不同方式诱导卵巢癌顺铂耐药细胞系的比较

目的用不同诱导方式建立卵巢癌顺铂耐药细胞系,探讨耐药机制。方法分别采用顺铂大剂量诱导法和小剂量间歇诱导法诱导卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3,建立卵巢癌顺铂耐药细胞系SKOV3/CDDP-P和SKOV3/CDDP-80。倒置显微镜进行形态学观察;细胞计数观测生长增殖规律;MTT法检测IC50和RI;流式细胞仪检测细胞周期分布;RT-PCR法检测耐药相关基因,包括MDR1、MRP1、LRP1、GST-π等mRNA的表达。结果SKOV3/CDDP-P和SK-OV3/CDDP-80的耐药指数分别为4.12±2.01和11.50±3.15,均伴有细胞形态、生长增殖、细胞周期的改变;SK-OV3/CDDP-P的MDR1表达增强,MRP1、LRP1表达均下调;SKOV3/CDDP-80除MDR1表达上调外,其余三种基因表达无改变。结论不同方式诱导的细胞系存在着差异,顺铂耐药涉及多个耐药基因、因素的变化,间歇诱导方式更易产生耐药。     

内源性IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对顺铂与紫杉醇产生耐药的机制研究

目的探讨内源性IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生耐药的机制及相关信号转导通路。方法在原有工作基础上,以2种人卵巢癌细胞系A2780(不分泌IL-8,对顺铂、紫杉醇敏感)和SKOV-3(高分泌IL-8,对顺铂、紫杉醇耐药)为研究模型,分别将正义(sense,ss)IL-8基因或反义(antisense,as)IL-8基因稳定转染至A2780细胞或SKOV3细胞,应用MTT法、Caspase-3活性测定、RT-PCR及Western blot技术等观察内源性IL-8是否影响卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性,并对其作用的机制和可能的信号传导通路进行研究。结果 1)内源性过表达IL-8可诱导A2780细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生耐药,而抑制IL-8表达可恢复SKOV3细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性,IL-8诱导的卵巢癌细胞化疗耐药是通过降低Caspase-3活性来实现的;2)内源性过表达IL-8可上调A2780细胞的耐药相关基因MDR1和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2、Bcl-xL及XIAP的表达,而抑制IL-8表达可使上述基因的表达明显降低;3)Wortmannin(PI3K抑制剂)和PD98059(MEK1/2抑制剂)能分别阻断IL-8诱导下卵巢癌细胞的Akt和ERK活化及化疗耐药作用。结论 IL-8诱导的卵巢癌细胞化疗耐药可能与其上调耐药相关基因MDR1和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2、Bcl-xL及XIAP的表达以及活化Raf/MEK/ERK和PI3K/Akt信号通路相关,提示调节IL-8表达或其相关信号通路可能是治疗耐药性卵巢癌的一种良好策略。     

JAK2,HSP基因蛋白表达与卵巢癌紫杉醇化疗耐药相关性的研究

目的检测卵巢癌细胞株及紫杉醇化疗后卵巢癌组织中JAK2,HSP,基因蛋白表达的变化,探讨其与卵巢癌紫杉醇化疗耐药的关系及临床意义。方法选用卵巢癌紫杉醇耐药细胞株SKOV3/TAX及敏感细胞株SKOV3,及58例卵巢癌组织,包括卵巢癌术后及紫杉醇化疗后复发患者19例（化疗组）,术前未化疗患者39例（未化疗组）。采用免疫组化二步法,检测卵巢癌组织及细胞中JAK2,HSP基因的蛋白表达。结果 1.光镜下观察SKOV3/TAX细胞株中JAK2、HSP蛋白表达强度均明显高于SKOV3细胞株;组织中化疗组与未化疗组相比JAK2,HSP的蛋白表达累积光密度值均明显增加（分别为：36987.38±16873.42 vs 27756.29±7136.09;34905.64±12361.87 vs 26684.56±12662.24）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。2.各基因蛋白表达在临床分期,分化程度和病理类型中均无显著性差异。3.JAK2、HSP基因蛋白表达两者间呈正相关关系（r=0.330,P=0.011）。结论 JAK2、HSP基因蛋白表达上调可能与卵巢癌紫杉醇化疗耐药有一定相关性。     

