颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗老年症状性颈动脉狭窄的研究

目的探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)在老年症状性颈动脉狭窄中的应用。方法回顾分析我院108例老年症状性颈动脉狭窄行CEA患者的临床资料。结果 108例患者行CEA共125例次,成功率100%,其中颈动脉狭窄60%～75%者48例次,占38.4%,狭窄>75%者77例次,占61.6%,围手术期严重并发症2例,发生率1.9%,围手术期死亡1例,占0.9%。101条颈动脉术后1个月经颈多普勒超声显示,颈内动脉最狭窄处血管内径较术前明显增加[(6.11±1.36mmvs 1.59±0.82mm,P<0.05],狭窄程度由术前的(78±21)%降至(14±12)%,最狭窄处收缩期最大流速明显改善[(208±22)cm/s vs(93±18)cm/s,P<0.05]。81例患者术后18个月脑缺血症状较术前改善者75例(92.6%),再发短暂性脑缺血发作5例(6.2%),脑卒中1例(1.2%),发现术侧颈动脉>60%的再狭窄1例(1.2%),低于北美症状性颈动脉剥脱试验水平。结论 CEA是治疗老年症状性颈动脉狭窄的有效方法,在预防老年患者缺血性脑卒中等重大脑血管事件的发生中有重要价值。     

Diesel Exhaust Particles Impair Endothelial Progenitor Cells, Compromise Endothelial Integrity, Reduce Neoangiogenesis, and Increase Atherogenesis in Mice

The mechanisms of the harmful cardiovascular effects of small particulate matter are incompletely understood. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) predict outcome of patients with vascular disease. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on EPC and on the associated vascular damage in mice. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to DEP. 2 μg DEP/day was applicated intranasally for 3 weeks. Exposure to DEP reduced DiLDL/lectin positive EPC to 58.4 ± 5.6 % (p < 0.005). Migratory capacity was reduced to 65.8 ± 3.9 % (p < 0.0001). In ApoE^?/? mice, DEP application reduced the number of EPC to 75.6 ± 6.4 % (p < 0.005) and EPC migration to 58.5 ± 6.8 % (p < 0.005). Neoangiogenesis was reduced to 39.5 ± 14.6 % (p < 0.005). Atherogenesis was profoundly increased by DEP treatment (157.7 ± 18.1 % vs. controls, p < 0.05). In cultured human EPC, DEP (0.1–100 μg/mL) reduced migratory capacity to 25 ± 2.6 % (p < 0.001). The number of colony-forming units was reduced to 8.8 ± 0.9 % (p < 0.001) and production of reactive oxygen species was elevated by DEP treatment (p < 0.001). Furthermore, DEP treatment increased apoptosis of EPC (to 266 ± 62 % of control, p < 0.05). In a blood–brain barrier model, DEP treatment impaired endothelial cell integrity during oxygen–glucose deprivation (p < 0.001). Diesel exhaust particles impair endothelial progenitor cell number and function in vivo and in vitro. The reduction in EPC was associated with impaired neoangiogenesis and a marked increase in atherosclerotic lesion formation.     

Arginine impairs endothelial and executive function in older subjects with cardiovascular risk

Neurovascular coupling, the relationship between cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity, is attenuated in patients with impaired executive function. We tested the hypothesis that peripheral vascular function may associate with executive function in older subjects with cardiovascular risk factors and that treatment with the antioxidant L-arginine would improve both vascular and executive function. Nineteen subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or controlled hypertension were enrolled. Subjects were treated with L-arginine or placebo for 4 days in a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study. Brachial artery vascular function, peripheral artery tonometry, and Trail Making Test Part B testing were performed on day 1 and day 4 during each condition. L-arginine significantly reduced the digital reactive hyperemia index, and the comparison of changes against placebo was significant (P = .01). With executive function testing, we observed a significant interaction between treatment and order. Restricting the analysis to the first treatment period, subjects treated with placebo decreased their Trail Making Test Part B times by 57.3 ± 52.5 seconds from day 1 to day 4 (P = .01) while those treated with arginine had no significant change (6.4 ± 18.4 seconds worse, P = .37). In addition, L-arginine was associated with increased mean arterial pressure from 88 ± 9 mm Hg to 92 ± 11 mm Hg, which trended toward significance. L-arginine treatment worsened digital microvascular and executive function in older subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. These data further support a link between vascular and executive function.     

