骨肉瘤患者的疼痛、负性情绪、睡眠和生活质量及其相互关系

目的：探讨骨肉瘤患者的疼痛、负性情绪、睡眠和生活质量及其相互关系。方法：应用简式McGill疼痛问卷(SF-MPQ)、疼痛自我效能感问卷（PSEQ）、贝克抑郁量表（BDI）、贝克焦虑量表（BAI）、阿森斯失眠量表（AIS）、简式健康相关生活质量问卷（SF-12）对139名骨肉瘤患者和139名健康者的疼痛、情绪、睡眠和生活质量进行评估。结果：61.2%的骨肉瘤患者有中等以上强度的疼痛,PSEQ分与疼痛强度呈明显负相关（P<0.001）;骨肉瘤组在情绪、睡眠、生活质量等量表上的得分均明显高于正常对照组（P<0.01）;骨肉瘤组在疼痛、情绪、睡眠、生活质量等量表上的得分之间存在相关关系（P<0.05）。结论：骨肉瘤导致患者存在疼痛、抑郁、焦虑和睡眠问题,且这些问题相互影响,使得骨肉瘤患者生活质量降低。     

Attachment anxiety and avoidance as mediators of the association between childhood maltreatment and adult personality dysfunction

This paper tests the hypothesis that the association between childhood maltreatment and adult personality dysfunction is at least partially attributable to insecure attachment, that is that attachment style mediates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult personality dysfunction. Associations between childhood trauma, as measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), anxious and avoidant attachment in romantic relationships, as measured by the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), and five personality domains, as measured by the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP-118), were examined in a sample of 72 psychiatric inpatients. The SIPP-118 domains included relational capacities, identity integration, self-control, responsibility, and social concordance. The direct effect of childhood trauma on all SIPP-118 domains was not significant after controlling for the indirect effect of attachment. In regression modeling, a significant indirect effect of childhood trauma via adult attachment style was found for SIPP-118 relational capacities, identity integration, self-control, and social concordance. Specifically, anxious attachment was a significant mediator of the effect of childhood trauma on self-control, identity integration, and relational domains. These results suggest that childhood trauma impacts a broad range of personality domains and does so in large part through the pathway of anxious romantic attachment style.     

对104对恋人依恋现状的调查分析

目的调查104对恋人的依恋现状。方法运用亲密关系经历量表（ECR）对新疆高校104对有恋爱关系的大学生进行调查。结果①安全型、冷漠型、倾注型、害怕型的比例依次为10％、12％、24％、54％;②维族大学生依恋回避和依恋焦虑两个维度均显著高于汉族学生,理科生依恋回避显著高于文科生;大四学生依恋焦虑显著高于其他年级。结论有恋爱关系的大学生,依恋焦虑得分较高,不安全型居多。     

Attachment,culture, and gene-culture co-evolution: expanding the evolutionary toolbox of attachment theory

ABSTRACT

I argue that attachment relationships, and particularly secure ones, are important contexts for social learning and cultural transmission. Bowlby originally treated the attachment-behavioral system as serving only one evolutionary function: protection, via physical proximity. Yet the time is ripe to consider learning, especially social learning, as an additional functional consequence of attachment. Updated accordingly, attachment theory has the potential to serve as a much-needed developmental anchor for models of cultural evolution and gene-culture co-evolution. To support my arguments, I review progress in evolutionary science since Bowlby’s lifetime, highlighting the growing recognition of ecological flexibility and the cultural embeddedness of animal behavior. I also review research pointing to a facilitating role of secure attachment relationships for social learning from caregivers among humans. For illustrational purposes, I show how one important aspect of human culture – religion – is culturally transmitted within attachment relationships, and of how the generalization of attachment-related working models biases the cultural transmission of religion from parents to offspring. I end the paper with a call for empirical research to test the role of attachment in cultural transmission beyond religion.     

Attachment, aggression and affiliation: the role of oxytocin in female social behavior

The peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin have been implicated in a range of mammalian social behaviors including maternal care, pair bonding and affiliation. Oxytocin is of special relevance to female behavior because its effects are strongly modulated by estrogen. This article reviews animal and human research and is organised in terms of two research perspectives. The specific attachment model identifies oxytocin as orchestrating special bonds with offspring and mates, including the use of aggression in the protection of these relationships. The trait affiliation model considers oxytocin in relation to the trait of general social motivation that varies between and within species. Implications for understanding and researching the role of oxytocin in women's attachment, affiliation and aggression are discussed.     

