正常组；在尿白蛋白排泄率〉２００μｇ／ｍｉｎ组和２０－２００ｇ／ｍｉｎ之间Ａｐｏ Ｅ基因频率无明显差异。（２）携ε２等位基因的ＤＭ患者甘油三酯水平明显高于携ε３组，而胆固醇Ｃ     

血管紧张素转化酶基因多态性在终末期肾功能衰竭患者中的分布…

目的 为了进一步阐明由于血管紧张素（ＡＣＥ）基因多态性而导致的循环中ＡＣＥ水平不同的肾脏疾病进展中的意义．方法 对７７例终末期肾功能衰竭（ＥＳＲＦ）和和１５０名正常人ＡＣＥ基因多态性进行了分析。结果 ＡＣＥ基因缺失型（ＤＤ）（１５．６％ＶＳ．６．０％，Ｐ〈０．０）和插入型（ＤＩ）（５３．２％ＶＳ．３９．３％，Ｐ〈０．０５）在ＥＳＲＦ患者中的发生频率明显高于正常人；而Ｈ型的发生频则明显低于正常人（３     

糖尿病肾病的标记物

肾损害是糖尿病（ＤＭ）的严重合并症。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型ＤＭ患者尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥ）达２０～２００μｇ／ｍｉｎ（微量白蛋白尿），即预示着将出现肾脏和心血管并发症且预后不良。良好的血糖控制可以延缓伴微量蛋白尿的Ⅰ型ＤＭ患者的糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）的进展，严格的控制血压（特别是应用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂ＡＣＥＩ）可以降低微量白蛋白尿。因此如果在微量白蛋白尿之前发现ＤＮ并进行干预治疗，则可以逆转ＤＮ甚至防止ＤＮ的发生。我们对目前认识到的肾损害标记物作一综述，并评价它们作为ＤＮ早期标记物的可能性。一、肾小球功能不…     

Increased frequency of angiotensin-converting enzyme DD genotype in patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the major causes of end-stage renal failure in the Taiwanese population. Previous studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor can improve glucose utilization and suppress hepatic glucose production and the renin-angiotensin system may play an important role in the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Thus, ACE gene polymorphism may be associated with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. METHODS: To investigate the distribution of ACE-I/D genotype in type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy, we examined 336 patients with type 2 diabetes (157 without nephropathy and 179 with nephropathy) and 263 age-matched normal controls. The diagnosis of nephropathy was made when daily protein loss exceeded 500 mg. ACE gene polymorphism was analysed by use of polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Our study revealed that the frequency of the D allele of the ACE gene was 29.3% in normal controls. The frequency of ACE DD genotype was significantly higher in type 2 diabetics compared with normal controls (18.2 vs 9.1%, P<0.01). The frequency of ACE DD genotype in patients with diabetic nephropathy was significantly higher than in patients without nephropathy (22.3 vs 13.4%, P<0.05). To determine whether ACE gene polymorphism was associated with the severity of diabetic nephropathy, we divided patients with diabetic nephropathy into dialysis and non-dialysis groups. The frequency of ACE DD genotype in the dialysis group was significantly higher than in non-dialysis group (28.7 vs 15.3%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the frequency of ACE DD genotype is markedly higher in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the ACE DD genotype is significantly associated with diabetic nephropathy.     

Excess of DD homozygotes in haemodialysed patients with type II diabetes. The Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group

The role of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) gene in the genesis of diabetic nephropathy has been controversial. It has recently been proposed that progression occurs more rapidly in individuals with diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease who are homozygous for the D allele. We studied 658 patients with type II diabetes, 347 without diabetic nephropathy and 311 with various stages of diabetic nephropathy, and determined the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene. Patients at the extremes of renal risk, i.e. normotensive patients without antihypertensive treatment and without nephropathy (n = 144), vs patients on dialysis (n = 61), differed with respect to genotype (DD 36.8% vs 57.4%; P = 0.007) and allele frequencies (D 0.59 vs 0.76; P < 0.001). In contrast, patients with and without presumed nephropathy as assessed by albuminuria did not differ with respect to DD genotype. In conclusion, in this study, which was limited by sample size, patients with the highest renal risk more frequently had the DD genotype. This would be compatible with a greater risk of (or rate of) progression to end-stage renal failure.      