老年脑梗死患者血清对氧磷酶1活性与氧化应激的关系及其在动脉粥样硬化中的作用

目的 探讨老年脑梗死患者血清对氧磷酶1活性与氧化应激的关系及其在动脉粥样硬化中的作用.方法 通过DSA检查确诊颈动脉狭窄的老年脑梗死患者72例作为研究对象(其中轻度狭窄33例,中度狭窄24例,重度狭窄15例),以非脑血管病健康体检者38例作为对照组,用分光光度计法、黄嘌呤氧化酶法和硫代巴比妥酸反应物质法分别测定血清对氧磷酶1活性、超氧化物歧化酶和丙二醛含量,分析对氧磷酶1活性与超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛之间的关系.结果 脑梗死组患者血清对氧磷酶1活性(95.62±18.26 ku/L)和超氧化物歧化酶含量(69.59±10.56 ku/L)显著低于对照组(分别为168.36±27.82 ku/L和98.34±13.42 ku/L,P<0.01],而丙二醛含量(24.46±5.68nmol/L)显著高于对照组(15.64±8.26 nmol/L,P<0.01).轻度、中度和重度狭窄组患者对氧磷酶1活性(分别为112.48±19.32、98.64±10.84和81.95±13.42 ku/L)、超氧化物歧化酶(分别为80.62±13.26、70.26±14.09和58.82±10.06ku/L)和丙二醛含量(分别为19.52±8.48、23.56±9.81和27.28±9.89nmol/L)差异均有显著性(均P<0.01),并且对氧磷酶1活性和超氧化物歧化酶含量随颈动脉狭窄程度加重,呈逐渐下降的趋势,而丙二醛含量随颈动脉狭窄程度加重呈上升趋势.相关分析表明,对氧磷酶1活性与超氧化物歧化酶含量正相关(r=0.628,P<0.01),而与丙二醛含量负相关(r=－0.541,P<0.01).结论 老年脑梗死患者血清对氧磷酶1活性降低及氧化应激增强,对氧磷酶1活性和氧化应激及其复杂的相互作用参与动脉粥样硬化发生和发展.     

颈动脉支架成形术对颈内动脉重度狭窄患者认知功能的影响

目的观察颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)对颈内动脉重度狭窄患者认知功能与生活质量的影响。方法选择32例未发生大面积脑梗死的重度颈动脉狭窄(狭窄程度≥70%)患者行CAS,手术前及术后3个月采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)及视觉保持测验(VRT)观察认知功能的变化,用WHO生存质量量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)观察患者生活质量变化。结果所有患者均成功行CAS,成功率100%。与术前颈动脉狭窄率比较,术后3个月狭窄率明显降低[(83.4±7.6)%vs(4.3±1.3)%,P<0.01];与术前比较,术后3个月MMSE评分、VRT正确计分、WHOQOL-BREF评分明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);VRT错误计分明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访期无症状性脑卒中复发。结论严重颈动脉狭窄可能是导致患者认知功能障碍的原因之一,CAS可以改善患者的认知功能和生活质量。     

More coronary artery stenosis,more cerebral artery stenosis? A simultaneous angiographic study discloses their strong correlation