Meaning-making as a mediator of anxiety and depression reduction during cognitive behavioral therapy intervention in participants with adjustment disorders

There is a consensus among researchers about the link between low meaning in life and anxiety and depressive symptoms. One unanswered question is whether meaning-making is a mediator of the change in anxiety and depression symptoms in participants with adjustment disorders during cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) treatment. The aims of this study were (a) to analyse whether there was meaning-making during the application of the CBT, (b) to analyse whether meaning-making was a mediator of anxiety psychopathology and (c) to analyse whether meaning-making was a mediator of depressive symptoms. The sample was composed of 115 patients who satisfied the full Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 criteria for adjustment disorder as their primary diagnosis and completed CBT treatment in a primary care mental health service: 74.78% women, n = 86, and 25.22% men, n = 29, with a mean age of 41.89 (standard deviation [SD] = 10.39) years. The diagnosis was established using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5), and participants filled out the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory and Purpose in Life questionnaires. The therapists were clinical psychologists with experience in clinical assessment. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two mediation analyses using the bootstrap method were performed. The results indicated that (a) There was meaning-making during the CBT because the treated sample showed a statistically significant improvement in meaning in life, and (b) meaning-making during the CBT was a partial mediator between anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms before and after the treatment. The present study suggests that meaning in life could be an important variable in the psychopathology of adjustment disorders.     

The spatial frequency spectrum of fearful faces modulates early and mid-latency ERPs but not the N170

Prioritized processing of fearful compared to neutral faces is reflected in behavioral advantages such as lower detection thresholds, but also in enhanced early and late event-related potentials (ERPs). Behavioral advantages have recently been associated with the spatial frequency spectrum of fearful faces, better fitting the human contrast sensitivity function than the spectrum of neutral faces. However, it is unclear whether and to which extent early and late ERP differences are due to low-level spatial frequency spectrum information or high-level representations of the facial expression. In this pre-registered EEG study (N = 38), the effects of fearful-specific spatial frequencies on event-related ERPs were investigated by presenting faces with fearful and neutral expressions whose spatial frequency spectra were manipulated so as to contain either the average power spectra of neutral, fearful, or both expressions combined. We found an enlarged N170 to fearful versus neutral faces, not interacting with spatial frequency. Interactions of emotional expression and spatial frequencies were observed for the P1 and Early Posterior Negativity (EPN). For both components, larger emotion differences were observed when the spectrum contained neutral as opposed to fearful frequencies. Importantly, for the EPN, fearful and neutral expressions did not differ anymore when inserting fearful frequencies into neutral expressions, whereas typical emotion differences were found when faces contained average or neutral frequencies. Our findings show that N170 emotional modulations are unaffected by expression-specific spatial frequencies. However, expression-specific spatial frequencies alter early and mid-latency ERPs. Most notably, the EPN to neutral expressions is boosted by adding fearful spectra—but not vice versa.     

玉树地震后幸存者的创伤后应激症状、生活满意度与积极情感/消极情感

目的:了解玉树震后幸存者的创伤后应激症状和生活满意度状况及其与积极情感/消极情感的关系。方法:在地震后3.5个月,对玉树地震灾区505名幸存者采用自编一般情况调查表和创伤后应激障碍检查量表平民版(PCL-C)、霍氏症状核查表(HSCL-25)、积极情感/消极情感量表(PANAS)、生活满意度量表(SWLS)进行评估。结果:PCL-C得分显示创伤后应激症状的阳性率为32.7%;HSCL-25得分显示焦虑症状的阳性率为53.3%,抑郁症状的阳性率为47.1%。女性、藏族、低文化水平幸存者有较高的创伤后应激症状阳性率(均P0.05)。回归分析显示,PANAS的NA得分与PCL-C得分、HSCL-25的焦虑和抑郁症状量表得分正相关(β=0.59、0.62、0.59,P0.05),与SWLS得分负相关(β=-0.15,P0.05);PANAS的PA得分与HSCL-25的焦虑量表得分负相关(β=-0.18,P0.05),与抑郁量表、SWLS得分正相关(β=0.10、0.38,P0.05)。年龄与PCL-C、SWLS得分正相关(β=0.10、0.12,P0.05)。女性的PCL-C和焦虑量表得分较高(β=0.11、0.11,P0.05),藏族人群SWLS得分较高(β=0.16,P0.05)。结论:玉树灾后幸存者的消极情感可能是发生创伤后应激症状的危险因素,且对幸存者的生活满意度有消极影响。积极情感有助于减轻焦虑症状并提高生活满意度。     

大学生生命意义与社会支持、心理控制源及主观幸福感

目的:考察大学生生命意义与社会支持、心理控制源和主观幸福感的关系。方法:采用随机抽样方法对湖南和广东的601名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:男生生命意义感显著高于女生(t=2.53,P0.05),不同专业大学生生命意义差别无统计学意义;生命意义与社会支持、心理控制源、主观幸福感呈显著相关(r=0.60~-0.55,P0.01);大学生感知的主观支持、心理控制源和生活满意度显著预测其生命意义的目标维度,主观支持和总体情感指数显著预测生命意义的实现维度。结论:大学生生命意义水平总体情况良好。社会支持、内在控制感及主观幸福感的提高,有助于改善学生的生命意义感。     