ACE gene polymorphism and the prognosis and treatment of overt diabetic nephropathy

An insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) gene influences the circulating and renal activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This Practice Point commentary discusses a 2008 paper by Parving et al. that analyzed the interaction between losartan and the I/D polymorphism in patients in the Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study. The investigators found that patients with type 2 diabetes and proteinuria who have the D allele have an unfavorable renal prognosis, which is improved by losartan treatment (vs placebo) when given together with conventional antihypertensive treatment. No significant improvement in outcomes was observed in losartan-treated patients with the II genotype. Previous observational studies had suggested a decreased beneficial effect of ACE inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetic nephropathy who have the DD genotype. Prospective studies in this area are needed before I/D genotype characterization can be used to guide the choice of therapy in patients with diabetes and proteinuria.     

Prognostic value of angiotensin-I converting enzyme I/D polymorphism for nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a prospective study

Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) regulates renal hemodynamics. Its insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, which determines most of ACE interindividual variance, was proposed as a genetic marker for diabetic nephropathy. A substitution (M235T) polymorphism in angiotensinogen (AGT) may interact with ACE I/D polymorphism for the risk of diabetic nephropathy, but their prognostic values have to be established by follow-up studies. A total of 310 type 1 diabetes mellitus patients who attended the diabetic clinic in Angers (France) took part in a prospective, observational, follow-up study. Glycohemoglobin, BP, plasma creatinine, and urinary albumin excretion were determined periodically. Nephropathy was classified as absent, incipient (microalbuminuria), established (proteinuria), advanced (plasma creatinine > or = 150 micromol/L), and terminal (renal replacement therapy). The main end point was the occurrence of a renal event defined as the progression to a higher stage of diabetic nephropathy. At baseline, 251 (81%) patients had no nephropathy, 35 (11%) had incipient nephropathy, 18 (6%) had established nephropathy, and 6 (2%) had advanced nephropathy. The ACE I/D and M235T AGT polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the patients. The median duration of follow-up was 6 yr (range, 2 to 9 yr). The occurrence of renal events was significantly influenced by ACE genotype (log-rank II versus ID versus DD, P < 0.03) with a dominant deleterious effect of the D allele: ID or DD versus II (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 16.6). Other contributors were high glycohemoglobin and systolic BP. In the patients who initially were free of nephropathy, baseline plasma ACE concentration was higher in patients who progressed to microalbuminuria (571 +/- 231 versus 466 +/- 181 microg/L; P = 0.0032); the D allele independently favored the occurrence of incipient nephropathy (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 19.4); other contributors were male gender, baseline systolic BP, and urinary albumin excretion. The AGT M235T polymorphism was not associated with renal events. The D allele of the ACE I/D polymorphism is an independent risk factor for both the onset and the progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients.     

Association of the DD genotype and development of Japanese type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

We determined the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-coverting enzyme (ACE) gene in a multicenter trial of ethnically homogeneous Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. All patients (n = 748) were divided into 5 groups as follows: group I (normoalbuminuric patients), group II (microalbuminuric patients), group III (overt albuminuric patients with serum creatinine (s-Cr) levels of less than 1.2 mg/dl), group IV (overt albuminuric patients with s-Cr levels of more than 1.3 mg/dl but excluding hemodialysis patients), and group V (hemodialysis patients). We selected patients with a diabetic duration of more than 15 years in the mild stage (groups I and II), but placed no limits on those in the advanced and end-stages (groups III, IV and V). The frequency of the DD genotype was slightly higher in the advanced and end stages. The frequency of the DD genotype in the mild stage differed from that in the end stage (II/ID/DD 47.8%/41.0%/11.2% vs. 37.0 %/43.3%/19.7% p = 0.07, II + ID/DD 88.8%/11.2% vs. 80.3%/19.7%, p < 0.05). D allele frequency in the mild stage also differed from that in the end stage (I/D 68.3%/31.7% vs. 58.7%/41.3%, p < 0.02). The presence of the DD genotype increased the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) more than that of the other genotypes (odds ratio ID/II = 1.37, 95% CI 0.82-2.27; DD/II = 2.27, 95% CI 1.12-4.61). It appears that the DD genotype is associated with progression of Japanese type 2 diabetic nephropathy.     