Cerebral artery stenosis (CAS) has the same pathogenesis as coronary artery disease (CAD), but the coexistence of these two diseases has been rarely reported. To detect coexistent CAS in CAD patients, we conducted a study of simultaneous coronary and cerebral angiography. Of the 663 consecutive newly diagnosed CAD patients who had not yet been explored to have CAS, 80 were admitted to undergo angiography of bilateral carotid and vertebral system during the same procedure. We defined significant vascular stenosis, either located intracranially or extracranially, as the lesions of diameter stenosis more than 50%. Association between carotid or vertebral stenosis and their potential risk factors were also analyzed. Of our patients, 18 (22.5%) had significant extracranial vascular stenosis, 14 (17.5%) suffered from intracranial stenosis, and 20 (25%) had both. Only 28 patients (35%) had no significant intracranial or extracranial stenosis. None of the demographic parameters as hypertension or diabetes showed significant differences between the cerebral patent group and the CAS group, except for the number of coronary stenotic vessels (1.71 ± 0.81 versus 2.69 ± 0.64, P < 0.001). The number of coronary stenotic vessels is correlated well to the number of cerebral stenotic lesions (r = 0.562, P < 0.001). Besides, 8 of the cerebral stenotic patients and 2 of the cerebral patent patients had ischemic stroke previously. We conclude the CAS is coexistent in more than half of the CAD patients in this study. Our study also implies a proportional increase in the severity of CAS to CAD severity.     

Reduced myocardial blood flow resulting from dynamic changes in coronary artery stenosis

To evaluate the interaction of coronary vasomotor tone and stenosis, we studied the effects of ergonovine and adenosine on partially obstructed coronary arteries in 6 closed chest dogs. Coronary stenosis was created by partially inflating a balloon catheter with a distal lumen in the left anterior descending or circumflex coronary artery. Stenotic resistance was calculated as the mean pressure gradient across the stenosis divided by the mean blood flow measured with 15 micron radioactive microspheres. Coronary artery vasoconstriction, induced by ergonovine (0.6 mg i.v.), caused a small, but nonsignificant, increase in stenotic resistance (1.42 ± 0.25 to 2.68 ± 0.64 mm Hg/ml per min) and had no effect on myocardial blood flow. Coronary arteriolar dilation induced by adenosine increased stenotic resistance (1.52 ± 0.25 to 9.01 ± 2.49 mm Hg/ml per min, P < 0.05) and the pressure gradient across the stenosis (18.8 ± 3.0 to 41.3 ± 7.5 mm Hg, P < 0.05). Adenosine increased myocardial blood flow from 0.52 ± 0.05 ml/min per g to 1.43 ± 0.20 ml/min per g (P < 0.05) in the regions supplied by unstenosed arteries, while in the region perfused by the stenosed artery blood flow fell from 0.51 ± 0.06 to 0.29 ± 0.13 ml/min per g (P < 0.05), with the endocardium most severely affected (0.55 ± 0.04 ml/min per g to 0.26 ± 0.09 ml/min per g, P < 0.05).Thus changes in severity of stenosis produced by altered coronary pressure and flow can influence blood flow to the myocardium. Such dynamic changes in coronary artery stenosis may be important in the pathogenesis of angina and myocardial infarction.     

Assessment of risk factors and left ventricular function in patients with slow coronary flow