生命意义感在孕妇人格和妊娠焦虑关系中的中介效应

目的:探究孕妇生命意义感在人格内外向与妊娠焦虑关系的中介效应,以期指导临床通过提升孕妇生命意义感的心理支持,降低妊娠焦虑。方法:以2014年2-5月深圳市中海医院和深圳市仁爱医院妇产科就诊、咨询共计111名孕妇为研究对象,采用生命意义感量表,焦虑自评量表,内外向人格维度测量分别评估被试生命意义感、拥有意义感及寻求意义感,妊娠焦虑水平和其内外向人格特质。以孕妇人格作为预测变量、以妊娠焦虑为因变量,以中介效应检验程序进行回归分析及交互分析。结果:1孕妇人格与妊娠焦虑呈显著负相关(β=-0.268,P=0.004);2寻求生命意义感在孕妇人格和妊娠焦虑的关系中起部分中介效应,中介效应占总效应的28.29%。3拥有意义感不能作为中介变量调节孕妇内外向人格与妊娠焦虑之间的关系;4对孩子的态度中"夫妻之间爱的结晶","生命命运的必然"被孕妇广泛认同。"全家期盼宝宝到来的温馨氛围"及"对即将到来宝宝的期待"成为孕期内幸福感的重要来源。结论:内向的孕妇会面临更高水平的焦虑;孕妇内外向因素可通过提升她们的寻求意义感降低妊娠焦虑。     

The expression of a novel natural killer inhibitory molecule, Cho-1, on the chorionic cytotrophoblast cells of successful pregnancy, but not of spontaneous abortion

The regulatory mechanism of the recognition and cytotoxicity by natural killer (NK) cells in placental tissue remains unclarified. Previous reports indicated that monoclonal antibody Cho-1-defined molecule (Cho-1 molecule) may act as the negative regulator in the cytotoxicity by human NK cells. The Cho-1 molecule is composed of non-covalently associated cell surface molecules of approximately 200 kDa and 40 kDa. In the present study we analyzed the expression of this novel molecule in extravillous cytotrophoblast cells, which are presumed to be exposed to the cytotoxic action by maternal NK cells, from clinical cases of successful pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. By using monoclonal antibody Cho-1, our immunohistochemical data indicated that the Cho-1 molecule is clearly expressed in the cytotrophoblast cells of the early phase of successful pregnancy, but only weakly expressed in those from spontaneous abortion. The cytotrophoblast cells in the late phase (9-10 months) of pregnancy also expressed this molecule. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis also showed that it is expressed on the cytotrophoblast cell surface of successful pregnancy but not on that of spontaneous abortion, suggesting that Cho-1 antigen may act as a negative regulator of the cytotoxicity by NK cells in successful pregnancy of the fetus.     

Electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis interrupt long-term retention, but not acquisition of two-way active avoidance, in rats

Previous experiments on two-way active avoidance have shown conflicting results after nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesion: disrupting effects with electrolytic lesions and facilitative effects with excitotoxic lesions. To resolve this issue, in this experiment, Wistar rats received pre-training bilateral electrolytic or ibotenic acid lesions and were trained in a massed two-way active avoidance conditioning. In order to test the long-term retention of the learned response, one additional session was conducted 10 days after the acquisition. Results showed that whereas electrolytic lesions did not affect the acquisition, ibotenic acid lesions enhanced it. Retention of active avoidance response was impaired by both electrolytic and ibotenic lesions of the NBM. These results suggest a role of the NBM in the memory consolidation and/or retrieval of two-way active avoidance. Electronic Publication     

5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei interfere with lithium-induced conditioned gaping, but not conditioned taste avoidance, in rats

Both the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of the midline brainstem region in rats were lesioned with the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Rats were then surgically implanted with intraoral cannulas for fluid delivery and received a single conditioning trial in which 2-min saccharin infusion was followed by either lithium or saline administration. The conditioned gaping seen in the lithium-conditioned rats was significantly attenuated by raphe lesions, indicating that reduction of forebrain serotonin levels interferes with conditioned gaping. However, lesioned rats still expressed comparable conditioned taste avoidance as measured by both the 1- and 2-bottle consumption tests. These results parallel previous pharmacological findings indicating that reduction of serotonin activity interferes with conditioned gaping, but not conditioned taste avoidance.     

Revisiting paternal absence: Female alloparental replacement of fathers recovers partner preference formation in female,but not male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

In prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), biparental care of offspring is typical, and paternal absence in the pre-weaning development of offspring alters biobehavioral development. We sought to determine whether this altered development is due to the absence of specific paternal qualities or a general reduction in pup-directed care. We compared the biobehavioral development of pups reared under conditions of biparental (BPC), maternal-plus-alloparental (MPA; i.e., mother and older sister), and maternal only (MON) care. Older sisters provided a quantity of care equal to or greater than that of fathers. Growth rate and developmental milestones were unaffected by family composition, with the exception of earlier fur growth in MON conditions. In adulthood, we tested behaviors on an elevated plus maze, spontaneous alloparental care, and partner preference formation. We found no significant differences on the elevated plus maze and only marginal differences in alloparental care. While both female and male MON individuals showed deficits in partner preference formation, MPA females showed typical partner preference formation. However, the alloparental substitution of fathers was not sufficient for the typical development of partner preference formation in males. We conclude that paternal care plays a differentially important role in the social development of female and male prairie vole offspring.