Ikaros的3种亚型对人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞增殖的影响

目的:探讨Ikaros的3种亚型对人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞增殖的影响。方法:利用逆转录病毒转染人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,分别表达Ikaros的3种亚型(IK1、IK2和IK6);采用CCK-8法分析表达不同亚型后SKOV3细胞的增殖能力;流式细胞术检测细胞周期的改变;Western blot检测细胞周期相关蛋白的表达。结果:CCK-8结果显示IK1和IK2能明显抑制SKOV3细胞的增殖;细胞周期结果表明IK1和IK2能诱导SKOV3细胞发生G1期阻滞,IK6则对SKOV3细胞的增殖能力和细胞周期则无明显影响;Western blot检测结果显示,IK1和IK2明显降低cyclin D1和cyclin D2蛋白的表达水平,同时升高p21蛋白的表达水平。IK6则对SKOV3细胞的cyclin D1、cyclin D2及p21蛋白表达水平无明显改变。结论:IK1和IK2这2种亚型能明显抑制卵巢癌SKOV3细胞的增殖,其机制可能是由于IK1和IK2能降低细胞周期促进蛋白cyclin D1和cyclin D2的表达及增加细胞周期抑制蛋白p21的表达,从而诱导细胞周期发生G1期阻滞。而IK6亚型对SKOV3细胞增殖能力及细胞周期无明显影响。     

凋亡抑制蛋白和耐药因子在卵巢癌中的表达及与化疗的关系

目的研究凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin mRNA和P-糖蛋白(P-gp)、谷胱甘肽S转移酶π(GST-π)及肺耐药蛋白(LRP)在卵巢上皮癌中的表达及与化疗疗效的关系。方法应用原位杂交技术检测Survivin mRNA及应用免疫组化方法检测P-gp、GST-π、LRP在70例上皮性卵巢癌的表达。结果①Survivin mRNA、P-gp、GST-π、LRP在卵巢上皮性癌中的阳性表达率分别为68.6%(48/70)、31.4%(22/70)、65.7%(46/70)、58.6%(41/70),明显高于正常卵巢组织和卵巢良性肿瘤中的表达率(P<0.05)。②对首次术后有残余病变的42例患者进行化疗评价,Survivin mRNA阳性组化疗有效率为45.5%低于阴性组100%(P<0.05);P-gp阳性组化疗有效率为40%低于阴性组66.7%(P>0.05);GST-π阳性组化疗的有效率为42.3%低于阴性组81.3%(P<0.05);LRP阳性组化疗有效率为40%低于阴性组82.4%(P<0.05)。③Survivin mRNA与P-gp、GST-π和LRP存在共表达。结论Survivin mRNA、GST-π、LRP阳性表达者化疗疗效比阴性者差。     

CircCRIM1调节miR-129-5p/MDM2轴对卵巢癌细胞紫杉醇耐药性的影响

目的 研究环状RNA半胱氨酸丰富跨膜BMP调节因子1(CircCRIM1)调节miR-129-5p/鼠双微体基因2(MDM2)轴对卵巢癌细胞紫杉醇耐药性的影响。方法 以实时荧光定量PCR检测人卵巢癌细胞株SKOV3及其紫杉醇耐药细胞株SKOV3-TR30中miR-129-5p与CircCRIM1、MDM2表达。体外培养的SKOV3-TR30细胞随机分为对照组、紫杉醇组、紫杉醇+阴性对照组、紫杉醇+CircCRIM1敲低组、紫杉醇+CircCRIM1敲低+miR-129-5p inhibitor组，分组转染处理后，以实时荧光定量PCR检测各组细胞miR-129-5p及CircCRIM1、MDM2、多药耐药相关蛋白3(MRP3)、P-糖蛋白（P-gp）表达；以MTT法和流式细胞实验检测各组细胞增殖率、凋亡率；以免疫印记法检测各组细胞MDM2、P-gp、MRP3及凋亡蛋白（Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3）表达；以双荧光素酶报告基因实验检测SKOV3-TR30中CircCRIM1对miR-129-5p的靶向调节及miR-129-5p对MDM2的靶向调节。结果 与SKOV3细胞相比，SK...     

大黄素对人卵巢癌紫杉醇耐药细胞株SKOV3/TAX耐药的逆转作用

目的研究大黄素(emodin)体外逆转人卵巢癌紫杉醇耐药细胞株SKOV3/TAX的紫杉醇耐药效应,探讨其可能机制。方法采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测大黄素对SKOV3/TAX的细胞毒作用,测定非毒性剂量大黄素联合紫杉醇作用后,SKOV3/TAX对紫杉醇耐药性的变化,采用克隆形成实验检测大黄素与紫杉醇联用时,细胞克隆形成能力。采用流式细胞技术(FCM)检测细胞凋亡情况。结果不同浓度大黄素对紫杉醇耐药细胞SKOV3/TAX有剂量和时间依赖性的抑制作用。选用对细胞抑制率较低浓度的大黄素与紫杉醇联合使用,使紫杉醇对其耐药细胞SKOV3/TAX细胞的IC50明显下降,且逆转倍数随作用时间而延长而增大。大黄素能抑制细胞的克隆形成能力,当大黄素与紫杉醇联用时,大黄素增加紫杉醇对SKOV3/TAX细胞的增殖抑制作用。大黄素在抑制细胞增殖的同时,尚可诱导细胞凋亡,且大黄素与紫杉醇联和用药后诱导细胞凋亡作用更强,大黄素能增加紫杉醇的细胞凋亡指数。结论大黄素可以逆转紫杉醇引发的卵巢癌耐药,抑制细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡。     