Slow coronary flow (SCF) is characterized by delayed distal vessel opacification in the absence of significant epicardial coronary disease. Life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death can occur; however, the pathological mechanism and influence on left ventricular function remain undetermined. We aimed to assess the risk factors and left ventricular (LV) function in SCF and evaluate the relationships between thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count (TFC) and the number of involved coronary arteries with LV function in patients with SCF. We included 124 patients who underwent coronary angiography because of symptoms of angina; 71 patients with angiographically proven SCF and 53 cases with normal coronary flow pattern. SCF was diagnosed as TFC >27 in at least one coronary artery. Complete blood count and biochemical parameters were compared between the two groups. Conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging were used to assess LV systolic and diastolic function. Platelet aggregation rate induced by ADP was an independent predictor of SCF and positively correlated with coronary artery mean TFC (mTFC) (r = 0.514, P < 0.001) and the number of coronary arteries with SCF (r = 0.628, P < 0.001). Early diastolic mitral inflow velocity (E) (0.66 ± 0.15 vs. 0.74 ± 0.17, P = 0.008), ratio of early to late diastolic mitral inflow velocity (E/A) (0.95 ± 0.29 vs. 1.15 ± 0.35, P = 0.002), global myocardial peak early diastolic velocity (gVe) (4.41 ± 1.25 vs. 4.96 ± 1.45, P = 0.037), and ratio of global myocardial peak early to late diastolic velocity (gVe/gVa: 1.09 ± 0.45 vs. 1.36 ± 0.58, P = 0.006) were decreased in patients with SCF compared with controls. gVe (3 vs. 0 branches, 4.08 ± 1.14 vs. 4.97 ± 1.45, respectively, P = 0.008) deteriorated significantly in patients with SCF involving three coronary arteries. mTFC negatively correlated with E and E/A (r = ?0.22, P = 0.02; r = ?0.20, P = 0.04, respectively). The number of coronary arteries with SCF negatively correlated with E, E/A, gVe and gVe/gVa (r = ?0.23, P = 0.02; r = ?0.25, P = 0.009; r = ?0.25, P = 0.008; r = ?0.21, P = 0.03, respectively). Platelet aggregation rate induced by ADP was an independent predictor of SCF and positively correlated with coronary artery TFC and the number of affected coronary arteries. Left ventricular global and regional diastolic function was impaired in SCF patients. Furthermore, the number of coronary arteries involved rather than coronary artery TFC determined the severity of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with SCF.     

高血压患者伴高同型半胱氨酸血症与脑动脉狭窄程度的相关性

目的探讨高血压患者伴高同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)血症与脑大动脉狭窄程度的相关性。方法选择行全脑数字减影血管造影术(DSA)检查的急性缺血性脑卒中患者269例。根据DSA显示动脉狭窄是否≥50%为依据,分为2组:狭窄组150例,患者颅内、外脑大动脉至少1支血管狭窄率≥50%;对照组119例,患者无狭窄或狭窄<50%。检测2组血浆Hcy水平及血压变化,并将所有入选的患者分为Hcy和血压均正常者(1组)、单纯Hcy升高者(2组)、单纯高血压者(3组)、高血压伴高同型半胱氨酸血症者(4组),观察血管狭窄≥50%的发生率。结果狭窄组Hcy和收缩压水平明显高于对照组[(15.5±4.9)μmol/L vs(14.2±4.0)μmol/L,(154.1±22.9)mm Hg vs(145.6±25.6)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)]。4组脑动脉狭窄≥50%的发生率最高(P<0.05);3组和4组脑动脉狭窄≥50%的发生率比1组和2组明显增高(P<0.05);2组与1组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 Hcy升高及高血压均与脑动脉狭窄程度密切相关,二者共同存在时脑动脉狭窄≥50%的发生率显著增加,其协同作用以高血压为主要因素。     

Platelet number is negatively and independently associated with carotid intima-media thickness in apparently healthy overweight/obese subjects

Background and Aim

A significant change of platelet number may be a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between platelet number and early signs of atherosclerosis, evaluated by carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT), in a apparently healthy population mainly represented by obese subjects.

197例脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者颅内外动脉狭窄的研究

目的探讨197例脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者的颅内外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的特征。方法回顾性分析南京卒中注册系统中提取2007年3月²011年3月经数字减影血管造影术证实的脑梗死合并糖尿病患者的人口统计学特征与脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的分布、程度、类型及病变血管段部位等。结果 197例糖尿病合并脑梗死患者中,男性明显多于女性(68%vs 32%),发病年龄男性小于女性[(61.32±10.93)vs(67.27±10.14),P<0.05)];脑血管病变分布前循环明显多于后循环(73.2%vs 26.8%,P<0.001);颅内血管闭塞的发生率显著高于颅外血管(65.3%vs 34.7%,P<0.05);最常见的受累血管为大脑前动脉与颈内动脉颅外段;前后循环的颅内血管闭塞的分布比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.013),后循环颅内段更易发生闭塞。结论脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄具有一定的分布特征。     