ACE DD genotype is more susceptible than ACE II and ID genotypes to the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibitors in patients with proteinuric non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: ACE polymorphism, especially genotype DD or D allele, may be involved in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. It may also have different effects on the reduction of proteinuria by ACE inhibitors in patients with proteinuria. We investigated the relationship between ACE gene polymorphism and antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibitors (Benazepril 10 mg/day or Perindopril 4 mg/day) in 83 NIDDM patients with overt proteinuria (urinary protein excretion over 500 mg/day). METHODS: We recruited NIDDM patients with overt proteinuria from our renal clinic. Before entry, previously used ACE inhibitors were withdrawn for at least 2 weeks and baseline proteinuria and albuminuria were measured. Patients were classified into three groups in accordance with ACE genotypes (17 DD; 33 ID; 33 II) and prospectively followed up for 3 months. Various clinical parameters including age, DM duration, body mass index (BMI), 24-h urine sodium, protein and albumin, BUN, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance (Ccr), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and HbA(1c) were measured in the pre- and post-treatment periods. ACE genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the clinical parameters such as age, DM duration, BMI, BUN, serum creatinine, Ccr, MAP, HbA(1c), and daily urinary excretion of sodium, protein and albumin among three groups (P>0.05). After the 3-month treatment period using ACE inhibitors, there were no significant differences in the reduction of MAP and Ccr among the three groups (P>0.05). However, the percentage reductions in urinary excretion of protein and albumin for DD genotype were significantly higher than in ID and II genotypes (50.9+/-19.2% vs 19.2+/-16.0%, 20.2+/-20.4%; 52.6+/-23.6% vs. 13.5+/-51.8%, 24.8+/-23.9%, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant correlations between the levels of baseline proteinuria and albuminuria and the magnitudes of the reduction of proteinuria and albuminuria under ACE inhibition (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the ACE gene polymorphism might have a role in determining the responsiveness to the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition in proteinuric NIDDM patients.     

DD genotype of ACE gene in boys: may it be a risk factor for minimal change nephrotic syndrome?

It has been shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism affects the circulating and cellular levels of ACE and may be a risk factor in several renal diseases. We analyzed the association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism with the clinical presentation of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) in a Turkish child population. This study consisted of 97 children with MCNS and 144 healthy controls. Genotyping of ACE gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The distributions of ACE genotypes were II in 13%, ID in 49%, and DD in 38% in patient group, and 9%, 49%, and 42% in control group, respectively. The frequency of the D allele was 63% and that of the I allele was 37% in patients. There were no relevant differences in the allele frequencies and genotypes of ACE I/D polymorphism between patients and controls. However, DD genotype was higher in boys in children with MCNS (78.4%. vs. 50.0%, p = 0.004). The frequencies of DD genotype and D allele in boys were 7.25 and 2.56 times higher than II genotype and I allele in the patient group, respectively. We suggest that DD genotype in boys may be one of the risk factors for MCNS.     

ACE gene polymorphism and losartan treatment in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy

Losartan treatment reduced renal outcomes in proteinuric patients with type 2 diabetes in the Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study. It is unknown whether an insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene predicts renal outcomes and death and influences the effect of losartan in these patients. Pharmacogenetic analyses were performed comparing losartan with placebo administered with conventional blood pressure-lowering therapy in 1435 (95%) of the 1513 RENAAL study patients. The primary endpoint was the composite of doubling of baseline serum creatinine concentration, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or death. Cox regression models were stratified on baseline proteinuria and included treatment, geographic region, ACE/ID genotype, and treatment x genotype interaction. Within the placebo group, subjects with the ID or DD genotype were more likely than those with the II genotype to reach the composite endpoint (by 17.5% and 38.1%, respectively, P = 0.029) or its individual components. Within the losartan group, genotype did not correlate with reaching the composite endpoint. Compared with placebo, however, losartan reduced the risk of reaching the composite endpoint by 5.8% (95% confidence interval, -23.3, 28.0), 17.6% (3.8, 29.4), and 27.9% (7.0, 44.1) among those with the II, ID, and DD genotypes, respectively. Similar trends were demonstrated for the individual endpoints. In conclusion, proteinuric type 2 diabetic patients with the D allele of the ACE gene have an unfavorable renal prognosis, which can be mitigated and even improved by losartan.