外源性IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生耐药的机制及相关信号转导通路的初步探讨

目的探讨外源性IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生耐药的机制及相关信号转导通路。方法在原工作基础上,以两种人卵巢癌细胞系A2780(不分泌IL-8,对顺铂、紫杉醇敏感)和SKOV-3(高分泌IL-8,对顺铂、紫杉醇耐药)为研究模型,观察外源性IL-8是否影响卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性,并对其作用的机制和可能的信号转导通路进行研究。结果①体外经IL-8处理的A2780细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性均明显降低即产生部分耐药(耐药倍数分别为6.07和7.23),其耐药程度均低于IL-8高表达的SKOV-3细胞(耐药倍数分别为8.22和9.03)。②IL-8可以剂量依赖的方式上调A2780和SKOV-3细胞的耐药相关基因MDR1和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2、Bcl-xL及XIAP的表达。③MEK1/2抑制剂和PI3K抑制剂均能阻断IL-8诱导的卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生的耐药。结论IL-8-很可能通过上调耐药相关基因MDR1和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2、Bcl-xL及XIAP的表达而致卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生耐药。IL-8的上述作用是由Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK和PI3K/Akt信号通路介导的。     

IL—2基因转染逆转绒癌耐药细胞系多药耐药性

用RT－PCR的方法克隆人的IL－2基因,将IL－2基因插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1( )中,通过阳离子脂质体将IL－2基因转染用足叶乙甙（VP－16）诱导建立的绒癌耐药细胞系JEG－3／VP16,用G418筛选含IL－2 DNA片段的单个细胞克隆,检测转染前后细胞对5－氟尿嘧啶（5－Fu),氨甲喋呤（MTX）,VP－16,更生霉素（KSM）,紫杉醇（TAXOL）耐药指数的变化,用RT－PCR的方法测定转染前后细胞IL－2和多种耐药基因包括肺耐药蛋白（LRP）,多药耐药相关蛋白（MRP）,谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST－π）,二氢叶酸还原酶（DHFR）和多药耐药基因（MDR－1）的mRNA表达情况。结果表明 转染IL－2的细胞中用RT－PCR的方法检测到IL－2 mRNA表达,转染IL－2基因的细胞耐药指数降低,MDR－1 mRNA表达转阴,而其它耐药基因的表达无明显改变。     

骨软组织肉瘤中耐药相关蛋白表达及与化疗耐药的相关性

目的： 探讨4种耐药相关蛋白－P-糖蛋白（P-gp）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶-π（GST-π）、肺耐药蛋白 (LRP)和多药耐药相关蛋白（MRP）在骨肉瘤细胞株Saos2和U2OS以及34例骨软组织肉瘤的表达及与化疗耐药的关系。 方法： 应用流式细胞术（FCM）检测蛋白表达；MTT法评估化疗耐药。 结果： Saos2细胞耐药相关蛋白的表达低于U2OS，阿霉素（ADM）、顺铂（DDP）、5-氟脲嘧啶（5-Fu）、丝裂霉素（MMC）、氮烯咪胺(DTIC) 和长春新碱（VCR）的敏感性高于U2OS。两细胞株经1/5半数抑制浓度（IC50）的ADM和 DDP分别处理 24 h 后，GST-π增幅达33％-43％。34例患者对ADM、DDP、5-Fu、MMC、DTIC、VCR和MTX的不敏感率分别为41.18％、17.65％、47.06％、50.00％、76.47％、61.76％和52.94％。肿瘤组织P-gp、GST-π、LRP和MRP表达分别为1.54、2.58、1.91和1.86。相关分析显示，P-gp表达与ADM耐药呈正相关(r=0.485，P<0.01)，GST-π表达与ADM、DDP、5-Fu、MMC耐药呈正相关(r分别为0.402、0.458 、0.364和0.500，P值分别为<0.05、<0.01、<0.05和<0.01)。耐药相关蛋白在不同性别、不同年龄、不同病理类型、不同肿瘤大小患者间的表达差异均无显著（P＞0.05）。经术前化疗的患者GST-π表达显著升高，且随访复发患者术前GST-π表达显著高于无复发患者(P<0.05)。 结论： 骨软组织肉瘤患者耐药相关蛋白表达及化疗敏感性存在显著个体差异。化疗可引起GST-π表达上调。原发GST-π高表达是骨软组织肉瘤耐药的主要机制并与预后有关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.