单侧颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄时侧支循环与缺血性脑血管事件的关系

目的探讨单侧颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄时各侧支循环代偿出现的概率与缺血性脑血管事件的关系。方法选择数字减影血管造影术发现单侧颈内动脉起始部狭窄>70%的患者46例,其中缺血性脑血管事件24例作为症状组;无缺血性脑血管事件22例作为无症状组。观察侧支循环的组成、Willis环是否变异及其组成血管的管径,分析侧支循环与缺血性脑血管事件的关系。结果 Willis环代偿是主要的侧支循环。症状组后环变异率明显高于无症状组(P<0.05);症状组前交通动脉的管径明显细于无症状组[(1.36±0.18)mmυs(1.52±0.18)mm,P<0.01]。结论单侧颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄患者是否出现缺血性脑血管事件与Willis环的代偿完整性有关,Willis环的代偿潜能与Willis环是否存在变异及前交通动脉、后交通动脉的管径有关。     

老年高血压昼夜节律及颈动脉粥样硬化与认知功能损害的关系

目的探讨老年高血压患者24h动态血压节律及颈动脉粥样硬化对认知功能损害的影响。方法依据WHO/ISH高血压诊断标准、动态血压及颈动脉超声监测,将428例受试者按24h动态血压节律类型及有无颈动脉硬化分为4组:杓型高血压组(105例);杓型高血压加颈动脉硬化组(108例);非杓型高血压组(106例);非杓型高血压加颈动脉硬化组(109例)。用简易智能状态检查表(MMSE)对所有受试者进行认知功能调查,MMSE总分范围0～30分。结果非杓型高血压加颈动脉硬化组MMSE(24.7±1.6)分与杓型高血压加颈动脉硬化组(26.4±1.4)分及非杓型高血压组(26.6±1.3)分比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),非杓型高血压加颈动脉硬化组与杓型高血压组(28.9±0.9)分比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论血压昼夜节律减弱或消失与老年高血压患者的认知功能损害相关,颈动脉粥样硬化的形成对认知功能损害有协同作用。     

Obesity,visceral adiposity and carotid atherosclerosis

Carotid artery atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial chronic disease. Our aim was to assess the associations between obesity, fat depots and carotid artery stenosis (CAS) in patients with high cardiovascular (CV) risk.

Flow-mediated vasodilation and distensibility in relation to intima-media thickness of large arteries in mild essential hypertension

Whether endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension is a cause or a consequence of structural vessel wall alterations is not known. The purpose of the present study was to compare flow-mediated vasodilation and mechanical vessel wall properties of large arteries between never treated mild essential hypertensive patients with normal intima-media thickness (IMT) and those exhibiting intima-media thickening. We measured brachial and carotid artery diameter and distension by Doppler frequency analysis of vessel wall movements in M-mode in ten essential hypertensive patients with normal carotid artery IMT (HYP1), in ten patients with increased IMT (HYP2), and in 13 normotensive control subjects (CON).Thereafter, we measured changes in brachial artery (BA) diameters during distal reactive hyperemia after 4 min of forearm occlusion. Nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation was measured to assess endothelium-independent vasodilation, and BA blood flow was estimated using a pulsed Doppler system. Intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries was examined by high resolution B-mode ultrasound. IMT was 0.66 ± 0.02 mm in the HYP1 group, 0.84 ± 0.03 mm in the HYP2 group (P < .01 v HYP1, P < .01 v CON), and 0.71 ± 0.04 mm in the CON group. Forearm occlusion was reduced in both the HYP1 group (3.4% ± 3.6%, P < .01 v CON) and the HYP2 group (6.4% ± 1.5%, P < .05 v CON) when compared with the CON group (16.5% ± 2.8%). Nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation and BA blood flow were not different between study groups. BA distension (as well as carotid artery distension) was significantly lower in the HYP1 group (52 ± 6 μm, P < .05 v CON), but not in the HYP2 group (72 ± 10 μm) when compared with the CON group (88 ± 13 μm). The data suggest that endothelial dysfunction and reduced distensibility of large arteries in patients with essential hypertension occur in the absence of structural vessel wall alterations.     

64层螺旋CT脑灌注联合CT血管造影在短暂性脑缺血发作的应用

目的评价64层螺旋CT脑灌注成像(CTP)联合CT血管造影(CTA)对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的应用价值。方法对36例临床诊断TIA的患者行常规头颅CT平扫、CTP及CTA检查,分析平扫及灌注成像表现,测量脑内感兴趣区的灌注参数值,并重建颈段和脑内动脉CTA图像。结果36例TIA患者中有26例发现与临床症状相对应的灌注异常区,表现为达峰时间延迟;另外10例未发现灌注异常区。26例患者病变侧及对侧的达峰时间分别为(12．04±4．05)s和(9．89±2．68)s,经配对t检验差异有显著性意义(P＜0．01);病变侧脑血流量值较对侧略低,脑血容量值较对侧略高,但差异无显著性意义。重建CTA图像显示26例患者大脑中动脉或颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞。结论头颅CT平扫可排除其他脑内疾病,CTP提供脑血流动力学信息,CTA可明确血管有无狭窄,对TIA的诊断有重要意义。     

Increased carotid intima media thickness is associated with prolactin levels in subjects with untreated prolactinoma: a pilot study

Hyperprolactinemia is associated with endothelial dysfunction and atherogenic risk factors, but carotid intima media thickness (IMT) has not been studied in hyperprolactinemic patients. To determine whether untreated hyperprolactinemia contributes to increased carotid IMT. Thirty-one prolactinoma patients and 60 healthy controls were respectively studied. Participants underwent hormone evaluation. Anthropometric parameters (body mass index and blood pressure), inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen), serum glucose, insulin, lipid and apolipoprotein profiles were also determined. Endothelial function measured as the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of a brachial artery and carotid IMT were evaluated using high-resolution ultrasonography. Multivariate linear regression analysis was applied to identify independent determinants of FMD and carotid IMT. Triglycerides, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, apolipoprotein (apo)B/apoA-I ratio, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fibrinogen were significantly higher, while apoA-I was significantly lower in patients with prolactinomas than in the controls. Meanwhile, decreased FMD and increased carotid IMT were observed in hyperprolactinemic group. Serum prolactin was positively correlated with triglycerides, apoB/apoA-I ratio, hypogonadal, hsCRP and fibrinogen (P < 0.05), but inversely associated with apoA-I and HDL-C (P ≤ 0.001). Moreover, prolactin was found negatively correlated with FMD (r = ?0.576, P < 0.0001), and positively correlated with mean carotid IMT (r = 0.652, P < 0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that prolactin determined, independent of traditional risk factors, FMD (B = ?0.589, 95 % confidence interval (CI) ?2.525 to ?0.804, P = 0.001) and mean carotid IMT (B = 0.527, 95 % CI 0.027–0.069, P < 0.0001). Hyperprolactinemia may be involved in the preclinical increase in carotid IMT, directly or by promoting atherogenic factors, including insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Additional studies are warranted to confirm our findings and explore the mechanisms underlying prolactin-associated early atherosclerosis.     

冠心病患者外周血内皮祖细胞的数量和活性

目的研究冠心病患者外周血中内皮祖细胞的数量、形态和活性。方法选择冠心病患者57例和正常对照者30例,用密度梯度离心法从外周血获取单个核细胞,将其接种在人纤维连接蛋白包被的培养板,用加入血管内皮生长因子165和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的1640培养基培养细胞,并分析细胞形态和形成集落的数量,7d后贴壁细胞进行细胞分析和计数。用激光共聚焦显微镜鉴定FITC标记的荆豆凝集素和Dil标记的乙酰化低密度脂蛋白,双染色阳性细胞为正在分化的内皮祖细胞;用流式细胞仪检测细胞表面抗原CD34和KDR;采用MTT比色法检测细胞的生长状态。结果冠心病患者外周血内皮祖细胞数量较对照组明显减少(23.1±1.8个/200倍比56.7±2.4个/200倍,P<0.05),形成细胞集落数(14.7±2.5个/40倍比24.2±1.7个/40倍,P<0.05)、细胞增殖能力和生长曲线也明显降低。结论冠心病患者外周血内皮祖细胞的数量和活性明显降低。     

Predictors of immediate and long-term outcomes of coronary bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction

Despite encouraging improvements, outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the presence of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction remain poor. In the present study, the authors’ experience on this subject was reviewed to establish the predictors of immediate and long-term results of surgery. Out of 4383 consecutive patients with multivessel coronary artery disease who underwent primary isolated CABG at the authors’ institution from January 1999 throughout September 2014, 300 patients (mean age 66.1 ± 9.6 years) suffered preoperatively from LV dysfunction (defined as LV ejection fraction ≤35 %). The mean expected operative risk (EuroSCORE II) was 10.3 ± 13 %. Hospital deaths and perioperative complications were analyzed retrospectively. Outcomes were evaluated during a mean follow-up of 6.2 ± 4 years. None, one or both internal thoracic arteries (ITAs) were used in 6.3, 29 and 64.7 % of cases, respectively. There were 16 (5.3 %) hospital deaths. Prolonged invasive ventilation (17.7 %), acute kidney injury (14.7 %) and multiple blood transfusion (21.3 %) were the most frequent major postoperative complications. The 10-year non-parametric estimates of freedom from all-cause death, cardiac death, and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) were 47.8 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 44.1–51.5], 65.3 (95 % CI 61.4–69.2), and 42.3 % (95 % CI 38.3–46.3), respectively. Shared predictors of decreased late survival and MACCEs were old age (P < 0.04), chronic lung disease (P < 0.01), chronic dialysis (P < 0.0001) and extracardiac arteriopathy (P < 0.045). After adjustment for corresponding risk factors, freedom from cardiac death was higher when both ITAs were used but only for patients with significant increase of LV ejection fraction early after surgery (P = 0.04). In patients with LV dysfunction, CABG may be performed with acceptable hospital mortality and long-term survival. Late outcomes depend mainly on preoperative characteristics of the patients. The use of both ITAs for myocardial revascularization may give long-term survival benefits but only for patients whose LV function improves significantly early after surgery.     

REDUCED CD8+ T-CELL CONCENTRATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS: RELATION TO ARTERITIS TEMPORALIS

The percentage and numbers of CD8+ T cells are markedly decreasedin peripheral blood from patients with arteritis temporalis.Transient cerebral ischaemic attacks (TLA) or brain infarctionshave been frequently reported as the first and only clinicalmanifestation, and signs of carotid artery stenosis have beenreported in 15–20% of patients with arteritis temporalis.We used a determination of the CD8+ T-cell subset to evaluatepatients with TIA. Concentrations of CD8+ T cells were measuredin the peripheral blood of 24 patients with TIA. The cohortinvestigated was consecutive, but adjusted to have a 50% a prioriprobability of carotid artery stenosis. An ultrasound Dopplerinvestigation of the carotid arteries was performed in all patients.Controls were 24 healthy subjects of comparable age and sex.Median percentage and concentrations of CD8+ T cells were significantlylower in patients with TLA and carotid artery stenosis comparedwith (1) patients with TLA and no carotid stenosis (CD8+ %:13.5 vs 26; CD8+ x 10⁹/1: 0.24 vs 0.44, P < 0.001) and (2)healthy controls (CD8+ %: 13.5 vs 22.5; CD8+ x 10⁹/1: 0.24 vs0.52, P < 0.001). The prevalence of a carotid artery stenosisin the combined first and second quartile of CD8+ % (CD8+ %15) was 80% (95% CI: 44–97%) and in the combined thirdand fourth quartile 28.5% (95% CI: 8–58%) (P = 0.03).The positive predictive value for carotid artery stenosis was80%, an incremental ruling in gain of 60%. The negative predictivevalue was 71%. In patients with TIA and carotid artery stenosis,a reduced percentage and numbers of the CD8+ T-cell subset weresignificantly more frequent than in patients with no stenosis.No other signs of arteritis temporalis were found. KEY WORDS: Carotid artery stenosis, Arteritis temporalis, CD8+ T lymphocytes